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Frahm KS, Andersen OK, Arendt-Nielsen L, Gervasio S, Mørch CD. Topical capsaicin modulates the two-point discrimination threshold-Modulation depends on stimulation modality and intensity. Eur J Pain 2024. [PMID: 39116004 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial acuity concerns the ability to localize and discriminate sensory input and is often tested using the two-point discrimination threshold (2PDT). Sensitization of the pain system can affect the spatial acuity, but it is unclear how 2PDTs of different testing modalities are affected. The aim was to investigate if the 2PDTs for mechanical and heat stimulation at different intensities were modulated by topical capsaicin sensitization. METHODS 30 healthy subjects were divided into either a capsaicin or a placebo group. The 2PDT was tested using two different modalities, mechanical and thermal (laser) delivered at innocuous and noxious intensities. The 2PDT were determined at baseline and re-assessed 48 h later. In the follow-up session, the subjects either had a capsaicin patch (8%) or placebo patch placed in the testing area for 30 min before re-testing the 2PDT. RESULTS The 2PDT was highly dependent on stimulation modality and intensity. The lowest 2PDT was found for innocuous mechanical stimuli (40.0 mm, 95% CI 38.1-41.9 mm), and the highest 2PDT was found for innocuous thermal stimuli (81.7 mm, 95% CI 73.9-89.5 mm). Topical capsaicin generally increased the 2PDT, but this was only significant for innocuous mechanical stimuli. The perceived intensity of the stimuli was increased following capsaicin and was generally higher for noxious stimuli than for innocuous stimuli (ANOVA, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that capsaicin provoked pain sensitization increased the 2PDT. The 2PDT tested using innocuous mechanical stimuli showed less variable results indicating that this test is most suitable to detect this aspect of spatial acuity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study investigated how the two-point discrimination threshold (2PDT) can be modulated by topical capsaicin. The 2PDT was assessed for two different modalities (thermal and mechanical) and for two different intensities (innocuous and noxious) before and after capsaicin. The results showed that the 2PDT was generally impaired following capsaicin, but this was only significant for mechanical innocuous stimuli. Furthermore, it was shown that mechanical innocuous stimuli assessed the 2PDT with lower variability than other combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Steffen Frahm
- Integrative Neuroscience Group, CNAP-Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ole Kæseler Andersen
- Integrative Neuroscience Group, CNAP-Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Translational Pain Biomarkers, CNAP-Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mech-Sense, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sabata Gervasio
- Neural Engineering and Neurophysiology Group, SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dahl Mørch
- Integrative Neuroscience Group, CNAP-Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Pratt S, Wand BM, Hince DA, Travers MJ, Schneider L, Kelly S, Gibson W. Tactile localization accuracy at the low back. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:1008-1021. [PMID: 38332382 PMCID: PMC11062953 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Localizing tactile stimulation is an important capability for everyday function and may be impaired in people with persistent pain. This study sought to provide a detailed description of lumbar spine tactile localization accuracy in healthy individuals. Sixty-nine healthy participants estimated where they were touched at nine different points, labelled in a 3 × 3 grid over the lumbar spine. Mislocalization between the perceived and actual stimulus was calculated in horizontal (x) and vertical (y) directions, and a derived hypotenuse (c) mislocalization was calculated to represent the direct distance between perceived and actual points. In the horizontal direction, midline sites had the smallest mislocalization. Participants exhibited greater mislocalization for left- and right-sided sites, perceiving sites more laterally than they actually were. For all vertical values, stimulated sites were perceived lower than reality. A greater inaccuracy was observed in the vertical direction. This study measured tactile localization for the low back utilizing a novel testing method. The large inaccuracies point to a possible distortion in the underlying perceptual maps informing the superficial schema; however, further testing comparing this novel method with an established tactile localization task, such as the point-to-point method, is suggested to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pratt
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Benedict M Wand
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Dana A Hince
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Mervyn J Travers
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Lee Schneider
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Sara Kelly
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - William Gibson
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.
