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Sayinli B, Dong Y, Park Y, Bhatnagar A, Sillanpää M. Recent progress and challenges facing ballast water treatment - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132776. [PMID: 34742764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transoceanic movement of non-indigenous microorganisms and organic and inorganic contaminants through the transfer of ballast water of ocean-going vessels can be considered highly likely. The introduction of contaminants and non-indigenous microorganisms can cause changes in indigenous microorganisms, marine species, and biota, which can create problems for the ecology, economy, environment, and human health. This paper compiles and presents ballast water treatment system concepts, principles of inactivation mechanisms used, and the advantages and challenges of the treatment technologies. In addition, the paper aims to draw attention to the relationship between various organisms and the individual mechanism to be inactivated, including the effect of external factors (e.g., pH, salinity, turbidity) on inactivation efficiency. This review can assist in the choice of a suitable ballast water treatment system, taking into account the water conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, salinity) and indigenous species of the maritime areas where the ships intend to operate. This review also provides information describing the responses of the various organisms to different treatment techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Sayinli
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Box 111, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yujiao Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Yuri Park
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, Finland; Institute of Environmental Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, South Korea.
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Environmental Engineering and Management Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Hess-Erga OK, Moreno-Andrés J, Enger Ø, Vadstein O. Microorganisms in ballast water: Disinfection, community dynamics, and implications for management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:704-716. [PMID: 30677936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concerns have accelerated the development of international regulations and methods for ballast water management to limit the introduction of non-indigenous species. The transport of microorganisms with ballast water has received scientific attention in recent years. However, few studies have focused on the importance of organisms smaller than 10 μm in diameter. In this work, we review the effects of ballast water transport, disinfection, and the release of microorganisms on ecosystem processes with a special focus on heterotrophic bacteria. It is important to evaluate both direct and indirect effects of ballast water treatment systems, such as the generation of easily degradable substrates and the subsequent regrowth of heterotrophic microorganisms in ballast tanks. Disinfection of water can alter the composition of bacterial communities through selective recolonization in the ballast water or the recipient water, and thereby affects bacterial driven functions that are important for the marine food web. Dissolved organic matter quality and quantity and the ecosystem status of the treated water can also be affected by the disinfection method used. These side effects of disinfection should be further investigated in a broader context and in different scales (laboratory studies, large-scale facilities, and on the ships).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole-Kristian Hess-Erga
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Javier Moreno-Andrés
- Department of Environmental Technologies, University of Cádiz, INMAR-Marine Research Institute, Camepus Universitario Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Øivind Enger
- Sarsia Seed AS, Postboks 7150, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav Vadstein
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Kim H, Lee S, Son B, Jeon J, Kim D, Lee W, Youn H, Lee JM, Youn B. Biocidal effect of thymol and carvacrol on aquatic organisms: Possible application in ballast water management systems. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:734-740. [PMID: 30041370 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water is essential for maintaining the balance and integrity of a ship. However, exchanging ballast water resulted in discharging water of different origins in vessel recipient ports, and this may have caused ecosystem disturbance or aquatic pollution. The ballast water management (BWM) system is essential for the purification and disinfection of the ballast water that is taken up. Because current BWM systems widely use biocides for the treatment of aquatic organisms, the biocides may result in unintended toxicity of the discharged ballast water. In this study, we suggested thymol and carvacrol as chemical biocides for BWM systems and investigated their effectiveness using Artemia salina and Escherichia coli. Thymol and carvacrol showed biocidal effects in our study. A combination of these substances showed a synergistic increase in the biocidal effects. Moreover, carvacrol naturally degrades after disinfection, which indicates that natural substances may be promising candidates to increase the efficacy and reduce unwanted side effects of the BWM system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomseok Son
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewan Jeon
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehoon Kim
- Nuclear Science Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonku Lee
- QuantomBio. Co., Ltd, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeSook Youn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Myung Lee
- Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Which Ballast Water Management System Will You Put Aboard? Remnant Anxieties: A Mini-Review. ENVIRONMENTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/environments4030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cullen JJ, MacIntyre HL. On the use of the serial dilution culture method to enumerate viable phytoplankton in natural communities of plankton subjected to ballast water treatment. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2016; 28:279-298. [PMID: 26893536 PMCID: PMC4735243 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-015-0601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Discharge standards for ballast water treatment (BWT) systems are based on concentrations of living cells, for example, as determined with vital stains. