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Patel RVP, Raval H. Comparative assessment of treatment technologies for minimizing reverse osmosis concentrate volume for industrial applications: A review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 90:314-343. [PMID: 39007322 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Desalination of seawater, brackish water, and reclaimed water is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide to supplement and diversify fresh water supplies. However, particularly for industrial wastewater, the need for environment-friendly and economically viable alternatives for concentrate management is the major impediment to deploying large-scale desalination. This review covers various strategies and technologies for managing reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) and also includes their disposal, treatment, and potential applications. Developing energy-efficient, economical, and ecologically sound ROC management systems is essential if desalination and wastewater treatment are being implemented for a sustainable water future, particularly for industrial wastewater. The limitations and benefits of various concentrate management strategies are examined in this review. Moreover, it explores the potential of innovative technologies in reducing concentrate volume, enhancing water recovery, eliminating organic pollutants, and extracting valuable resources. This review critically discusses concentrate management approaches and technologies, including disposal, treatment, and reuse, including new technologies for reducing concentrate volume, boosting water recovery, eliminating organic contaminants, recovering valuable commodities, and minimizing energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Vardhan Prasad Patel
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Hiren Raval
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India E-mail:
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Loh WH, Cai QQ, Li R, Jothinathan L, Lee BCY, Ng OH, Guo J, Ong SL, Hu JY. Reverse osmosis concentrate treatment by microbubble ozonation-biological activated carbon process: Organics removal performance and environmental impact assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149289. [PMID: 34340085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is being used in many water reclamation facilities to produce high quality water that can be reused for different purposes. As a part of the RO process, a reject stream is produced as the reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC), which contains elevated levels of contaminants compared to the source water. Effective treatment and safe disposal of ROC via cost-effective means is very challenging. This study aims to develop a robust microbubble ozonation-biological process for industrial ROC treatment with a target effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) lower than 60 mg/L. As compared to macrobubble ozonation, microbubble ozonation exhibited better ozone dissolution and 29% higher COD removal efficiency with the same ozone dosage. Under the optimum operating conditions with ozone dosage of 30 mg/L, ROC natural pH of 8.67 and ozonation duration of 1 h, microbubble ozonation achieved 42% COD removal efficiency while increasing the BOD5/COD ratio (ratio of biological oxygen demand over 5 days to the corresponding chemical oxygen demand) in ROC from 0.042 to 0.216. A biological activated carbon (BAC) column with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 120 min was combined with microbubble ozonation for continuous ROC treatment. Over the 100-day operation, the combined system performed consistent organics removal with an average effluent COD of 45 mg/L. Both LC-OCD data and fluorescence EEM spectra confirmed humic substances were the dominant organic species in ROC. Ozone pre-treatment could achieve significant removal of humic substances in raw ROC. ATP analysis found that ozone pre-treatment enhanced BAC biofilm activity by around 5 folds. 5 min acute toxicity assessment with Aliivibrio fischeri showed 4 times reduction of bioluminescence inhibition in ozone treated ROC. From the environmental point of view, Life cycle assessment (LCA) results demonstrated that Ozone-BAC system had significant environmental burdens on climate change and human toxicity due to the electricity production process. These environmental impacts can be mitigated by optimizing the ozonation process with reduced ozone dosage or utilizing renewable energy sources for electricity generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Loh
- National University of Singapore, Sembcorp-NUS Corporate Laboratory c/o FoE, Block E1A, #04-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - Q Q Cai
- National University of Singapore, Sembcorp-NUS Corporate Laboratory c/o FoE, Block E1A, #04-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - R Li
- National University of Singapore, Sembcorp-NUS Corporate Laboratory c/o FoE, Block E1A, #04-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - L Jothinathan
- National University of Singapore, Sembcorp-NUS Corporate Laboratory c/o FoE, Block E1A, #04-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - B C Y Lee
- National University of Singapore, Sembcorp-NUS Corporate Laboratory c/o FoE, Block E1A, #04-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - O H Ng
- National University of Singapore, Sembcorp-NUS Corporate Laboratory c/o FoE, Block E1A, #04-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - J Guo
- National University of Singapore, Sembcorp-NUS Corporate Laboratory c/o FoE, Block E1A, #04-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - S L Ong
- National University of Singapore, Sembcorp-NUS Corporate Laboratory c/o FoE, Block E1A, #04-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - J Y Hu
- National University of Singapore, Sembcorp-NUS Corporate Laboratory c/o FoE, Block E1A, #04-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-01, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore.
