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Debon E, Rogeboz P, Latado H, Morlock GE, Meyer D, Cottet-Fontannaz C, Scholz G, Schilter B, Marin-Kuan M. Incorporation of Metabolic Activation in the HPTLC-SOS-Umu-C Bioassay to Detect Low Levels of Genotoxic Chemicals in Food Contact Materials. TOXICS 2022; 10:501. [PMID: 36136466 PMCID: PMC9500983 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The safety evaluation of food contact materials requires excluding mutagenicity and genotoxicity in migrates. Testing the migrates using in vitro bioassays has been proposed to address this challenge. To be fit for that purpose, bioassays must be capable of detecting very low, safety relevant concentrations of DNA-damaging substances. There is currently no bioassay compatible with such qualifications. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), coupled with the planar SOS Umu-C (p-Umu-C) bioassay, was suggested as a promising rapid test (~6 h) to detect the presence of low levels of mutagens/genotoxins in complex mixtures. The current study aimed at incorporating metabolic activation in this assay and testing it with a set of standard mutagens (4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, aflatoxin B1, mitomycin C, benzo(a)pyrene, N-ethyl nitrourea, 2-nitrofluorene, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 2-aminoanthracene and methyl methanesulfonate). An effective bioactivation protocol was developed. All tested mutagens could be detected at low concentrations (0.016 to 230 ng/band, according to substances). The calculated limits of biological detection were found to be up to 1400-fold lower than those obtained with the Ames assay. These limits are lower than the values calculated to ensure a negligeable carcinogenic risk of 10-5. They are all compatible with the threshold of toxicological concern for chemicals with alerts for mutagenicity (150 ng/person). They cannot be achieved by any other currently available test procedures. The p-Umu-C bioassay may become instrumental in the genotoxicity testing of complex mixtures such as food packaging, foods, and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Debon
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Rogeboz
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hélia Latado
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center of Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science, and TransMIT Center of Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudine Cottet-Fontannaz
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Scholz
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Schilter
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maricel Marin-Kuan
- Food Safety Research Department, Société des Produits Nestlé SA—Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Thakur BR, Singh RK. Food irradiation‐chemistry and applications∗. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129409541012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
The ways in which dietary polyunsaturated fats and antioxidants affect the balance between activation and detoxification of environmental precarcinogens is discussed, with particular reference to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo(a)pyrene. The structure and composition of membranes and their susceptibility to peroxidation is dependent on the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of the cell and its antioxidant status, both of which are determined to a large degree by dietary intake of these compounds. An increase in the PUFA content of membranes stimulates the oxidation of precarcinogens to reactive intermediates by affecting the configuration and induction of membrane-bound enzymes (e.g., the mixed-function oxidase system and epoxide hydratase); providing increased availability of substrates (hydroperoxides) for peroxidases that cooxidise carcinogens (e.g., prostaglandin synthetase and P-450 peroxidase); and increasing the likelihood of direct activation reactions between peroxyl radicals and precarcinogens. Antioxidants, on the other hand, protect against lipid peroxidation, scavenge oxygen-derived free radicals and reactive carcinogenic species. In addition some synthetic antioxidants exert specific effects on enzymes, which results in increased detoxification and reduced rates of activation. The balance between dietary polyunsaturated fats, antioxidants and the initiation of carcinogenesis is discussed in relation to animal models of chemical carcinogenesis and the epidemiology of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Gower
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex, U.K
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