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) stops the reproduction of microorganisms without killing them outright; they are living, but not viable, and ecologically as good as dead. Consequently, UV-treated discharge can be compliant with the intent of regulation while failing a live/dead test. An alternative evaluation of BWT can be proposed based on the assessment of viable, rather than living, cells in discharge water. In principle, the serial dilution culture-most probable number (SDC-MPN) method provides the appropriate measure for phytoplankton. But, the method has been criticized, particularly because it is thought that many phytoplankton species cannot be cultured. A review of the literature shows that although SDC-MPN has been used for more than 50 years-generally to identify and count phytoplankton species that cannot be preserved-its application to enumerate total viable phytoplankton seems to be new, putting past criticisms of the method in a different light. Importantly, viable cells need to grow only enough to be detected, not to be brought into sustained culture, and competition between species in a dilution tube is irrelevant as long as the winner is detectable. Thorough consideration of sources of error leads to recommendations for minimizing and quantifying uncertainties by optimizing growth conditions and conducting systematic comparisons. We conclude that with careful evaluation, SDC-MPN is potentially an effective method for assessing the viability of phytoplankton after BWT.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Cullen
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Hugh L. MacIntyre
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2
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Stehouwer PP, Buma A, Peperzak L. A comparison of six different ballast water treatment systems based on UV radiation, electrochlorination and chlorine dioxide. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:2094-2104. [PMID: 25704551 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1021858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The spread of aquatic invasive species through ballast water is a major ecological and economical threat. Because of this, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) set limits to the concentrations of organisms allowed in ballast water. To meet these limits, ballast water treatment systems (BWTSs) were developed. The main techniques used for ballast water treatment are ultraviolet (UV) radiation and electrochlorination (EC). In this study, phytoplankton regrowth after treatment was followed for six BWTSs. Natural plankton communities were treated and incubated for 20 days. Growth, photosystem II efficiency and species composition were followed. The three UV systems all showed similar patterns of decrease in phytoplankton concentrations followed by regrowth. The two EC and the chlorine dioxide systems showed comparable results. However, UV- and chlorine-based treatment systems showed significantly different responses. Overall, all BWTSs reduced phytoplankton concentrations to below the IMO limits, which represents a reduced risk of aquatic invasions through ballast water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Paul Stehouwer
- a Department of Biological Oceanography , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , P.O. Box 59, NL-1790 AB , Den Burg Texel , The Netherlands
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van Slooten C, Peperzak L, Buma AGJ. Assessment of didecyldimethylammonium chloride as a ballast water treatment method. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:435-449. [PMID: 25182049 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.951401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ballast water-mediated transfer of aquatic invasive species is considered a major threat to marine biodiversity, marine industry and human health. A ballast water treatment is needed to comply with International Maritime Organization (IMO) ballast water discharge regulations. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) was tested for its applicability as a ballast water treatment method. The treatment of the marine phytoplankton species Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans showed that at 2.5 µL L(-1) DDAC was able to inactivate photosystem II (PSII) efficiency and disintegrate the cells after 5 days of dark incubation. The treatment of natural marine plankton communities with 2.5 µL L(-1) DDAC did not sufficiently decrease zooplankton abundance to comply with the IMO D-2 standard. Bivalve larvae showed the highest resistance to DDAC. PSII efficiency was inactivated within 5 days but phytoplankton cells remained intact. Regrowth occurred within 2 days of incubation in the light. However, untreated phytoplankton exposed to residual DDAC showed delayed cell growth and reduced PSII efficiency, indicating residual DDAC toxicity. Natural marine plankton communities treated with 5 µL L(-1) DDAC showed sufficient disinfection of zooplankton and inactivation of PSII efficiency. Phytoplankton regrowth was not detected after 9 days of light incubation. Bacteria were initially reduced due to the DDAC treatment but regrowth was observed within 5 days of dark incubation. Residual DDAC remained too high after 5 days to be safely discharged. Two neutralization cycles of 50 mg L(-1) bentonite were needed to inactivate residual DDAC upon discharge. The inactivation of residual DDAC may seriously hamper the practical use of DDAC as a ballast water disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees van Slooten
- a Department of Biological Oceanography , NIOZ, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research , Landsdiep 4, 1797 SZ Den Hoorn (Texel), The Netherlands
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Jung YJ, Yoon Y, Pyo TS, Lee ST, Shin K, Kang JW. Evaluation of disinfection efficacy and chemical formation using MPUV ballast water treatment system (GloEn-Patrol). ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012; 33:1953-1961. [PMID: 23240188 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2012.655315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of inactivation of several indigenous marine species and the formation of oxidants and other by-products using medium-pressure ultraviolet (MPUV) ballast water treatment. The ballast water treatment system (BWTS) used in this study was composed of filtration modules as a pretreatment process, followed by a UV irradiation process equipped with a polychromatic MPUV lamp. The experiments were performed on seawater (Busan, >32 PSU) and brackish water (Nakdong River, 20-22 PSU) with flow rates of 50 and 250 m(3)/h. The disinfection efficacy of the system was evaluated using indigenous species (>50 microm and 10-50 microm) and surrogate microorganisms (E. coli and Enterococci group). The test results successfully met the D-2 regulation of the IMO (International Marine Organization). In addition, oxidants, such as H202, total residual oxidants (TRO) and OH radicals, and potential halogenated by-products, such as haloacetic acids, trihalomethanes and total organic halides, that had potentially formed after MPUV treatment, were measured. In conclusion, the ballast water treatment system employing the MPUV physical process not only effectively eliminated indigenous species in ballast water but also generated no harmful by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Jung Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 234, Maeji-ri, Heungup-myeon, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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