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Xu X, Chen M, Chen T, Ni X, Fang Z, Fang Y, Zhang L, Zhang X, Huang J. Ultra-high static magnetic field induces a change in the spectrum but not frequency of DNA spontaneous mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1305069. [PMID: 38126008 PMCID: PMC10731980 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1305069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological effects of magnetic fields have been extensively studied in plants, microorganisms and animals, and applications of magnetic fields in regulation of plant growth and phytoprotection is a promising field in sustainable agriculture. However, the effect of magnetic fields especially ultra-high static magnetic field (UHSMF) on genomic stability is largely unclear. Here, we investigated the mutagenicity of 24.5, 30.5 and 33.0 T UHSMFs with the gradient of 150, 95 and 0 T/m, respectively, via whole genome sequencing. Our results showed that 1 h exposure of Arabidopsis dried seeds to UHSMFs has no significant effect on the average rate of DNA mutations including single nucleotide variations and InDels (insertions and deletions) in comparison with the control, but 33.0 T and 24.5 T treatments lead to a significant change in the rate of nucleotide transitions and InDels longer than 3 bp, respectively, suggesting that both strength and gradient of UHSMF impact molecular spectrum of DNA mutations. We also found that the decreased transition rate in UHSMF groups is correlated with the upstream flanking sequences of G and C mutation sites. Furthermore, the germination rate of seeds exposed to 24.5 T SMF with -150 T/m gradient showed a significant decrease at 24 hours after sowing. Overall, our data lay a basis for precisely assessing the potential risk of UHSMF on DNA stability, and for elucidating molecular mechanism underlying gradient SMF-regulated biological processes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjiao Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianli Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinda Ni
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhicai Fang
- Heye Health Industrial Research Institute of Heye Health Technology Co., Ltd., Huzhou, China
| | - Yanwen Fang
- Heye Health Industrial Research Institute of Heye Health Technology Co., Ltd., Huzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Mehdizadeh R, Ansari AM, Forouzesh F, Ghadirian R, Shahriari F, Shariatpanahi SP, Javidi MA. Cross-talk between non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and metastasis; EMT and hybrid E/M may explain the anticancer role of EMFs. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023:S0079-6107(23)00060-3. [PMID: 37302516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (NIEMFs) in a specific frequency, intensity, and exposure time can have anti-cancer effects on various cancer cells; however, the underlying precise mechanism of action is not transparent. Most cancer deaths are due to metastasis. This important phenomenon plays an inevitable role in different steps of cancer including progression and development. It has different stages including invasion, intravasation, migration, extravasation, and homing. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as hybrid E/M state, are biological processes, that involve both natural embryogenesis and tissue regeneration, and abnormal conditions including organ fibrosis or metastasis. In this context, some evidence reveals possible footprints of the important EMT-related pathways which may be affected in different EMFs treatments. In this article, critical EMT molecules and/or pathways which can be potentially affected by EMFs (e.g., VEGFR, ROS, P53, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, Cyclin B1, and NF-кB) are discussed to shed light on the mechanism of EMFs anti-cancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Mehdizadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science, and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Madjid Ansari
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Flora Forouzesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science, and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhane Ghadirian
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shahriari
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Javidi
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science, and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Akdağ MZ, Oğraş E, Doğanyiğit Z, Akyüz E, Akdag MB, Okan A, Akpolat V, Küllü IR. The increase in c-fos expression in epileptic seizures is inhibited by magnetic field application, but not K Ca1.1 channel expression. Electromagn Biol Med 2023; 42:81-97. [PMID: 37598353 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2023.2247027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand the expression of big potassium (BK, KCa1.1) channels in epileptic seizures under magnetic field application. Forty Wistar albino adult male rats were divided into five groups (n = 8). First group rats were control group. Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) administrated to second group rats to induce the seizures with 35 mg/kg intraperitoneally injection every two days. Levetiracetam (LEV) i.p. at a dose of 108 mg/kg was given to third group rats as positive control group (PC) before 20 minutes PTZ administration. Pulsed magnetic field with 1.5 mT was exposed to the fourth group rats for 3 hours a day for 1 month as magnetic field (MF) group. 1.5 mT pulsed magnetic field was exposed to the fifth group rats for 3 hours a day for 1 month in addition to PTZ administration (PTZ+MF). KCa1.1 not changed in hippocampus of PTZ rats while increased in frontal cortex and pons for PTZ group but not changed with magnetic field exposure. KCa1.1 increased in heart of PTZ animals and turned back to mean control values with magnetic field exposure. Suppressing the expected increase of c-fos protein expression in seizures with magnetic field application but not being able to change the KCa1.1 expression shows that new studies can be done by increasing the frequency of 1.5 mT magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Zülkif Akdağ
- Medical Faculty, Department of Biophysics, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Emrah Oğraş
- Medical Faculty, Department of Biophysics, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Züleyha Doğanyiğit
- Medical Faculty, Department of Histology and Embryology, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Enes Akyüz
- International Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Berat Akdag
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Okan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Histology and Embryology, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Veysi Akpolat
- Medical Faculty, Department of Biophysics, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - I Rem Küllü
- Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
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The antioxidant effects of melatonin in blood platelets during exposure to electromagnetic radiation – an in vitro study. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The article presents the results of an in vitro study aimed at identifying changes in parameters of oxidative stress – concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and protective antioxidant role of melatonin (MLT) during the exposure of blood platelets to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitted by monitors.
Methods
Platelets were exposed to an EMR for 30- and 60 min. generated by monitors (1 kHz frequency, 220 V/m intensity). In each sample the level of SOD-1 activity and concentration of MDA were determined.