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Saulicz E, Saulicz O, Koterba J, Sikora D, Saulicz A, Saulicz M. Inter- and Intra-Examiner Reliability Study of Two-Point Discrimination Test (TPD) and Two-Point Estimation Task (TPE) in the Sacral Area of Pain-Free Individuals. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3438. [PMID: 37998574 PMCID: PMC10670713 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13223438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tactile acuity is typically measured by a two-point discrimination test (TPD) and a two-point estimation task (TPE). In the back area, they are only conducted in the lumbar and cervical regions of the spine. Considering that such measurements have not been conducted in the sacral regions, the purpose of this study was to assess the inter- and intra-examiner reliability of the TPD and TPE at the level of the S3 segment. The study included 30 pain-free subjects aged 20-30 years. Tests were performed with a pair of stainless hardened digital calipers. The TPD was measured in two locations: 5 and 15 cm from the midline; for TPE both, points were located inside the measured area. Session 1 involved assessments by two examiners in 10-min intervals. Session 2 was measured by one examiner, at analogous intervals between tests. The TPD inter-rater reliability was excellent for mean measurements (ICC3.2: 0.76-0.8; ICC3.3: 0.8-0.92); the intra-rater reliability was excellent for mean measurements (ICC2.2: 0.79-0.85; ICC2.3: 0.82-0.86). The TPE inter-rater reliability was good to excellent for mean measurements (ICC3.2: 0.65-0.92; ICC3.3: 0.73-0.94); the intra-rater reliability for all studies (ICC2.1, ICC2.2, ICC2.3) was excellent (0.85-0.89). Two measurements are sufficient to achieve good reliability (ICC ≥ 0.75), regardless of the assessed body side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Saulicz
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Oskar Saulicz
- NZOZ “MED8” Miechowice, 41-908 Bytom, Poland
- Bytom Medical Centre “Jedynka”, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Jakub Koterba
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Damian Sikora
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Saulicz
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Mariola Saulicz
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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Paredes Sanchez J, Titmus M, Lawson-Smith H, Di Pietro F. Tactile acuity improves during acute experimental pain of the limb. Pain Rep 2023; 8:e1091. [PMID: 38225958 PMCID: PMC10789456 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000001091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic pain is associated with poor tactile acuity, commonly measured with the 2-point discrimination (TPD) test. Although poor tactile acuity across chronic pain conditions is well established, less is known in acute pain. Objective Recent conflicting findings in experimentally induced neck and back pain led us to conduct a TPD investigation in experimentally induced limb pain. We hypothesised altered TPD during experimental upper limb pain, but we did not speculate on the direction of the change. Methods Thirty healthy subjects immersed their dominant hand in a circulating cold-water bath at 7°C (cold pressor test [CPT]). Two-point discrimination was measured at baseline (pre-CPT), during pain (during-CPT), and after withdrawal from the water (post-CPT) in 3 different sites: (1) the dominant forearm, (2) dominant arm and (3) contralateral forearm. Results Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of time (F(2,56) = 4.45, P = 0.02, η p 2 = 0.14) on TPD; in all 3 sites, TPD values decreased (ie, tactile acuity improved) during pain. Interestingly, the contralateral forearm followed a similar pattern to the dominant (ie, painful) forearm, and furthermore was the only site that exhibited any correlation with pain, albeit in an intriguing direction (r = 0.57, P = 0.001), ie, the greater the pain the worse the tactile acuity. Conclusion The improvements in tactile acuity during experimentally induced limb pain may reflect a protective response. The changes in the corresponding site in the contralateral limb may reflect a protective spinal cross talk. Such a response, together with the interesting relationship between tactile acuity and pain, warrant further inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Titmus
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Flavia Di Pietro
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
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Jakub K, Oskar S, Mariola S, Damian S, Edward S. Reliabilities of the Two-Point Discrimination Test and the Two-Point Estimation Test for Use in the Lumbar Spine Area in Healthy Young Adults. