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Zeng Y, Zeng M, Cheng Y, Long B, Wu J. Cultivation of autotrophic nitrifying granular sludge for simultaneous removal of ammonia nitrogen and Tl(I). ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:4017-4032. [PMID: 35574708 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2077659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autotrophic nitrifying granular sludge (ANGS) was cultivated for the simultaneous removal of ammonia nitrogen and Tl(I) from inorganic wastewater. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the influent gradually decreased to approximately zero in four parallel sequencing batch reactors (B1: blank controller, B2: 10 mL of added nitrifying bacteria concentrate in each cycle, B3: 1 mg/L Tl(I) added in each cycle and B4: 10 mL of added nitrifying bacteria concentrate and 1 mg/L Tl(I) in each cycle) within 15 days. The main properties, such as the granulation rate and specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of the ANGS in B1, B2, B3 and B4 tended to be stable within 40, 33, 30 and 33 days, the removal efficiencies of Tl(I) were 59.5%-82.9% and 57.1%-88.6% in B3 and B4 after Day 30, the removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen in B1, B2, B3 and B4 were usually above 90% after Day 33, and the total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) in the effluent of B1, B2, B3 and B4 gradually stabilized after Day 36, 32, 32 and 36, indicating that mature ANGS was successfully cultivated in B1, B2, B3 and B4 within 40, 33, 33 and 36 days. The nitrogen degradation kinetic parameters of ANGS indicated that B3 had the strongest ability to remove ammonia and nitrite, suggesting that Tl(I) stress was beneficial to ammonia nitrogen removal and nitrite oxidation. The adsorption of Tl(I) can be described by the Freundlich equation, and the addition of external nitrifying bacteria improved the adsorption ability of ANGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- School of Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjing Zeng
- School of Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- School of Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Long
- School of Civil and Surveying & Mapping Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Wu
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology, Pingdingshan, People's Republic of China
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Wan C, Fu L, Li Z, Liu X, Lin L, Wu C. Formation, application, and storage-reactivation of aerobic granular sludge: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116302. [PMID: 36150350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It was an important discovery in wastewater treatment that the microorganisms in the traditional activated sludge can form aerobic granular sludge (AGS) by self-aggregation under appropriate water quality and operation conditions. With a typical three-dimensional spherical structure, AGS has high sludge-water separation efficiency, great treatment capacity, and strong tolerance to toxic and harmful substances, so it has been considered to be one of the most promising wastewater treatment technologies. This paper comprehensively reviewed AGS from multiple perspectives over the past two decades, including the culture conditions, granulation mechanisms, metabolic and structural stability, storage, and its diverse applications. Some important issues, such as the reproducibility of culture conditions and the structural and functional stability during application and storage, were also summarized, and the research prospects were put forward. The aggregation behavior of microorganisms in AGS was explained from the perspectives of physiology and ecology of complex populations. The storage of AGS is considered to have large commercial potential value with the increase of large-scale applications. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for the systematic and in-depth study on the sludge aerobic granulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Liya Fu
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhengwen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Changyong Wu
- Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Engineering Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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3
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P S G da Silva VE, de S Rollemberg SL, da S E Santos SG, C V Silva TF, P Vilar VJ, B Dos Santos A. Landfill leachate biological treatment: perspective for the aerobic granular sludge technology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45150-45170. [PMID: 35486275 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachates are high-strength complex mixtures containing dissolved organic matter, ammonia, heavy metals, and sulfur species, among others. The problem of leachate treatment has subsisted for some time, but an efficient and cost-effective universal solution capable of ensuring environmental resources protection has not been found. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has been considered a promising technology for biological wastewater treatment in recent years. Granules' layered structure, with an aerobic outer layer and an anaerobic/anoxic core, enables the presence of diverse microbial populations without the need for support media, allowing simultaneous removal of different pollutants in a single unit. Besides, its strong and compact arrangement provides higher tolerance to toxic pollutants and the ability to withstand large load fluctuations. Furthermore, its good that settling properties allow high biomass retention and better sludge separation. Nevertheless, AGS-related research has focused on carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus removal, mainly from sanitary sewage. This review aims to summarize and analyze the main findings and problems reported in the literature regarding AGS application to landfill leachate treatment and identify the knowledge gaps for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente E P S G da Silva