Results
The MDA concentration increased significantly after 30-and 60-min. irradiation, as compared to control values (2.53 vs 1.36; 3.64 vs 1.36 nmol/109 blood platelets) and after the addition of MLT it decreased (2.53 vs 1.55; 3.64 vs 1.12 nmol/109 blood platelets). The activity of SOD-1 increased significantly compared to control values after 30 min. and 60 min. of exposure to EMR (1.97vs 0.75; 2.08 vs 0.75 U/g of protein), and significantly decreased after the addition of MLT only in samples exposed for 60 min. (2.08 vs 0.95 U/g of protein).
Discussion
The results demonstrated the possibly negative effect of EMR on oxygen metabolism of blood platelets and indicated a possible protective role of melatonin in this process.
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Consales C, Merla C, Benassi B, Garcia-Sanchez T, Muscat A, André FM, Marino C, Mir LM. Biological effects of ultrashort electric pulses in a neuroblastoma cell line: the energy density role. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:109-121. [PMID: 34714724 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.1998704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the numerous literature results about biological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure, the interaction mechanisms of these fields with organisms are still a matter of debate. Extremely low frequency (ELF) MFs can modulate redox homeostasis and we showed that 24 h exposure to 50 Hz-1 mT has a pro-oxidant effect and effects on the epigenome of SH-SY5Y cells, decreasing miR-34b/c expression through the hypermethylation of their promoter. METHODS Here, we investigated the role of the electromagnetic deposited energy density (ED) during exposures lasting 24 h to 1 mT amplitude MFs at a frequency of 50 Hz in inducing the above mentioned effects. To this end, we delivered ultrashort electric pulses, in the range of microsecond and nanosecond duration, with the same ED of the previously performed magnetic exposure to SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, we explored the effect of higher deposited energy densities. Analysis of i) gene and microRNA expression, ii) cell morphology, iii) reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and iv) apoptosis were carried out. RESULTS We observed significant changes in egr-1 and c-fos expression at very low deposited ED levels, but no change of the ROS production, miR-34b/c expression, nor the appearance of indicators of apoptosis. We thus sought investigating changes in egr-1 and c-fos expression caused by ultrashort electric pulses at increasing deposited ED levels. The pulses with the higher deposited ED caused cell electroporation and even other morphological changes such as cell fusion. The changes in egr-1 and c-fos expression were more intense, but, again, no change of the ROS production, miR-34b/c expression, nor apoptosis induction was observed. CONCLUSIONS These results, showing that extremely low levels of electric stimulation (never investigated until now) can cause transcriptional changes, also reveal the safety of the electroporating pulses used in biomedical applications and open up the possibility to further therapeutic applications of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Consales
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Merla
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Benassi
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Tomás Garcia-Sanchez
- Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of the Oncogenesis (METSY), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adeline Muscat
- Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of the Oncogenesis (METSY), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Franck M André
- Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of the Oncogenesis (METSY), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Carmela Marino
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Lluis M Mir
- Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS, Metabolic and Systemic Aspects of the Oncogenesis (METSY), Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Bacanlı M, Eşi M Ö, Erdoğan H, Sarper M, Erdem O, Özkan Y. Evaluation of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of paclitaxel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles in neuroblastoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 154:112323. [PMID: 34111492 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, a neoplasm of the sympathetic nervous system, is the second most common extracranial malignant tumor of childhood and the most common solid tumor of infancy. Paclitaxel (taxol), a diterpenoid pseudoalkaloid isolated from the shells of Taxus brevifolia, is the first taxane derivative used in the clinic for cancer treatment. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is one of the most successfully used biodegradable polymers for drug delivery which has a minimum systemic toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of paclitaxel nanoencapsulated with PLGA. Cytotoxic effects were determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method and genotoxic effects were determined by single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) method in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). According to our results, the viability of cells treated with concentrations higher than 10 nM of free paclitaxel and paclitaxel loaded PLGA nanoparticles for 48 and 72 h was found lower than 50%. Additionally, DNA damage increased with the increase of nanoparticle dose when the cells exposed to paclitaxel loaded PLGA nanoparticles for 24, 48 and 72 h. It can be concluded that PLGA nanoparticles can be considered as a biocompatible carrier system for drug delivery and might be promising agent against neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Bacanlı
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Özgür Eşi M
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Erdoğan
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meral Sarper
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Institute of Health Sciences, Stem Cell Research Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onur Erdem
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Özkan
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gülhane Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Ankara, Turkey
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Wound Repair and Extremely Low Frequency-Electromagnetic Field: Insight from In Vitro Study and Potential Clinical Application. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22095037. [PMID: 34068809 PMCID: PMC8126245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex, staged process. It involves extensive communication between the different cellular constituents of various compartments of the skin and its extracellular matrix (ECM). Different signaling pathways are determined by a mutual influence on each other, resulting in a dynamic and complex crosstalk. It consists of various dynamic processes including a series of overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation response, new tissue formation, and tissue remodeling. Interruption or deregulation of one or more of these phases may lead to non-healing (chronic) wounds. The most important factor among local and systemic exogenous factors leading to a chronic wound is infection with a biofilm presence. In the last few years, an increasing number of reports have evaluated the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on tissue repair. Each experimental result comes from a single element of this complex process. An interaction between ELF-EMFs and healing has shown to effectively modulate inflammation, protease matrix rearrangement, neo-angiogenesis, senescence, stem-cell proliferation, and epithelialization. These effects are strictly related to the time of exposure, waveform, frequency, and amplitude. In this review, we focus on the effect of ELF-EMFs on different wound healing phases.