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:208-220. [PMID: 36114162 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221127775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two-point discrimination (TPD) testing and two-point estimation (TPE) methods are often used to determine tactile acuity, but their reliability is uncertain. Our aim in this study was to assess the reliability of TPD and TPE measurements in the same lumbar spine region of healthy young adults. Participants were 37 young adults (16 females and 21 males; age range: 20-27 years - M age = 21.65, SD = 1.9), who received two tests (TPD and TPE) to determine their tactile acuity. The tests were performed in the lumbar spine area, at the level of the L3 segment, bilaterally, with a 10-minute interval between the measurements. The first test session assessed the reliability of measurements performed by two examiners (inter-rater reliability); and, after 7 days, another examiner repeated the measurements (intra-rater reliability). The reliability of both tests was evaluated using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), and results revealed high intra-rater, and inter-rater repeatability for immediate administration of TPD and TPE tests (i.e, after 10 minutes) and moderate repeatability when they were performed at a 7-day interval. Thus, we confirmed high reliability of TPD and TPE assessments of tactile acuity repeated at a short time interval and moderate reliability after 7 days. There was slightly higher reliability for the TPE method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koterba Jakub
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, 69719Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Saulicz Oskar
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, 69719Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.,69719NZOZ "MED8" Miechowice, Bytom, Poland
| | - Saulicz Mariola
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, 69719Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Sikora Damian
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, 69719Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Saulicz Edward
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, 69719Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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Correlations between Age, Pain Intensity, Disability, and Tactile Acuity in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. Pain Res Manag 2022; 2022:2907009. [PMID: 35371368 PMCID: PMC8975654 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2907009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective Chronic low back pain is an overwhelming problem for a wide range of people and leads to tactile acuity deficits. We aimed to investigate the correlations among age, pain severity, disability, and tactile acuity in patients with chronic low back pain by using multiple tactile acuity tests. Methods A total of 58 participants (36.40 ± 14.95 years) with chronic low back pain were recruited, and two-point discrimination, point-to-point test, and two-point estimation were performed on their painful low back areas. The correlations between age, pain intensity, disability, and tactile acuity were characterized with Pearson's correlation coefficients. Subgroup analyses according to the median values of age, pain intensity, and disability were used to compare the intergroup difference in tactile acuity. Results Results illustrated significant negative associations among age, pain intensity, disability, and tactile acuity. Subgroup analyses revealed that patients with below-the-median values of age, pain intensity, and disability had better performance in tactile acuity tests than those with above-the-median values. Conclusion This study indicated that tactile acuity was negatively associated with age, pain intensity, and disability in young patients with chronic low back pain.
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Longo MR. No evidence for sex differences in tactile distance anisotropy. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:591-600. [PMID: 34984563 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Perceptual illusions of the distance between two touches have been used to study mental representations of the body since E. H. Weber's classic studies in the nineteenth century. For example, on many body parts tactile distance is anisotropic, with distances aligned with body width being perceived as larger than distances aligned with body length on several skin regions. Recent work has demonstrated sex differences in other distortions of mental body representations, such as proprioceptive hand maps. Given such findings, I analysed the results of 24 experiments, conducted by myself and my colleagues, measuring tactile distance anisotropy on the hand dorsum in both women and men. The results showed clear, and highly consistent anisotropy in both women and men, with no evidence for any sex difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Longo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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8
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Abstract
The perceived distance between two touches is anisotropic on many parts of the body. Generally, tactile distances oriented across body width are perceived as larger than distances oriented along body length, though the magnitude of such biases differs substantially across the body. In this study, we investigated tactile distance perception on the back. Participants made verbal estimates of the perceived distance between pairs of touches oriented either across body width or along body length on (a) the left hand, (b) the left upper back, and (c) the left lower back. There were clear tactile distance anisotropies on the hand and upper back, with distances oriented across body width overestimated relative to those along body length/height, consistent with previous results. On the lower back, however, an anisotropy in exactly the opposite direction was found. These results provide further evidence that tactile distance anisotropies vary systematically across the body and suggest that the spatial representation of touch on the lower back may differ qualitatively from that on other regions of the body.