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Liu R, Wang Q, Li M, Liu J, Zhang W, Lan M, Du C, Sun Z, Zhao D, Li B. Advanced treatment of coal chemical reverse osmosis concentrate with three-stage MABR. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10178-10187. [PMID: 35498598 PMCID: PMC9050234 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10574c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The issue of reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) has attracted significant attention due to its complex and toxic constituents under high salinity conditions. In this work, a three-stage membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) system was constructed to treat such wastewater without an external carbon source. The effects of operating conditions including aeration pressure, reflux ratio, temperature and hydraulic retention time on the removal performance of the integrated system were evaluated and optimized. Under the optimal operating parameters, the removal efficiencies of COD, NH4+–N, NO3−–N, and TN reached 69.36%, 80.95%, 54.55%, and 54.36%, respectively. Three-dimensional fluorescence analysis indicated that humic acid was mostly removed from raw water. Moreover, microbial diversity analysis indicated that the microbial community structure of each reactor could be individually modulated to exert different functions and enhance the system performance. The integrated MABR system exhibits great feasibility and potential for the advanced treatment of coal chemical ROC. A MABR system was constructed to treat coal chemical reverse osmosis concentrate without an external carbon source.![]()
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Abtahi SM, Marbelia L, Gebreyohannes AY, Ahmadiannamini P, Joannis-Cassan C, Albasi C, de Vos WM, Vankelecom IF. Micropollutant rejection of annealed polyelectrolyte multilayer based nanofiltration membranes for treatment of conventionally-treated municipal wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Xia J, Zhang H, Ding S, Li C, Ding J, Lu J. Promotion by humus-reducing bacteria for the degradation of UV 254 absorbance in reverse-osmosis concentrates pretreated with O 3-assisted UV-Fenton method. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:2178-2184. [PMID: 28678635 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1351497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary pollutants in reverse-osmosis concentrates (ROC) are the substances with the UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), which is closely related to humic substances that can be degraded by humus-reducing bacteria. This work studied the degradation characteristics of humus-reducing bacteria in ROC treatment. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of humus-reducing bacteria were investigated, and the effects of pH values and electron donors on the reduction of humic analog, antraquinone-2, 6-disulfonate were explored to optimize the degradation. Furthermore, the O3-assisted UV-Fenton method was applied for the pretreatment of ROC, and the degradation of UV254 absorbance was apparently promoted with their removal rate, reaching 84.2% after 10 days of degradation by humus-reducing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaohui Xia
- a Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- a Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxuan Ding
- b College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Xianyang , People's Republic of China
| | - Changyu Li
- a Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , People's Republic of China
| | - Jincheng Ding
- c College of Chemical Engineering , Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lu
- a Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , People's Republic of China
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Zhao Z, Liu Z, Wang H, Dong W, Wang W. Sequential application of Fenton and ozone-based oxidation process for the abatement of Ni-EDTA containing nickel plating effluents. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:238-245. [PMID: 29571144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of Ni-EDTA in industrial nickel plating effluents was investigated by integrated application of Fenton and ozone-based oxidation processes. Determination of integrated sequence found that Fenton oxidation presented higher apparent kinetic rate constant of Ni-EDTA oxidation and capacity for contamination load than ozone-based oxidation process, the latter, however, was favorable to guarantee the further mineralization of organic substances, especially at a low concentration. Serial-connection mode of two oxidation processes was appraised, Fenton effluent after treated by hydroxide precipitation and filtration negatively affected the overall performance of the sequential system, as evidenced by the removal efficiencies of Ni2+ and TOC dropping from 99.8% to 98.7%, and from 74.8% to 66.6%, respectively. As a comparison, O3/Fe2+ oxidation process was proved to be more effective than other processes (e.g. O3-Fe2+, O3/H2O2/Fe2+, O3/H2O2-Fe2+), and the final effluent Ni2+ concentration could satisfied the discharge standard (<0.1 mg L-1, China) under the optimal conditions (H2O2 dosage of 1.0 mL L-1, Fe2+: H2O2 mole ratio of 1.46, and reaction time of 10 min for Fenton reaction, initial influent pH of 3.0, O3 dosage of 252 mg L-1, Fe2+ of 150 mg L-1, and reaction time of 30 min for O3/Fe2+ oxidation). Furthermore, pilot-scale test was carried out to study the practical treatability towards the real nickel plating effluent, revealing the effective removal of some other co-existence contaminations. And Fenton reaction has contributed most, with the percentage ranging from 72.41% to 93.76%. The economic cost advantage made it a promising alternative to the continuous Fenton oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zhao