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Schuermann D, Mevissen M. Manmade Electromagnetic Fields and Oxidative Stress-Biological Effects and Consequences for Health. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073772. [PMID: 33917298 PMCID: PMC8038719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the ever-expanding use of electrical appliances and mobile communication systems, public and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the extremely-low-frequency and radiofrequency range has become a widely debated environmental risk factor for health. Radiofrequency (RF) EMF and extremely-low-frequency (ELF) MF have been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially leading to cellular or systemic oxidative stress, was frequently found to be influenced by EMF exposure in animals and cells. In this review, we summarize key experimental findings on oxidative stress related to EMF exposure from animal and cell studies of the last decade. The observations are discussed in the context of molecular mechanisms and functionalities relevant to health such as neurological function, genome stability, immune response, and reproduction. Most animal and many cell studies showed increased oxidative stress caused by RF-EMF and ELF-MF. In order to estimate the risk for human health by manmade exposure, experimental studies in humans and epidemiological studies need to be considered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schuermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 124, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (M.M.)
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Mansourian M, Firoozabadi SMP, Hassan ZM. The effect of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields on biological pathways induced by electrochemotherapy. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 40:158-168. [PMID: 33306410 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1856681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new and promising treatment strategy for cancer treatment. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of 900 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) on the mechanisms of ECT (low voltage, high frequency) including cell permeability in vitro, and tumor hypoxia, immune system response in vivo, and on volume of tumors treated with ECT (70 V/cm, 5 kHz). The 4T1 cells were exposed to RF-EMFs at 17, 162, or 349 µW/cm2 power densities, using GSM900 simulator, 10 min. The cells were then put in individual groups, comprising of no treatment, chemotherapy, electric pulses (EPs), or ECT. The cell viability was evaluated. The mice with 4T1 tumor cells were exposed to RF field 10 min/day until the tumor volume reached about 8 mm. Then, the mice tumors were treated with ECT. Tumor hypoxia and immune system response was analyzed through immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay and ELISA technique, respectively. The volume of tumors was also calculated for 24 days following the treatment. The results showed that RF fields at 349 µW/cm2 could increase tumor hypoxia induced by ECT and cause a significant increase of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in comparison with group ECT alone. However, 900 MHz radiations did not affect the volume of tumors treated to ECT (70 V/cm, 5 kHz) significantly. In this study, 900 MHz EMF could improve some biological pathways induced by ECT. Such a positive effect could utilize in some other treatments to increase efficacy, which should be investigated in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mansourian
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - S M P Firoozabadi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Science, Biomedical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Zuhair Mohammad Hassan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
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Lai H. Exposure to Static and Extremely-Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Cellular Free Radicals. Electromagn Biol Med 2019; 38:231-248. [PMID: 31450976 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2019.1656645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarizes studies on changes in cellular free radical activities from exposure to static and extremely-low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF), particularly magnetic fields. Changes in free radical activities, including levels of cellular reactive oxygen (ROS)/nitrogen (RNS) species and endogenous antioxidant enzymes and compounds that maintain physiological free radical concentrations in cells, is one of the most consistent effects of EMF exposure. These changes have been reported to affect many physiological functions such as DNA damage; immune response; inflammatory response; cell proliferation and differentiation; wound healing; neural electrical activities; and behavior. An important consideration is the effects of EMF-induced changes in free radicals on cell proliferation and differentiation. These cellular processes could affect cancer development and proper growth and development in organisms. On the other hand, they could cause selective killing of cancer cells, for instance, via the generation of the highly cytotoxic hydroxyl free radical by the Fenton Reaction. This provides a possibility of using these electromagnetic fields as a non-invasive and low side-effect cancer therapy. Static- and ELF-EMF probably play important roles in the evolution of living organisms. They are cues used in many critical survival functions, such as foraging, migration, and reproduction. Living organisms can detect and respond immediately to low environmental levels of these fields. Free radical processes are involved in some of these mechanisms. At this time, there is no credible hypothesis or mechanism that can adequately explain all the observed effects of static- and ELF-EMF on free radical processes. We are actually at the impasse that there are more questions than answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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11
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Stankevičiūtė M, Jakubowska M, Pažusienė J, Makaras T, Otremba Z, Urban-Malinga B, Fey DP, Greszkiewicz M, Sauliutė G, Baršienė J, Andrulewicz E. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of 50 Hz 1 mT electromagnetic field on larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Baltic clam (Limecola balthica) and common ragworm (Hediste diversicolor). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 208:109-117. [PMID: 30641415 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to assess genotoxicity and cytotoxicity responses in aquatic animals exposed to 50 Hz 1 m T electromagnetic field (EMF). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at early stages of development were exposed to EMF for 40 days, whereas marine benthic invertebrates - the common ragworm Hediste diversicolor and the Baltic clam Limecola balthica - for 12 days. To define genotoxicity and cytotoxicity responses in selected animals, assays of nuclear abnormalities in peripheral blood erythrocytes of O. mykiss, coelomocytes of H. diversicolor and gill cells of L. balthica were performed. Induction of formation of micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB), nuclear buds on filament cells (NBf) and cells with blebbed nuclei (BL) were assessed as genotoxicity endpoints, and 8-shaped nuclei, fragmented (Fr), apoptotic (Ap) and binucleated (BN) cells as cytotoxicity endpoints. Exposure to EMF affected all studied species but with varying degrees. The strongest responses to EMF treatment were elicited in L. balthica, in which six out of the total eight analyzed geno- and cytotoxicity endpoints were significantly elevated. Significantly induced frequencies of MN were detected in O. mykiss and H. diversicolor cells, NBf and BL only in gill cells of L. balthica, and NB in analyzed tissues of all the test species. As cytotoxicity endpoints, a significant elevation in frequencies of cells with 8-shaped nuclei was found in O. mykiss and L. balthica, while Ap and BN was observed only in L. balthica. EMF exposure did not induce any significant cytotoxic activity in H. diversicolor coelomocytes. The present study is the first to reveal the genotoxic and cytotoxic activity of 1 m T EMF in aquatic animals, and, consequently, the first one to report the adverse effect of this factor on common marine invertebrates and early life stages of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Jakubowska
