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Kortylewicz ZP, Coulter DW, Han G, Baranowska-Kortylewicz J. Norepinephrine-Transporter-Targeted and DNA-Co-Targeted Theranostic Guanidines. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2051-2073. [PMID: 31268317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High risk neuroblastoma often recurs, even with aggressive treatments. Clinical evidence suggests that proliferative activities are predictive of poor outcomes. This report describes syntheses, characterization, and biological properties of theranostic guanidines that target norepinephrine transporter and undergo intracellular processing, and subsequently their catabolites are efficiently incorporated into DNA of proliferating neuroblastoma cells. Radioactive guanidines are synthesized from 5-radioiodo-2'-deoxyuridine, a molecular radiotherapy platform with clinically proven minimal toxicities and DNA-targeting properties. The transport of radioactive guanidines into neuroblastoma cells is active as indicated by the competitive suppression of cellular uptake by meta-iodobenzylguanidine. The rate of intracellular processing and DNA uptake is influenced by the agent's catabolic stability and cell population doubling times. The radiotoxicity is directly proportional to DNA uptake and duration of exposure. Biodistribution of 5-[125I]iodo-3'-O-(ε-guanidinohexanoyl)-2'-deoxyuridine in a mouse neuroblastoma model shows significant tumor retention of radioactivity. Neuroblastoma xenografts regress in response to the clinically achievable doses of this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew P Kortylewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henriksen Cancer Research Laboratories, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68132-6850, United States
| | - Donald W Coulter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68132-2168, United States
| | - Guang Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henriksen Cancer Research Laboratories, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68132-6850, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Janina Baranowska-Kortylewicz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henriksen Cancer Research Laboratories, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68132-6850, United States
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Dahmen V, Pomplun E, Kriehuber R. Iodine-125-labeled DNA-Triplex-forming oligonucleotides reveal increased cyto- and genotoxic effectiveness compared to Phosphorus-32. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:679-685. [PMID: 27022855 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1160157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The efficacy of DNA-targeting radionuclide therapies might be strongly enhanced by employing short range particle-emitters. However, the gain of effectiveness is not yet well substantiated. We compared the Auger electron emitter I-125 to the ß--emitter P-32 in terms of biological effectiveness per decay and radiation dose when located in the close proximity to DNA using DNA Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFO). The clonogenicity and the induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) were investigated in SCL-II cells after exposure to P-32- or I-125-labeled TFO targeting the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene and after external homogeneous exposure to gamma-rays as reference radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS TFO were labeled with P-32 or I-125 using the primer extension method. Cell survival was analyzed by colony-forming assay and DNA damage was assessed by microscopic quantification of protein 53 binding protein 1 (53BP1) foci in SCL-II cells. RESULTS I-125-TFO induced a pronounced decrease of cell survival (D37 at ∼360 accumulated decays per cell, equivalent to 1.22 Gy cell nucleus dose) and a significant increase of 53BP1 foci with increasing decays. The P-32-labeled TFO induced neither a strong decrease of cell survival nor an increase of 53BP1 foci up to ∼4000 accumulated decays per cell, equivalent to ∼1 Gy cell nucleus dose. The RBE for I-125-TFO was in the range of 3-4 for both biological endpoints. CONCLUSIONS I-125-TFO proved to be much more radiotoxic than P-32-TFO per decay and per unit dose although targeting the same sequence in the GAPDH gene. This might be well explained by the high number of low energy Auger electrons emitted by I-125 per decay, leading to a high ionization density in the immediate vicinity of the decay site, probably producing highly complex DNA lesions overcharging DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Dahmen
- a Radiation Biology Unit, Department of Safety and Radiation Protection , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Jülich , Germany
| | - Ekkehard Pomplun
- a Radiation Biology Unit, Department of Safety and Radiation Protection , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Jülich , Germany
| | - Ralf Kriehuber
- a Radiation Biology Unit, Department of Safety and Radiation Protection , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Jülich , Germany
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Violet JA, Farrugia G, Skene C, White J, Lobachevsky P, Martin R. Triple targeting of Auger emitters using octreotate conjugated to a DNA-binding ligand and a nuclear localizing signal. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:707-715. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1157278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Violet
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabriella Farrugia
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Skene
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pavel Lobachevsky
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger Martin