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Silvio L de S Rollemberg
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Sara G da S E Santos
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia F C V Silva
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor J P Vilar
- LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - André B Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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We ACE, Aris A, Zain NAM, Muda K, Sulaiman S. Influence of static mixer on the development of aerobic granules for the treatment of low-medium strength domestic wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128209. [PMID: 33297168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigates the feasibility of aerobic granulation for the treatment of low-medium strength domestic wastewater for long-term operation and effects of a static mixer on the properties and removal performances of the aerobic granules formed. The static mixer was installed in a sequential batch reactor to provide higher hydrodynamic shear force in enhancing the formation of the aerobic granules. Aerobic granules were successfully formed in the domestic wastewater, and the granulation treatment system was sustained for a period of 356 days without granules disintegration. Subsequent to the installation, aerobic granules with a low SVI30 of 41.37 mL/gTSS, average diameter 1.11 mm, granular strength with integrity coefficient 10.4% and regular shape with minimum filamentous outgrowth were formed. Mineral concentrations such as Fe, Mg, Ca and Na as well as composition of protein and polysaccharide in tightly bound-extracellular polymeric substance of the aerobic granules were found to be higher under the effect of the static mixer. However, no significant improvement was observed on the TCOD, NH4+-N and TSS removal performance. Good TCOD and TSS removal performance of above 85% and 90%, respectively and moderate NH4+-N removal performance of about 60% were observed throughout the study. Higher simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) efficiency of 56% was observed after the installation of the static mixer, as compared to 21% prior. Therefore, it may be concluded that the installation of the static mixer significantly improved the properties of aerobic granules formation and SND efficiency but not the TCOD, NH4+-N and TSS removal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Chyi En We
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Azmi Aris
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Azimah Mohd Zain
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Khalida Muda
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Suryati Sulaiman
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Egbuikwem PN, Naz I, Saroj DP. Appraisal of suspended growth process for treatment of mixture of simulated petroleum, textile, domestic, agriculture and pharmaceutical wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:3338-3353. [PMID: 31038403 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1609097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The unrestricted discharge of domestic and industrial wastewaters along with agricultural runoff water into the environment as mixed-wastewater pose serious threat to freshwater resources in many countries. Mixed-wastewater pollution is a common phenomenon in the developing countries as the technologies to treat the individual waste streams at source are lacking due to high operational and maintenance costs. Therefore, the need to explore the potential of the suspended growth process which is a well-established process technology for biological wastewater treatment is the focus of this paper. Different wastewater constituents: representing domestic, pharmaceutical, textile, petroleum, and agricultural runoff were synthesized as a representative of mixed-wastewater and treated in two semi-continuous bioreactors (R1 & R2) operated at constant operating conditions, namely MLSS (mg/L): 4640-R1, 4440-R2, SRT: 21-d, HRT: 48-72 h, and uncontrolled pH. The system attained stable condition in day 97, with average COD, BOD and TSS reduction as 84.5%, 86.2%, and 72.2% for R1; and 85.1%, 87.9%, and 75.1% for R2, respectively. Phosphate removal on average was by 74.3% in R1 and 76.6% in R2, while average nitrification achieved in systems 1 and 2 were 56.8% and 54.7%, respectively. The biological treatment system has shown potential for improving the quality of mixed-wastewater to the state where reuse may be considered and tertiary treatment can be employed to polish the effluent quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious N Egbuikwem
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering Technology, Imo State Polytechnic Umuagwo, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Iffat Naz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Department of Biology, Scientific Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Devendra P Saroj