- School of Hehai, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zekun Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Wenyi Dong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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Xu J, Zhao G, Huang X, Guo H, Liu W. Use of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands to treat reverse osmosis concentrate of rolling wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:262-269. [PMID: 27712090 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2016.1217392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the characteristics of the reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) generated from iron and steel company, we used three sets of parallel horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) constructed wetlands (CWs) with different plants and substrate layouts to treat the high-salinity wastewater. The plant growth and removal efficiencies under saline condition were evaluated. The evaluation was based entirely on routinely collected water quality data and the physical and chemical characteristics of the plants (Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, Iris wilsonii, and Scirpus planiculmis). The principal parameters of concern in the effluent were chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The results showed that the CWs were able to remove COD, TN, and TP from ROC. S. planiculmis was not suitable for the treatment of high-saline wastewater. The sequence of metals accumulated in CW plants was K>Ca>Na>Mg>Zn>Cu. More than 70% of metals were accumulated in the aboveground of P. australis. The CW filled with gravel and manganese ore and planted with P. australis and T. latifolia had the best performance of pollutant removal, with average removal of 49.96%, 39.45%, and 72.01% for COD, TN, and TP, respectively. The effluent water quality met the regulation in China. These results suggested that HSF CW planted with P. australis and T. latifolia can be applied for ROC pollutants removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Xu
- a Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Gang Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiangfeng Huang
- a Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Haobo Guo
- a Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Wei Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai , China
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Micó MM, González Ó, Bacardit J, Malfeito J, Sans C. High salinity effect on bioremediation of pretreated pesticide lixiviates from greenhouses. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:3221-3231. [PMID: 26041507 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1057541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydroponics culture greenhouses usually work in closed and semi-closed irrigation systems for nutrients and water-saving purposes. Photo-Fenton reaction has been revealed as an efficient way to depollute that kind of recycled effluents containing pesticides, even for high salinity concentrations. However, the inefficacy of organic matter chemical depletion imposes the use of a subsequent treatment. This work proposes the suitability of an integration of advanced oxidation process with a subsequent bioreactor to treat greenhouse lixiviates effluents at high or extremely high conductivity (salts concentration: up to 42 g L⁻¹). As a first step in this study, the performance of a series of sequencing batch reactors was monitored in order to check the biocompatibility of photo-Fenton pretreated effluents depending on their salinity content. In the second step, those same pretreated effluents were loaded to a biofiltration column filled with expanded clay. Finally, bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing was carried out to analyse microbial diversity of the biomass developed in the column. Results stated that the chemical-biological coupled system is effective for the treatment of water effluents containing pesticides. The integrated system is able to deplete more than 80% of the organic load, even under extremely high salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Micó
- a Departament d'Enginyeria Química , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 6th floor; 08028 Barcelona , Spain
- b ACCIONA Agua , S.A.U. Avda. de les Garrigues, 22; Parque de Negocios Mas Blau II; 08820 El Prat de Llobregat, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Óscar González