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Janina Pažusienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Makaras
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Dariusz P Fey
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Martyna Greszkiewicz
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Gintarė Sauliutė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Janina Baršienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Erdal ME, Yılmaz SG, Gürgül S, Uzun C, Derici D, Erdal N. miRNA expression profile is altered differentially in the rat brain compared to blood after experimental exposure to 50 Hz and 1 mT electromagnetic field. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 132:35-42. [PMID: 28782562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Common complex diseases are a result of host and environment interactions. One such putative environmental factor is the electromagnetic field exposure, especially the occupational extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field, 50 Hz, 1 mT, whose neurobiological relevance remains elusive. We evaluated the effects of long-term (60 days) ELF-MF exposure on miRNAs previously related to brain and human diseases (miR-26b-5p, miR-9-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-106b-5p, miR-107, miR-125a-3p). A total of 64 young (3 weeks-old) and mature (10 weeks-old) male/female Wistar-Albino rats were divided into sham and ELF-MF exposed groups. After sacrifice of the animals, blood samples from rat's tail vein and brain tissues were collected. The expression levels of miRNAs were investigated with Real-Time PCR technique and TaqMan probe Technology. All miRNA expression levels of the young female rats show a significant decrease in blood according to brain samples (p < 0.05), but fewer miRNAs displayed a similar significant decrease in the blood. In conclusion, these new observations might inform future clinical biological psychiatry studies of long-term electromagnetic field exposure, and the ways in which host-environment interactions contribute to brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emin Erdal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Mersin University, Mersin 33343, Turkey.
| | - Senay Görücü Yılmaz
- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Gürgül
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat TR-60100, Turkey.
| | - Coşar Uzun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Mersin University, Mersin TR-33343, Turkey.
| | - Didem Derici
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Mersin University, Mersin TR-33343, Turkey.
| | - Nurten Erdal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Mersin University, Mersin TR-33343, Turkey.
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Doğan MS, Yavaş MC, Günay A, Yavuz İ, Deveci E, Akkuş Z, Tanık A, Akdag MZ. The protective effect of melatonin and Ganoderma lucidum against the negative effects of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields on pulp structure in rat teeth. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1358668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sinan Doğan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cihan Yavaş
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Günay
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - İzzet Yavuz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Engin Deveci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dicle University Medical School, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Zeki Akkuş
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Abdülsamet Tanık
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Xu F, Bai Q, Zhou K, Ma L, Duan J, Zhuang F, Xie C, Li W, Zou P, Zhu C. Age-dependent acute interference with stem and progenitor cell proliferation in the hippocampus after exposure to 1800 MHz electromagnetic radiation. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 36:158-166. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2016.1233886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Luo X, Ma L, Gao P, Zhang Y. Effects of subchronic extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure on biochemical parameters in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 33:365-372. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233716645479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to systematically determine the effects of 50 Hertz (Hz) magnetic fields (MFs) on biochemical parameters in rats. Sixty-four adult (5 weeks old, 140–165 g) male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham, 20 µTesla (µT), 100 µT, and 500 µT 50 Hz MF ( n = 16 in each group). The rats in the MF groups were exposed for 2 h daily for up to 4 weeks. Under these experimental conditions, body weight, organ coefficients, biochemical parameters (blood lipids, myocardial enzymes, liver function, and renal function) were measured. We found that 50 Hz MFs had no significant effects on growth or on the majority of blood biochemical parameters, with the exception of creatinine and cholesterol. However, the changes in creatinine and cholesterol were relatively small and unlikely to be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Luo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingjuan Ma
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
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Sahin D, Ozgur E, Guler G, Tomruk A, Unlu I, Sepici-Dinçel A, Seyhan N. The 2100MHz radiofrequency radiation of a 3G-mobile phone and the DNA oxidative damage in brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75:94-8. [PMID: 26775761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of 2100MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted by a generator, simulating a 3G-mobile phone on the brain of rats during 10 and 40 days of exposure. The female rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group I; exposed to 3G modulated 2100MHz RFR signal for 6h/day, 5 consecutive days/wk for 2 weeks, group II; control 10 days, were kept in an inactive exposure set-up for 6h/day, 5 consecutive days/wk for 2 weeks, group III; exposed to 3G modulated 2100MHz RFR signal for 6h/day, 5 consecutive days/wk for 8 weeks and group IV; control 40 days, were kept in an inactive exposure set-up for 6h/day, 5 consecutive days/wk for 8 weeks. After the genomic DNA content of brain was extracted, oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine, pg/mL) and malondialdehyde (MDA, nmoL/g tissue) levels were determined. Our main finding was the increased oxidative DNA damage to brain after 10 days of exposure with the decreased oxidative DNA damage following 40 days of exposure compared to their control groups. Besides decreased lipid peroxidation end product, MDA, was observed after 40 days of exposure. The measured decreased quantities of damage during the 40 days of exposure could be the means of adapted and increased DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sahin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elcin Ozgur
- Department of Biophysics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Goknur Guler
- Department of Biophysics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arın Tomruk
- Department of Biophysics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Unlu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Düzce University Faculty of Medicine, Düzce, Turkey
| | - Aylin Sepici-Dinçel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Seyhan