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Luiz de Sousa Rollemberg S, Queiroz de Oliveira L, Nascimento de Barros A, Igor Milen Firmino P, Bezerra Dos Santos A. Pilot-scale aerobic granular sludge in the treatment of municipal wastewater: Optimizations in the start-up, methodology of sludge discharge, and evaluation of resource recovery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 311:123467. [PMID: 32388453 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated the formation, maintenance, performance, and microbiology of a pilot-scale aerobic granular sludge reactor treating low-strength municipal wastewater under tropical climate conditions. Additionally, different resource recovery possibilities (phosphorous, tryptophan, and alginate-like exopolysaccharides) were investigated from the produced sludge. Granulation occurred after 35 days without external carbon source supplementation (CODinf ≈ 461 mg/L; COD/DBO5 ≈ 3.2). Some protocols were implemented: (i) fat separation to decrease granule flotation; (ii) high exchange rates (60%) during rainy periods to increase the organic load; (iii) selective sludge discharge methodology. After granules formation, optimizations were done to improve reactor performance (COD, BOD, NH4+, and PO43- removals close to 90%), and energy demand reduced from 0.43 (start-up) to 0.25 kWh/m3 (after optimizations). The produced sludge had a high concentration of phosphorus (0.020 g P/g VSS), tryptophan (0.048 g tryptophan/g VSS), and alginate-like exopolysaccharides (0.219 g ALE/g VSS), indicating a good resource recovery possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorayne Queiroz de Oliveira
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Amanda Nascimento de Barros
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Igor Milen Firmino
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - André Bezerra Dos Santos
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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7
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Sarvajith M, Kiran Kumar Reddy G, Nancharaiah YV. Aerobic granular sludge for high-strength ammonium wastewater treatment: Effect of COD/N ratios, long-term stability and nitrogen removal pathways. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123150. [PMID: 32192961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology is increasingly considered for wastewater treatment. AGS stability particularly under lower COD/N ratios is an impediment for AGS technology. This study evaluated AGS stability and nitrogen removal at different loading rates of 0.03 to 4 kg NH4+-N m-3 d-1 and COD/N ratios of 18.3 to 0.13. Ammoniacal and total nitrogen removals were high at 99.9% and 99.3%, respectively, during 440 days. MiSeq sequencing revealed a reduction in bacterial diversity and enrichment of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), anammox and denitrifying bacteria. Quantitative PCR showed enrichment of AOB, anammox bacteria, Nitrospira and denitrifiers. Chemical data and bacterial community supported occurrence of nitritation and anammox pathways. AGS had stable granular structure with excellent settling properties at lower COD/N ≤ 1. Removal of high-strength ammonium could be partly explained by the existing nitrogen pathways suggesting novel mechanisms. Nevertheless, results presented here support implementation of AGS process for ammonium wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sarvajith
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - G Kiran Kumar Reddy
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Y V Nancharaiah
- Biofouling and Biofilm Processes, Water and Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400 094, India.
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8
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Gong H, Pishgar R, Tay JH. Artificial neural network modelling for organic and total nitrogen removal of aerobic granulation under steady-state condition. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:3124-3139. [PMID: 29671385 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1466920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granulation is a recent technology with high level of complexity and sensitivity to environmental and operational conditions. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), computational tools capable of describing complex non-linear systems, are the best fit to simulate aerobic granular bioreactors. In this study, two feedforward backpropagation ANN models were developed to predict chemical oxygen demand (Model I) and total nitrogen removal efficiencies (Model II) of aerobic granulation technology under steady-state condition. Fundamentals of ANN models and the steps to create them were briefly reviewed. The models were respectively fed with 205 and 136 data points collected from laboratory-, pilot-, and full-scale studies on aerobic granulation technology reported in the literature. Initially, 60%, 20%, and 20%, and 80%, 10%, and 10% of the points in the corresponding datasets were randomly chosen and used for training, testing, and validation of Model I, and Model II, respectively. Overall coefficient of determination (R2) value and mean squared error (MSE) of the two models were initially 0.49 and 15.5, and 0.37 and 408, respectively. To improve the model performance, two data division methods were used. While one method is generic and potentially applicable to other fields, the other can only be applied to modelling the performance of aerobic granular reactors. R2 value and MSE were improved to 0.90 and 2.54, and 0.81 and 121.56, respectively, after applying the new data division methods. The results demonstrated that ANN-based models were capable simulation approach to predict a complicated process like aerobic granulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gong
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
| | - R Pishgar
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
| | - J H Tay
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary , Canada