- a Departament d'Enginyeria Química , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 6th floor; 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jordi Bacardit
- b ACCIONA Agua , S.A.U. Avda. de les Garrigues, 22; Parque de Negocios Mas Blau II; 08820 El Prat de Llobregat, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jorge Malfeito
- b ACCIONA Agua , S.A.U. Avda. de les Garrigues, 22; Parque de Negocios Mas Blau II; 08820 El Prat de Llobregat, Barcelona , Spain
| | - Carme Sans
- a Departament d'Enginyeria Química , Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 6th floor; 08028 Barcelona , Spain
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Shi H, Li J, Shi D, Shi H, Feng B, Li W, Bai Y, Zhao J, He A. Combined reduction/precipitation, chemical oxidation and biological aerated filter processes for treatment of electroplating wastewater. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2015.1049365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hwang Y, Kim D, Shin HS. Inhibition of nitrate reduction by NaCl adsorption on a nano-zero-valent iron surface during a concentrate treatment for water reuse. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:1178-1187. [PMID: 25358487 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.982723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) has been considered as a possible material to treat water and wastewater. However, it is necessary to verify the effect of the matrix components in different types of target water. In this study, different effects depending on the sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration on reductions of nitrates and on the characteristics of NZVI were investigated. Although NaCl is known as a promoter of iron corrosion, a high concentration of NaCl (>3 g/L) has a significant inhibition effect on the degree of NZVI reactivity towards nitrate. The experimental results were interpreted by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson reaction in terms of inhibition, and the decreased NZVI reactivity could be explained by the increase in the inhibition constant. As a result of a chloride concentration analysis, it was verified that 7.7-26.5% of chloride was adsorbed onto the surface of NZVI. Moreover, the change of the iron corrosion product under different NaCl concentrations was investigated by a surface analysis of spent NZVI. Magnetite was the main product, with a low NaCl concentration (0.5 g/L), whereas amorphous iron hydroxide was observed at a high concentration (12 g/L). Though the surface was changed to permeable iron hydroxide, the Fe(0) in the core was not completely oxidized. Therefore, the inhibition effect of NaCl could be explained as the competitive adsorption of chloride and nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhoon Hwang
- a Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Miljøvej, Building 113, Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
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Lin XH, Sriramulu D, Li SFY. Selective removal of photocatalytic non-degradable fluorosurfactants from reverse osmosis concentrate. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 68:831-838. [PMID: 25465720 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently photocatalytic treatment of municipal reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) has drawn increasing attention due to its relatively high efficiency and low cost. However, photocatalytic reactions by commercially available TiO₂ are not able to degrade fluorosurfactants in the ROC sample due to the absence of photoreactive groups in these compounds. Here we investigated adsorption and coagulation methods and their efficiencies in removing fluorosurfactants. The analysis and characterization methods included mass spectrometry (LC-QToF), total organic carbon (TOC), fluorescence & UV–Visible spectra, SEM, IR, N2 sorption, zeta potential, and elemental analysis. Ferric chloride (FER) coagulation was found to be quite efficient in removing fluorosurfactants, while powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption was inefficient. The FER pre-treatment process was found to perform better than the post-treatment process in removing the fluorosurfactants. FER selectively removed the bulky fluorosurfactants with long branches but not the slim ones with short or no branches. At a concentration of 10.60 mM, FER could efficiently remove 62.19% fluorosurfactants in total from the ROC sample. The applicability of Freundlich and Langmuir models for the adsorption processes was also investigated. FER was able to remove fluorosurfactant while PAC unable. While the PAC removal mechanism was adsorption, the FER coagulation mechanism was far more complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Hao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Ioannou L, Michael C, Vakondios N, Drosou K, Xekoukoulotakis N, Diamadopoulos E, Fatta-Kassinos D. Winery wastewater purification by reverse osmosis and oxidation of the concentrate by solar photo-Fenton. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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