- Department of Biophysics, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine and Gazi Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Center, Ankara, Turkey
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Duan W, Liu C, Zhang L, He M, Xu S, Chen C, Pi H, Gao P, Zhang Y, Zhong M, Yu Z, Zhou Z. Comparison of the genotoxic effects induced by 50 Hz extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields and 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in GC-2 cells. Radiat Res 2015; 183:305-14. [PMID: 25688995 DOI: 10.1667/rr13851.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) have been considered to be possibly carcinogenic to humans. However, their genotoxic effects remain controversial. To make experiments controllable and results comparable, we standardized exposure conditions and explored the potential genotoxicity of 50 Hz ELF-EMF and 1800 MHz RF-EMF. A mouse spermatocyte-derived GC-2 cell line was intermittently (5 min on and 10 min off) exposed to 50 Hz ELF-EMF at an intensity of 1, 2 or 3 mT or to RF-EMF in GSM-Talk mode at the specific absorption rates (SAR) of 1, 2 or 4 W/kg. After exposure for 24 h, we found that neither ELF-EMF nor RF-EMF affected cell viability using Cell Counting Kit-8. Through the use of an alkaline comet assay and immunofluorescence against γ-H2AX foci, we found that ELF-EMF exposure resulted in a significant increase of DNA strand breaks at 3 mT, whereas RF-EMF exposure had insufficient energy to induce such effects. Using a formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG)-modified alkaline comet assay, we observed that RF-EMF exposure significantly induced oxidative DNA base damage at a SAR value of 4 W/kg, whereas ELF-EMF exposure did not. Our results suggest that both ELF-EMF and RF-EMF under the same experimental conditions may produce genotoxicity at relative high intensities, but they create different patterns of DNA damage. Therefore, the potential mechanisms underlying the genotoxicity of different frequency electromagnetic fields may be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Duan
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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Hou Q, Wang M, Wu S, Ma X, An G, Liu H, Xie F. Oxidative changes and apoptosis induced by 1800-MHz electromagnetic radiation in NIH/3T3 cells. Electromagn Biol Med 2014; 34:85-92. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2014.900507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Yoon HE, Lee JS, Myung SH, Lee YS. Increased γ-H2AX by exposure to a 60-Hz magnetic fields combined with ionizing radiation, but not hydrogen peroxide, in non-tumorigenic human cell lines. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:291-8. [PMID: 24467330 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.887866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genotoxic effects have been considered the gold standard to determine if an environmental factor is a carcinogen, but the currently available data for extremely low frequency time-varying magnetic fields (ELF-MF) remain controversial. As an environmental stimulus, the effect of ELF-MF on cellular DNA may be subtle. Therefore, a more sensitive method and systematic research strategy are warranted to evaluate genotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the effect of ELF-MF in combination with ionizing radiation (IR) or H(2)O(2) on the DNA damage response of expression of phosphorylated H2AX (γ-H2AX) and production of γ-H2AX foci in non-tumorigenic human cell systems consisting of human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells and human lung epithelial L132 cells. RESULTS Exposure to a 60-Hz, 2 mT ELF-MF for 6 h produced increased γ-H2AX expression, as well as γ-H2AX foci production, a common DNA double-strand break (DSB) marker. However, exposure to a 1 mT ELF-MF did not have the same effect. Moreover, 2 mT ELF-MF exposure potentiated the expression of γ-H2AX and γ-H2AX foci production when combined with IR, but not when combined with H(2)O(2). CONCLUSIONS ELF-MF could affect the DNA damage response and, in combination with different stimuli, provide different effects on γ-H2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Eun Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Korea
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20
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Li SS, Zhang ZY, Yang CJ, Lian HY, Cai P. Gene expression and reproductive abilities of male Drosophila melanogaster subjected to ELF-EMF exposure. Mutat Res 2013; 758:95-103. [PMID: 24157427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure is attracting increased attention as a possible disease-inducing factor. The in vivo effects of short-term and long-term ELF-EMF exposure on male Drosophila melanogaster were studied using transcriptomic analysis for preliminary screening and QRT-PCR for further verification. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that 439 genes were up-regulated and 874 genes were down-regulated following short-term exposures and that 514 genes were up-regulated and 1206 genes were down-regulated following long-term exposures (expression >2- or <0.5-fold, respectively). In addition, there are 238 up-regulated genes and 598 down-regulated genes in the intersection of short-term and long-term exposure (expression >2- or <0.5-fold). The DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in D. melanogaster following short-term exposures were involved in metabolic processes, cytoskeletal organization, mitotic spindle organization, cell death, protein modification and proteolysis. Long-term exposure let to changes in expression of genes involved in metabolic processes, response to stress, mitotic spindle organization, aging, cell death and cellular respiration. In the intersection of short-term and long-term exposure, a series of DEGs were related to apoptosis, aging, immunological stress and reproduction. To check the ELF-EMF effects on reproduction, some experiments on male reproduction ability were performed. Their results indicated that short-term ELF-EMF exposure may decrease the reproductive ability of males, but long-term exposures had no effect on reproductive ability. Down-regulation of ark gene in the exposed males suggests that the decrease in reproductive capacity may be induced by the effects of ELF-EMF exposure on spermatogenesis through the caspase pathway. QRT-PCR analysis confirmed that jra, ark and decay genes were down regulated in males exposed for 1 Generation (1G) and 72 h, which suggests that apoptosis may be inhibited in vivo. ELF-EMF exposure may have accelerated cell senescence, as suggested by the down-regulation of both cat and jra genes and the up-regulation of hsp22 gene. Up-regulation of totA and hsp22 genes during exposure suggests that exposed flies might induce an in vivo immune response to counter the adverse effects encountered during ELF-EMF exposure. Down-regulation of cat genes suggests that the partial oxidative protection system might be restrained, especially during short-term exposures. This study demonstrates the bioeffects of ELF-EMF exposure and provides evidence for understanding the in vivo mechanisms of ELF-EMF exposure on male D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
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21