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Cydzik-Kwiatkowska A, Rusanowska P, Zielińska M, Bernat K, Wojnowska-Baryła I. Microbial structure and nitrogen compound conversions in aerobic granular sludge reactors with non-aeration phases and acetate pulse feeding. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24857-24870. [PMID: 27662853 PMCID: PMC5124037 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A technological system was developed for efficient nitrogen removal from real digester supernatant in a single reactor with shortened aeration to increase the economical aspects of wastewater treatment. The supernatant (600 mg TKN/L, low COD/N ratio of 2.2) was treated in batch reactors with aerobic granules (GSBRs) to test how one, two, or three non-aeration phases and acetate pulse feeding in the cycle affect the morphological and microbial properties of biomass. Introduction of one non-aeration phase in the cycle increased nitrogen removal efficiency by 11 % in comparison with constantly aerated GSBR. The additional non-aeration phases did not diminish the efficiency of ammonia oxidation but did favor nitrification to nitrate. Acetate pulse feeding in the reactor with three non-aeration phases raised the efficiency of nitrogen removal to 77 %; in parallel, the number of denitrifiers possessing nosZ genes and performing denitrification to N2 increased. Ammonia was oxidized by aerobic and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and heterotrophic nitrifiers (Pseudomonas sp. and Alcaligenes faecalis) that coexisted in granules. Azoarcus sp., Rhizobium sp., and Thauera sp. were core genera of denitrifiers in granules. An increase in the number of non-aeration phases diminished EPS content in the biomass and granule diameters and increased granule density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulina Rusanowska
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45G, 10-709, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zielińska
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45G, 10-709, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bernat
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45G, 10-709, Olsztyn, Poland
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Zhang Q, Hu J, Lee DJ. Aerobic granular processes: Current research trends. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 210:74-80. [PMID: 26873285 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granules are large biological aggregates with compact interiors that can be used in efficient wastewater treatment. This mini-review presents new researches on the development of aerobic granular processes, extended treatments for complicated pollutants, granulation mechanisms and enhancements of granule stability in long-term operation or storage, and the reuse of waste biomass as renewable resources. A discussion on the challenges of, and prospects for, the commercialization of aerobic granular process is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanguo Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomass Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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11
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Erşan YÇ, Erguder TH. The effect of seed sludge type on aerobic granulation via anoxic-aerobic operation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:2928-2939. [PMID: 25189840 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.925513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of two seed sludge types, namely conventional activated sludge (CAS) and membrane bioreactor sludge (MBS), on aerobic granulation were investigated. The treatment performances of the reactors were monitored during and after the granulation. Operational period of 37 days was described in three phases; Phase 1 corresponds to Days 1-10, Phase 2 (overloading conditions) to Days 11-27 and Phase 3 (recovery) to Days 28-37. Aerobic granules of 0.56 ± 0.23 to 2.48 ± 1.28 mm were successfully developed from both MBS and CAS. First granules appeared on Day 9 in both reactors, indicating that there was no difference between two seed sludge types in terms of the time period for granulation initiation. The results revealed that the granules developed from MBS performed better than CAS in terms of settleability, stability, biomass retention, adaptation, protection of granular structure at high loading rates (0.86 g N/L d and 3.92 g COD/L d) and low COD/TAN ratio (5). Granules of MBS were also found to be capable of providing better protection for nitrifiers at toxic free-ammonia concentrations (38-46 mg/L NH3-N), thus showing better treatment recovery than those of CAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Çağatay Erşan
- a Environmental Engineering Department , Middle East Technical University , Ankara , Turkey
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12
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Huang W, Wang W, Shi W, Lei Z, Zhang Z, Chen R, Zhou B. Use low direct current electric field to augment nitrification and structural stability of aerobic granular sludge when treating low COD/NH4-N wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 171:139-44. [PMID: 25194262 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the effect of low direct current (DC, ⩽5 V) electric field on aerobic granules by using two identical square sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) when influent chemical oxygen demand to ammonia nitrogen (COD/NH4-N) ratio decreased from 6 to 1.2 (with COD fixed at 600 mg/L). Results showed that the granules from the electro-augmentation SBR had a more compact and dense microbial structure with enriched Actinobacteria, Bacteroidia, Betaproteobacteria, and Nitrospira. Compared to the control, these granules produced 17.4% and 21.5% more proteins and polysaccharides respectively in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), with their integrity coefficient stabilized at 3.3-5.2% during 120 days' operation. Interestingly, more di- and tri-valent metals were accumulated in the electro-augmented granules. In addition, greater than 99% nitrification especially with stably high nitratation efficiency was realized in this new system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Huang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Wansheng Shi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Zhongfang Lei
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Beibei Zhou
- Shanghai Biotechnology Corporation, 121 Libing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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