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Goossens N, Geraerts I, Vandenplas L, Van Veldhoven Z, Asnong A, Janssens L. Body perception disturbances in women with pregnancy-related lumbopelvic pain and their role in the persistence of pain postpartum. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:219. [PMID: 33736613 PMCID: PMC7977601 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03704-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lumbopelvic pain (LPP) is common during pregnancy and can have long-lasting negative consequences in terms of disability and reduced quality of life. Therefore, it is crucial to identify women at risk of having pregnancy-related LPP after childbirth. This study aimed to investigate the association between body perception, pain intensity, and disability in women with pregnancy-related LPP during late pregnancy and postpartum, and to study whether a disturbed body perception during late pregnancy predicted having postpartum LPP. Methods A prospective cohort study in 130 primiparous women (median age = 30 years) was performed. Pain intensity, disability, and lumbopelvic body perception during the last month of pregnancy and 6 weeks postpartum were assessed with the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Oswestry Disability Index, and Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire, respectively. Having pregnancy-related LPP was defined as an NPRS score ≥ 1/10. At both timepoints, women were categorized into three groups; pain-free, LPP with low disability, and LPP with high disability (based on Oswestry Disability Index scores). At each timepoint, body perception was compared between groups, and correlations between body perception, pain intensity, and disability were evaluated in women with LPP by using non-parametric tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether body perception during the last month of pregnancy predicted the presence of LPP 6 weeks postpartum. Results Women with LPP at the end of pregnancy, and 6 weeks postpartum reported a more disturbed body perception compared to pain-free women (p ≤ 0.005). Greater body perception disturbance correlated with higher pain intensity (σ = 0.266, p = 0.008) and disability (σ = 0.472, p < 0.001) during late pregnancy, and with pain intensity 6 weeks postpartum (σ = 0.403, p = 0.015). A disturbed body perception during late pregnancy nearly significantly predicted having postpartum LPP (Odds Ratio = 1.231, p = 0.052). Conclusions Body perception disturbance was greater in women experiencing LPP during late pregnancy and postpartum compared to pain-free women, and correlated with pain intensity and disability. Though non-significant (p = 0.052), the results of the regression analysis suggest that greater body perception disturbance during late pregnancy might predict having LPP postpartum. However, future studies should follow up on this. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-021-03704-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Goossens
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Agoralaan A, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Inge Geraerts
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, ON IV Herestraat 49 - box 1510, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lizelotte Vandenplas
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zahra Van Veldhoven
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Asnong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, ON IV Herestraat 49 - box 1510, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Janssens
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, UHasselt - Hasselt University, Agoralaan A, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Frahm KS, Gervasio S. The two-point discrimination threshold depends both on the stimulation noxiousness and modality. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1439-1449. [PMID: 33682043 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The two-point discrimination threshold (2PDT) has been used to investigate the integration of sensory information, especially in relation to spatial acuity. The 2PDT has been investigated for both innocuous mechanical stimuli and noxious thermal stimuli; however, previous studies used different stimulation modalities to compare innocuous and noxious stimuli. This study investigated the 2PDT in 19 healthy participants, using both thermal (laser) and mechanical stimulation modalities. Within each modality, both innocuous and noxious intensities were applied. Concurrent point stimuli were applied to the right volar forearm, with separation distances of 0-120 mm, in steps of 10 mm. 0 mm corresponds to a single point. Following each stimulus, the participants indicated the number of perceived points (1 or 2) and the perceived intensity (NRS: 0: no perception, 3: pain threshold, 10: maximum pain). The order of stimulation modality, intensity and distance was randomized. The 2PDT for innocuous and noxious mechanical stimuli was 34.7 mm and 47.1 mm, respectively. For thermal stimuli, the 2PDT was 80.5 mm for innocuous stimuli and 66.9 mm for noxious stimuli. The average NRS for thermal stimuli was 1.6 for innocuous intensities and 4.0 for noxious intensities, while for mechanical stimuli, the average NRS was 0.9 for innocuous intensities and 3.6 for noxious intensities. This study showed that the 2PDT highly depends on both stimulation modality and intensity. Within each modality, noxious intensities modulates the 2PDT differently, i.e., noxious intensities lowers the 2PDT for thermal stimuli, but increases the 2PDT for mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Steffen Frahm