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Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Cakir DU, Yokus B, Kizil G, Kizil M. Do 100- and 500-μT ELF magnetic fields alter beta-amyloid protein, protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde in rat brains? Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 32:363-72. [PMID: 23324065 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.721848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several studies still state that presently accepted safety standards for extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) do not provide adequate protection, and therefore the standards are still open to question. To help resolve this question, the aim of this study was to illuminate the interaction between biomolecules and ELF-MFs by investigating the effect of ELF-MFs on beta-amyloid protein (BAP), protein carbonyl (PC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat brain. For this study, 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used, which were divided into two experimental groups and a sham exposed group. Rats in two experimental groups were exposed to 100- and 500-μT ELF-MFs (50 Hz) for 2 h/day for 10 months, which are the generally accepted safety standards for public and occupational exposures. The same procedures were applied to the rats in the sham group, but with the generator turned off. The results of this study showed that neither ELF-MFs used in this study altered BAP level significantly (p>0.05). However, PC and MDA levels were increased by the exposure to 100- and 500-μT ELF-MFs (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, both PC and MDA levels were altered by long-term exposure to either 100 or 500 μT ELF-MF. However, many further and more comprehensive studies will be required to elucidate the interaction mechanisms between ELF-MFs exposure and living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Zhou H, Chen G, Chen C, Yu Y, Xu Z. Association between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields occupations and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23189129 PMCID: PMC3506624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To estimate the relationship between exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) and the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by a meta-analysis. Methods Through searching PubMed databases (or manual searching) up to April 2012 using the following keywords: “occupational exposure”, “electromagnetic fields” and “amyotrophic lateral sclerosis” or “motor neuron disease”, seventeen studies were identified as eligible for this meta-analysis. The associations between ELF-EMF exposure and the ALS risk were estimated based on study design (case-control or cohort study), and ELF-EMF exposure level assessment (job title or job-exposure matrix). The heterogeneity across the studies was tested, as was publication bias. Results Occupational exposure to ELF-EMF was significantly associated with increased risk of ALS in pooled studies (RR = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.02–1.62), and case-control studies (OR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.05–1.84), but not cohort studies (RR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.80–1.69). In sub-analyses, similar significant associations were found when the exposure level was defined by the job title, but not the job-exposure matrix. In addition, significant associations between occupational exposure to ELF-EMF and increased risk of ALS were found in studies of subjects who were clinically diagnosed but not those based on the death certificate. Moderate heterogeneity was observed in all analyses. Conclusions Our data suggest a slight but significant ALS risk increase among those with job titles related to relatively high levels of ELF-EMF exposure. Since the magnitude of estimated RR was relatively small, we cannot deny the possibility of potential biases at work. Electrical shocks or other unidentified variables associated with electrical occupations, rather than magnetic-field exposure, may be responsible for the observed associations with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Zhou
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunjing Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxian Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (ZX)
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (ZX)
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Akpinar D, Ozturk N, Ozen S, Agar A, Yargicoglu P. The effect of different strengths of extremely low-frequency electric fields on antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation, and visual evoked potentials. Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31:436-48. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.692342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Akpinar
- Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University,
Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nihal Ozturk
- Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University,
Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sukru Ozen
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Akdeniz University,
Antalya, Turkey
| | - Aysel Agar
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University,
Antalya, Turkey
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Abdollahi F, Niknam V, Ghanati F, Masroor F, Noorbakhsh SN. Biological effects of weak electromagnetic field on healthy and infected lime (Citrus aurantifolia) trees with phytoplasma. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:716929. [PMID: 22649313 PMCID: PMC3354635 DOI: 10.1100/2012/716929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has become an issue of concern for a great many people and is an active area of research. Phytoplasmas, also known as mycoplasma-like organisms, are wall-less prokaryotes that are pathogens of many plant species throughout the world. Effects of electromagnetic fields on the changes of lipid peroxidation, content of H(2)O(2), proline, protein, and carbohydrates were investigated in leaves of two-year-old trees of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) infected by the Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifoliae. The healthy and infected plants were discontinuously exposed to a 10 KHz quadratic EMF with maximum power of 9 W for 5 days, each 5 h, at 25 °C. Fresh and dry weight of leaves, content of MDA, proline, and protein increased in both healthy and infected plants under electromagnetic fields, compared with those of the control plants. Electromagnetic fields decreased hydrogen peroxide and carbohydrates content in both healthy and infected plants compared to those of the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abdollahi
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran
| | - Vahid Niknam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghanati
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-154, Iran
| | - Faribors Masroor
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Research Institute, Sooliran Street, 16 km Tehran-Karaj Old Road, Tehran 13455-754, Iran
| | - Seyyed Nasr Noorbakhsh
- Department of Chemistry, Engineering Research Institute, Sooliran Street, 16 km Tehran-Karaj Old Road, Tehran 13455-754, Iran
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Evaluation of occupational exposure to magnetic fields and motor neuron disease mortality in a population-based cohort. J Occup Environ Med 2012; 53:1447-51. [PMID: 22076040 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e318237a1d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiologic evidence for the association between electromagnetic fields and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the most common form of motor neuron disease (MND), has been inconclusive. We evaluated the association between electromagnetic fields and MND among workers in occupations potentially exposed to magnetic fields METHODS MND mortality (ICD-9 335.2) was examined in the National Longitudinal Mortality Study using multivariable proportional hazards models. Occupational exposure to magnetic fields was determined on the basis of a population-based job-exposure matrix. Age at entry, education, race, sex, and income were considered for inclusion as covariates RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, and education, there were no increased risks of MND mortality in relation to potential magnetic field exposure, with hazard ratios around the null in all magnetic field exposure quartiles CONCLUSIONS Our study does not provide evidence for an association between magnetic field exposure and MND mortality.