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kortylewicz ZP, Kimura Y, Inoue K, Mack E, Baranowska-Kortylewicz J. Radiolabeled cyclosaligenyl monophosphates of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-iodo-3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, and 3'-fluorothymidine for molecular radiotherapy of cancer: synthesis and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2649-71. [PMID: 22339166 PMCID: PMC3328401 DOI: 10.1021/jm201482p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeted molecular radiotherapy opens unprecedented opportunities to eradicate cancer cells with minimal irradiation of normal tissues. Described in this study are radioactive cyclosaligenyl monophosphates designed to deliver lethal doses of radiation to cancer cells. These compounds can be radiolabeled with SPECT- and PET-compatible radionuclides as well as radionuclides suitable for Auger electron therapies. This characteristic provides an avenue for the personalized and comprehensive treatment strategy that comprises diagnostic imaging to identify sites of disease, followed by the targeted molecular radiotherapy based on the imaging results. The developed radiosynthetic methods produce no-carrier-added products with high radiochemical yield and purity. The interaction of these compounds with their target, butyrylcholinesterase, depends on the stereochemistry around the P atom. IC(50) values are in the nanomolar range. In vitro studies indicate that radiation doses delivered to the cell nucleus are sufficient to kill cells of several difficult to treat malignancies including glioblastoma and ovarian and colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew P. Kortylewicz
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henrisken Cancer Research Laboratories, 986850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6850
| | - Yu Kimura
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henrisken Cancer Research Laboratories, 986850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6850
| | - Kotaro Inoue
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henrisken Cancer Research Laboratories, 986850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6850
| | - Elizabeth Mack
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henrisken Cancer Research Laboratories, 986850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6850
| | - Janina Baranowska-Kortylewicz
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henrisken Cancer Research Laboratories, 986850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6850
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Kassis AI. Molecular and cellular radiobiological effects of Auger emitting radionuclides. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2011; 143:241-7. [PMID: 21106639 PMCID: PMC3108272 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although the general radiobiologic principles underlying external beam therapy and radionuclide therapy are similar, significant differences in the biophysical and radiobiologic effects from the two types of radiation continue to accumulate. Here, I will address the unique features that distinguish the molecular and cellular radiobiological effects of Auger electron-emitting radionuclides consequent to (1) the physical characteristics of the decaying atom and its subcellular localisation, (2) DNA topology and (3) the bystander effect. Based on these experimental findings, I postulate that the ability of track structural simulations as primary tools in modelling DNA damage and cellular survival at the molecular level would be greatly enhanced when these contributions are factored in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin I Kassis
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Armenise Building Room D2-137, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lobachevsky PN, Martin RF. DNA Breakage by Decay of Auger Electron Emitters: Experiments with123I-iodoHoechst 33258 and Plasmid DNA. Radiat Res 2005; 164:766-73. [PMID: 16296882 DOI: 10.1667/rr3469.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Auger electron-emitting isotope 123I is of interest in the context of potential exploitation of Auger electron emitters in radioimmunotherapy. The efficiency of induction of cytotoxic lesions by decay of DNA-associated 125I, the prototype Auger electron emitter, is well established, but its long half-life (60 days) is a limitation. However, the advantage of the much shorter half-life of 123I (13.2 h) might be outweighed by its "weaker" Auger electron cascade with an average of 8-11 Auger electrons, compared to about 15-21 electrons for 125I. Accordingly, the efficiency of DNA breakage for DNA-associated 123I was investigated by incubation of 123I-iodoHoechst 33258 with plasmid DNA. The efficiency of double-strand break induction by decay of 123I was 0.62 compared to 0.82 per decay of 125I in the same experimental system. In the presence of dimethylsulfoxide, the values were 0.54 and 0.65 for decay of 123I and 125I, respectively. The results also showed that at a very low ligand/plasmid molar ratio (<1), the majority of cleavage seemed to occur at a particular site on the plasmid molecule, indicating preferential binding of the 123I-ligand to a unique site or a cluster of neighboring sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N Lobachevsky
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Chen K, Adelstein SJ, Kassis AI. Molecular modeling of the interaction of iodinated Hoechst analogs with DNA: implications for new radiopharmaceutical design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lobachevsky PN, Martin RF. Iodine-125 decay in a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide. I. Fragment size distribution and evaluation of breakage probability. Radiat Res 2000; 153:263-70. [PMID: 10669547 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2000)153[0263:idiaso]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Lobachevsky, P. N. and Martin, R. F. Iodine-125 Decay in a Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotide. I. Fragment Size Distribution and Evaluation of Breakage Probability. Incorporation of (125)I-dC into a defined location of a double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide was used to investigate DNA breaks arising from decay of the Auger electron-emitting isotope. Samples of the oligodeoxynucleotide were also labeled with (32)P at either the 5' or 3' end of either the (125)I-dC-containing (so-called top) or opposite (bottom) strand and incubated in 20 mM phosphate buffer or the same buffer plus 2 M dimethylsulfoxide at 4 degrees C during 18-20 days. The (32)P-end-labeled fragments produced by (125)I decays were separated on denaturing polyacrylamide gels, and the (32)P activity in each fragment was determined by scintillation counting after elution of fragments from the gel. The relative fragment size distributions were then normalized on a per decay basis and converted to a distribution of single-strand break probabilities as a function of distance from the (125)I-dC. The results of three to five experiments for each of eight possible combinations of labels and incubation conditions are presented as a table showing the relative numbers of (32)P counts in different fragments as well as graphs of normalized fragment size distributions and probabilities of breakage. The average numbers of single-strand breaks per (125)I decay are 3. 3 and 3.7 in the top strand and 1.3 and 1.5 in the bottom strand with and without dimethylsulfoxide, respectively. Every (125)I decay event produces a break in the top strand, and breakage of the bottom strand occurs in 75-80% of the events. Thus a double-strand break is produced by (125)I decay with a probability of approximately 0.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Lobachevsky
