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Kim D, Kim EH, Bae ON. Comparative study of two isothiazolinone biocides, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT), on barrier function and mitochondrial bioenergetics using murine brain endothelial cell line (bEND.3). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:932-943. [PMID: 34315345 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1955786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Isothiazolinone (IT) biocides are potent antibacterial substances used as preservatives and disinfectants. These biocides exert differing biocidal effects and display environmental stability based upon chemical structure. In agreement with our recent study reporting that 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT) induced dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the potential adverse health effects of two IT biocides 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) were compared using brain endothelial cells (ECs) derived from murine brain endothelial cell line (bEND.3). BIT possesses an unchlorinated IT ring structure and used as a preservative in cleaning products. DCOIT contains a chlorinated IT ring structure and employed as an antifouling agent in paints. Data demonstrated that DCOIT altered cellular metabolism at a lower concentration than BIT. Both BIT and DCOIT increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at the mitochondrial and cellular levels. However, the effect of DCOIT on glutathione (GSH) levels appeared to be greater than BIT. While mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was decreased in both BIT- and DCOIT-exposed cells, direct disturbance in mitochondrial bioenergetic flux was only observed in BIT-treated ECs. Taken together, IT biocides produced toxicity in brain EC and barrier dysfunction, but at different concentration ranges suggesting distinct differing mechanisms related to chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
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Ratautaite V, Samukaite-Bubniene U, Plausinaitis D, Boguzaite R, Balciunas D, Ramanaviciene A, Neunert G, Ramanavicius A. Molecular Imprinting Technology for Determination of Uric Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5032. [PMID: 34068596 PMCID: PMC8126139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The review focuses on the overview of electrochemical sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the determination of uric acid. The importance of robust and precise determination of uric acid is highlighted, a short description of the principles of molecular imprinting technology is presented, and advantages over the others affinity-based analytical methods are discussed. The review is mainly concerned with the electro-analytical methods like cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, amperometry, etc. Moreover, there are some scattered notes to the other electrochemistry-related analytical methods, which are capable of providing additional information and to solve some challenges that are not achievable using standard electrochemical methods. The significance of these overviewed methods is highlighted. The overview of the research that is employing MIPs imprinted with uric acid is mainly targeted to address these topics: (i) type of polymers, which are used to design uric acid imprint structures; (ii) types of working electrodes and/or other parts of signal transducing systems applied for the registration of analytical signal; (iii) the description of the uric acid extraction procedures applied for the design of final MIP-structure; (iv) advantages and disadvantages of electrochemical methods and other signal transducing methods used for the registration of the analytical signal; (vi) overview of types of interfering molecules, which were analyzed to evaluate the selectivity; (vi) comparison of analytical characteristics such as linear range, limits of detection and quantification, reusability, reproducibility, repeatability, and stability. Some insights in future development of uric acid sensors are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Ratautaite
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.R.); (U.S.-B.); (R.B.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Urte Samukaite-Bubniene
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.R.); (U.S.-B.); (R.B.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Deivis Plausinaitis
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Raimonda Boguzaite
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.R.); (U.S.-B.); (R.B.)
| | - Domas Balciunas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.P.); (D.B.)
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas—Nanotechnology and Materials Science Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Grażyna Neunert
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38/42, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (V.R.); (U.S.-B.); (R.B.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania; (D.P.); (D.B.)
- NanoTechnas—Nanotechnology and Materials Science Center, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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Schranck A, Doudrick K. Effect of reactor configuration on the kinetics and nitrogen byproduct selectivity of urea electrolysis using a boron doped diamond electrode. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115130. [PMID: 31606555 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical systems have emerged as an advantageous approach for decentralized management of source-separated urine with the possibility of recovering or removing nutrients and generating energy. In this study, the kinetics and byproduct selectivity of the electrolytic removal of urea were investigated using a boron doped diamond working electrode under varied operational conditions with a primary focus on comparing undivided and divided reactors. The urea removal rate in the undivided and divided reactors was similar, but the divided reactor had an increased required cell voltage needed to maintain the equivalent current density. The current efficiency was similar for 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 A (33.3, 83.3, 167 mA/cm2), suggesting no interference from competing reactions at higher potentials. In a divided reactor, increasing the anolyte pH reduced the urea removal rate presumably from hydroxyl radical scavenging by hydroxide. Further, for all divided reactor experiments, the final pH was less than 1, suggesting that the transport of protons across the ion exchange membrane to the cathode was slower than the oxidation reactions producing protons. The nitrogen byproduct selectivity was markedly different in the undivided and divided reactors. In both reactors, nitrate (NO3-) formed as the main byproduct at the anode, but in the undivided reactor it was reduced at the stainless steel cathode to ammonia. In the presence of 1 M chloride, the urea removal kinetics improved from the generation of reactive chlorine species, and the byproduct selectivity was shifted away from NO3- to presumably chloramines and N2. Overall, these results indicate that the electrochemical reactor configuration should be carefully considered depending on the desired outcome of treating source-separated urine (e.g., nitrogen recovery, H2 generation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Schranck
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Kyle Doudrick
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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Electrochemical Oxidation/Disinfection of Urine Wastewaters with Different Anode Materials. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12081254. [PMID: 30995773 PMCID: PMC6515285 DOI: 10.3390/ma12081254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, electrochemical technology was used simultaneously for the deactivation of microorganisms and the destruction of micro-pollutants contained in synthetic urine wastewaters. Microorganisms (E. coli) were added to synthetic urine wastewaters to mimic secondary treated sewage wastewaters. Different anode materials were employed including boron-doped diamond (BDD), dimensionally stable anode (DSA: IrO2 and RuO2) and platinum (Pt). The results showed that for the different anode materials, a complete deactivation of E. coli microorganisms at low applied electric charge (1.34 Ah dm−3) was obtained. The complete deactivation of microorganisms in wastewater seems to be directly related to active chlorine and oxygen species electrochemically produced at the surface of the anode material. Complete depletion of COD and TOC can be attained during electrolyses with BDD anode after the consumption of specific electric charges of 4.0 and 8.0 Ah dm−3, respectively. Higher specific electric charges (>25 Ah dm−3) were consumed to removal completely COD and about 75% of TOC during electrolyses with DSA anodes (IrO2 and RuO2). However, the electrolysis using Pt anode can partially remove and even after the consumption of high specific electric charges (>40 Ah dm−3) COD and TOC did not exceed 50 and 25%, respectively. Active chlorine species including hypochlorite ions and chloramines formed during electrolysis contribute not only to deactivate microorganisms but also to degrade organics compounds. High conversion yields of organic nitrogen into nitrates and ammonium were achieved during electrolysis BDD and DSA anodes. The results have confirmed that BDD anode is more efficient than with IrO2, RuO2 and Pt electrodes in terms of COD and TOC removals. However, higher amounts of perchlorates were measured at the end of the electrolysis using BDD anode.
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