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Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Effect of 900 MHz Radio Frequency Radiation on Beta Amyloid Protein, Protein Carbonyl, and Malondialdehyde in the Brain. Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31:67-74. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.624654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ulku SZ, Akdag MZ, Yavuz I, Celik MS, Ketani MA. Can Histological and Histomorphometrical Changes be Induced in Rat Mandibular Condyle Following Ovariectomy and Long-Term Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field Exposure? BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2012. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2012.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Izzet Yavuz
- Dicle University, Faculty of Dentistry, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Lee HJ, Jin YB, Lee JS, Choi JI, Lee JW, Myung SH, Lee YS. Combined effects of 60 Hz electromagnetic field exposure with various stress factors on cellular transformation in NIH3T3 cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 33:207-14. [PMID: 21898471 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested that extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) are associated with an increased incidence of cancer. Studies using in vitro systems have reported mixed results for the effects of ELF-MF alone, and the World Health Organization (WHO) Research Agenda published in 2007 suggested that high priority research should include an evaluation of the co-carcinogenic effects of ELF-MF exposure using in vitro models. Here, the carcinogenic potential of ELF-MF exposure alone and in combination with various stress factors was investigated in NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts using an in vitro cellular transformation assay. NIH3T3 cells were exposed to a 60 Hz ELF-MF (1 mT) alone or in combination with ionizing radiation (IR), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), or c-Myc overexpression, and the resulting number of anchorage-independent colonies was counted. A 4 h exposure of NIH3T3 cells to ELF-MF alone produced no cell transformation. Moreover, ELF exposure did not influence the transformation activity of IR, H₂O₂, or activated c-Myc in our in vitro assay system, suggesting that 1 mT ELF-MF did not affect any additive or synergistic transformation activities in combination with stress factors such as IR, H₂O₂, or activated c-Myc in NIH3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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Belyaev I. Toxicity and SOS response to ELF magnetic field and nalidixic acid in E. coli cells. Mutat Res 2011; 722:84-8. [PMID: 21453783 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields have previously been shown to affect conformation of chromatin and cell proliferation. Possible genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of ELF have also been discussed and tested. In this study, we analyzed the effect of ELF on chromatin conformation in E. coli GE499 cells by the anomalous viscosity time dependence (AVTD) technique. Possible genotoxic ELF effects at the specific combination of static and ELF magnetic fields, that has been proven to have effects on chromatin conformation, were investigated by clonogenic assay, cell growth kinetics, and analysis of SOS-response using inducible recA-lacZ fusion and the β-galactosidase assay. Genotoxic agent nalidixic acid (NAL) was used as positive control and in combination with ELF. Nalidixic acid at 3-30μg/ml decreased the AVTD peaks and induced cytotoxic effect. In contrast to NAL, ELF increased AVTD, stimulated cell growth, and increased cloning efficiency. These effects depended on frequency within the frequency range of 7-11Hz. While NAL induced SOS response, ELF exposure did not induce the recA-lacZ fusion. Exposure to ELF did not modify the genotoxic effects of NAL either. All together, the data show that ELF, under specific conditions of exposure, acted as nontoxic but cell growth stimulating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Belyaev
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Giorgi G, Marcantonio P, Bersani F, Gavoçi E, Del Re B. Effect of extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure on DNA transposition in relation to frequency, wave shape and exposure time. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:601-8. [PMID: 21504343 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.570855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) exposure on transposon (Tn) mobility in relation to the exposure time, the frequency and the wave shape of the field applied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two Escherichia coli model systems were used: (1) Cells unable to express β-galactosidase (LacZ(-)), containing a mini-transposon Tn10 element able to give ability to express β-galactosidase (LacZ(+)) upon its transposition; therefore in these cells transposition activity can be evaluated by analysing LacZ(+) clones; (2) cells carrying Fertility plasmid (F(+)), and a Tn5 element located on the chromosome; therefore in these cells transposition activity can be estimated by a bacterial conjugation assay. Cells were exposed to sinusoidal (SiMF) or pulsed-square wave (PMF) magnetic fields of various frequencies (20, 50, 75 Hz) and for different exposure times (15 and 90 min). RESULTS Both mini-Tn10 and Tn5 transposition decreased under SiMF and increased under PMF, as compared to sham exposure control. No significant difference was found between frequencies and between exposure times. CONCLUSIONS ELF-MF exposure affects transposition activity and the effects critically depend on the wave shape of the field, but not on the frequency and the exposure time, at least in the range observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Giorgi
- Department of Evolutionary Experimental Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Belyaev I. Toxicity and SOS-response to ELF magnetic fields and nalidixic acid in E. coli cells. Mutat Res 2011; 722:56-61. [PMID: 21497670 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) have previously been shown to affect conformation of chromatin and cell proliferation. Possible genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of ELF-MF have also been discussed and tested. In this study, we analysed the effect of ELF-MF on chromatin conformation in E. coli GE499 cells by the anomalous viscosity time-dependence (AVTD) technique. Possible genotoxic effects of the specific combination of static and ELF-MF, which has been proven to affect chromatin conformation, were investigated by a clonogenic assay, by assessing cell-growth kinetics, and by analysis of the SOS-response by means of inducible recA-lacZ fusion-gene products and the β-galactosidase assay. The genotoxic agent nalidixic acid (NAL) was used as a positive control and in combination with ELF-MF. Nalidixic acid at 3-30μg/ml decreased the AVTD peaks and induced a cytotoxic effect. In contrast to NAL, ELF-MF fields increased AVTD, stimulated cell growth, and increased cloning efficiency. These effects depended on the frequency within the range of 7-11Hz. While NAL induced an SOS-response, exposure to ELF-MF did not induce the recA-lacZ fusion-gene product. Exposure to ELF-MF did not modify the genotoxic effects of NAL either. All together, the data show that ELF-MF, under specific conditions of exposure, acted as a non-toxic but cell-growth stimulating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Belyaev