- Molecular Radiation Biology, Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Lobachevsky PN, Martin RF. Iodine-125 decay in a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide. II. The role of auger electron irradiation compared to charge neutralization in DNA breakage. Radiat Res 2000; 153:271-8. [PMID: 10669548 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2000)153[0271:idiaso]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Lobachevsky, P. N. and Martin, R. F. Iodine-125 Decay in a Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotide. II. The Role of Auger Electron Irradiation Compared to Charge Neutralization in DNA Breakage. The dramatic chemical and biological effects of the decay of DNA-incorporated (125)I stem from two consequences of the Auger electron cascades associated with the decay of the isotope: high local deposition of radiation energy from short-range Auger electrons, and neutralization of the multiply charged tellurium atom. We have analyzed the extensive data reported in the companion paper (Radiat. Res. 153, 000-000, 2000), in which DNA breakage was measured after (125)I decay in a 41-bp oligoDNA. The experimental data collected under scavenging conditions (2 M dimethylsulfoxide) were deconvoluted into two components denoted as radiation and nonradiation, the former being attributed to energy deposition by Auger electrons. The contribution of the components was estimated by adopting various assumptions, the principal one being that DNA breakage due to the radiation mechanism is dependent on the distance between the decaying (125)I atom and the cleaved deoxyribosyl unit, while the nonradiation mechanism, associated with neutralization of the multiply charged tellurium atom, contributes equally at corresponding nucleotides starting from the (125)I-incorporating nucleotide. Comparison of the experimental data sets collected under scavenging and nonscavenging (without dimethylsulfoxide) conditions was used to estimate the radiation-scavengeable component. Our analysis showed that the nonradiation component plays the major role in causing breakage within 4-5 nucleotides from the site of (125)I incorporation and produces about 50% of all single-stranded breaks. This overall result is consistent with the relative amounts of energy associated with Auger electrons and the charged tellurium atom. However, the nonradiation component accounts for almost four times more breaks in the top strand, to which the (125)I is bound covalently, than in the bottom strand, thus suggesting an important role of covalent bonds in the energy transfer from the charged tellurium atom. The radiation component dominates at the distances beyond 8-9 nucleotides, and 36% of the radiation-induced breaks are scavengeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Lobachevsky
- Molecular Radiation Biology, Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Wagner EF, Auer B, Schweiger M. Escherichia coli virus T1: genetic controls during virus infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1983; 102:131-52. [PMID: 6340981 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-68906-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Bloomer WD, McLaughlin WH, Adelstein SJ. Therapeutic implications of iodine-125 cytotoxicity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1982; 8:1903-8. [PMID: 7153101 DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(82)90448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
The DNA in Chinese hamster cells was labeled first for 3 h with [3H]TdR and then for 3 h with [125I]UdR. Chromatin was extracted, frozen, and stored at -30 degrees C until 1.0 X 10(17) and 1.25 X 10(17) disintegrations/g of labeled DNA occurred for 125I and 3H respectively. Velocity sedimentation of chromatin (DNA with associated chromosomal proteins) in neutral sucrose gradients indicated that the localized energy from the 125I disintegrations, which gave about 1 double-strand break/disintegration plus an additional 1.3 single strand breaks, selectively fragmented the [125I] chromatin into pieces smaller than the [3H] chromatin. In other words, 125I disintegrations caused much more localized damage in the chromatin labeled with 125I than in the chromatin labeled with 3H, and fragments induced in DNA by 125I disintegrations were not held together by the associated chromosomal proteins. Use of this 125I technique for studying chromosomal proteins associated with different regions in the cellular DNA is discussed. For these studies, the number of disintegrations required for fragmenting DNA molecules of different sizes is illustrated.
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Microdosimetery of Auger Electrons. Radiat Res 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-523350-7.50055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Painter RB, Young BR, Burk HJ. Non-repairable strand breaks induced by 125I incorporated into mammalian DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:4836-8. [PMID: 4531021 PMCID: PMC433992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.12.4836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
When (125)I is incorporated into Chinese hamster DNA (via (125)I-labeled iododeoxyuridine) and the cells are stored at 77 degrees K, the resulting decays of the isotope cause 4 to 5 breaks/single-strand per disintegration. On the average, about 50% of these breaks are repaired. In contrast, under the same conditions of storage and in the same range of total strand breaks/cell, 70-100% of the breaks induced by x-radiation are repaired. Thus, the extreme toxicity of (125)I when incorporated into DNA is correlated with the unrepaired breaks caused by decay of this isotope. These results suggest that unrepaired DNA strand breaks may be important in cell killing after treatments which damage DNA.
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