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure does not modulate toll-like receptor signaling in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cytokine 2011; 54:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Malagoli C, Fabbi S, Teggi S, Calzari M, Poli M, Ballotti E, Notari B, Bruni M, Palazzi G, Paolucci P, Vinceti M. Risk of hematological malignancies associated with magnetic fields exposure from power lines: a case-control study in two municipalities of northern Italy. Environ Health 2010; 9:16. [PMID: 20353586 PMCID: PMC2856548 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some epidemiologic studies have suggested an association between electromagnetic field exposure induced by high voltage power lines and childhood leukemia, but null results have also been yielded and the possibility of bias due to unmeasured confounders has been suggested. METHODS We studied this relation in the Modena and Reggio Emilia municipalities of northern Italy, identifying the corridors along high voltage power lines with calculated magnetic field intensity in the 0.1-<0.2, 0.2-<0.4, and > or = 0.4 microTesla ranges. We identified 64 cases of newly-diagnosed hematological malignancies in children aged <14 within these municipalities from 1986 to 2007, and we sampled four matched controls for each case, collecting information on historical residence and parental socioeconomic status of these subjects. RESULTS Relative risk of leukemia associated with antecedent residence in the area with exposure > or = 0.1 microTesla was 3.2 (6.7 adjusting for socioeconomic status), but this estimate was statistically very unstable, its 95% confidence interval being 0.4-23.4, and no indication of a dose-response relation emerged. Relative risk for acute lymphoblastic leukemia was 5.3 (95% confidence interval 0.7-43.5), while there was no increased risk for the other hematological malignancies. CONCLUSIONS Though the number of exposed children in this study was too low to allow firm conclusions, results were more suggestive of an excess risk of leukemia among exposed children than of a null relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Malagoli
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Fabbi
- LARMA - Laboratory of Environmental Analysis, Surveying and Environmental Monitoring, Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vignolese 905, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sergio Teggi
- LARMA - Laboratory of Environmental Analysis, Surveying and Environmental Monitoring, Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vignolese 905, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Mariagiulia Calzari
- Local Health Unit of Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Poli
- ARPA - Emilia Romagna Environmental Protection Agency, section of Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Elena Ballotti
- ARPA - Emilia Romagna Environmental Protection Agency, section of Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Barbara Notari
- ARPA - Emilia Romagna Environmental Protection Agency, section of Modena, via Fontanelli 23, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruni
- ARPA - Emilia Romagna Environmental Protection Agency, section of Modena, via Fontanelli 23, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palazzi
- Department of Mother and Child, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Paolucci
- Department of Mother and Child, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Bernabò N, Tettamanti E, Russo V, Martelli A, Turriani M, Mattoli M, Barboni B. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure affects fertilization outcome in swine animal model. Theriogenology 2010; 73:1293-305. [PMID: 20176397 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Modern society continuously exposes the population to electromagnetic radiation, the effects of which on human health, in particular reproduction, are still unknown. The aim of this research was to assess the effect of acute (1h) exposure of boar spermatozoa to a 50 Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on early fertility outcome. The effect of intensities ranging from 0 to 2 mT on morpho-functional integrity of capacitated spermatozoa was examined in vitro. The oviducts containing or without spermatozoa were then exposed to the minimum in vivo, TD(50,) and maximum intensities determined in vitro, 4h before ovulation. The effects of ELF-EMF on spermatozoa in terms of early embryo development were evaluated after 12h and 6 days. It was found that in vitro ELF-EMF > 0.5 mT induced a progressive acrosome damage, thus compromising the ability of spermatozoa to undergo acrosomal reaction after zona pellucida stimulation and reducing the in vitro fertilization outcome. These effects became evident at 0.75 mT and reached the plateau at 1 mT. Under in vivo conditions, the ELF-EMF intensity of 1 mT was able to compromise sperm function, significantly reducing the fertilization rate. In addition, the exposure of oviducts to fields > or = 0.75 mT in the absence of spermatozoa was able to negatively affect early embryo development. In fact, it was found to cause a slowdown in the embryo cleavage. In conclusion, it was demonstrated how and at which intensities ELF-EMF negatively affect early fertility outcome in a highly predictive animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bernabò
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Salerno S, La Mendola C, La Manna MP, Lo Casto A, Caccamo N, Salerno A. Reversible effect of magnetic fields on human lymphocyte activation patterns: different sensitivity of naive and memory lymphocyte subsets. Radiat Res 2009; 172:444-50. [PMID: 19772465 DOI: 10.1667/rr1761.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of 50 Hz magnetic or static magnetic fields of 0.5 mT on subsets of human CD4(+) T cells in terms of cytokine release/content, cell proliferation and intracellular free calcium concentration. CD4(+) T cells can be divided into different subsets on the basis of surface marker expression, such as CD45, and T cells can be divided into naive (CD45RA(+)) and memory (CD45RA(-)) cells. In this study, the effects of magnetic fields after 24 and 48 h of cell culture were analyzed. We found that the CD4(+)CD45RA(-) T subset were more sensitive after 2 h of exposure. Decreases in the release/content of IFN-gamma, in cell proliferation and in intracellular free calcium concentrations were observed in exposed CD4(+)CD45RA(-) T cells compared to CD4(+)CD45RA(+) T cells. The results suggest that exposure to the magnetic fields induces a delay in the response to stimulants and that modifications are rapidly reversible, at least after a short exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Salerno
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Legale, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Cakir DU, Yokus B, Akdag MZ, Sert C, Mete N. Alterations of Hematological Variations in Rats Exposed to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields (50Hz). Arch Med Res 2009; 40:352-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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