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Integrative Neuroscience group, CNAP-Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, SMI®, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajersvej 7D3, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Sabata Gervasio
- Neural Engineering and Neurophysiology Group, SMI®, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability of Three Measurements for Assessing Tactile Acuity in Individuals with Chronic Low Back Pain. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8367095. [PMID: 33299457 PMCID: PMC7707974 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8367095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of three measurements on painful and pain-free sides in participants with chronic low back pain (CLBP) at different ages. Methods We recruited 60 participants with CLBP and divided them equally into a group of younger participants with chronic low back pain (18 ≤ age ≤ 35, Y-CLBP) and a group of older participants with chronic low back pain (36 ≤ age ≤ 65, O-CLBP). Participants were assessed by two testers within the same day (10 min interval), and one of the testers repeated the assessment program 24 h later. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess reliability. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between tactile acuity and age, waistline, and pain-related variables. Results In the Y-CLBP group, the intra-rater reliability of two-point discrimination (TPD), point-to-point test (PTP), and two-point estimation (TPE) on the painful and pain-free sides was good (ICC range: 0.74–0.85), whereas the inter-rater reliability of TPD, PTP, and TPE on the painful and pain-free sides was moderate to good (ICC range: 0.65–0.76). In the O-CLBP group, the intra-rater reliability of TPD, PTP, and TPE on the painful and pain-free sides was good (ICC range: 0.75–0.85), whereas the inter-rater reliability of TPD, PTP, and TPE on the painful and pain-free sides was moderate to good (ICC range: 0.70–0.85). Age, waistline, duration of pain, maximum pain, general pain, and unpleasant score caused by pain were positively correlated with tactile acuity thresholds (D-TPD, A-TPD, PTP, and TPE) (r > 0.365, p < 0.05). When BMI was controlled, age, waistline, and pain-related variables were positively correlated with tactile acuity thresholds (r > 0.388; p < 0.05). Conclusion In the participants of Y-CLBP and O-CLBP groups, TPD, PTP, and TPE have moderate-to-good intra- and inter-rater reliability on the painful and pain-free sides of the fifth lumbar vertebrae.
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Viceconti A, Camerone EM, Luzzi D, Pentassuglia D, Pardini M, Ristori D, Rossettini G, Gallace A, Longo MR, Testa M. Explicit and Implicit Own's Body and Space Perception in Painful Musculoskeletal Disorders and Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Scoping Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:83. [PMID: 32327984 PMCID: PMC7161420 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pain and body perception are essentially two subjective mutually influencing experiences. However, in the field of musculoskeletal disorders and rheumatic diseases we lack of a comprehensive knowledge about the relationship between body perception dysfunctions and pain or disability. We systematically mapped the literature published about the topics of: (a) somatoperception; (b) body ownership; and (c) perception of space, analysing the relationship with pain and disability. The results were organized around the two main topics of the assessment and treatment of perceptual dysfunctions. Methods: This scoping review followed the six-stage methodology suggested by Arksey and O'Malley. Ten electronic databases and grey literature were systematically searched. The PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews was used for reporting results. Two reviewers with different background, independently performed study screening and selection, and one author performed data extraction, that was checked by a second reviewer. Results: Thirty-seven studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The majority of studies (68%) concerned the assessment methodology, and the remaining 32% investigated the effects of therapeutic interventions. Research designs, methodologies adopted, and settings varied considerably across studies. Evidence of distorted body experience were found mainly for explicit somatoperception, especially in studies adopting self-administered questionnaire and subjective measures, highlighting in some cases the presence of sub-groups with different perceptual features. Almost half of the intervention studies (42%) provided therapeutic approaches combining more than one perceptual task, or sensory-motor tasks together with perceptual strategies, thus it was difficult to estimate the relative effectiveness of each single therapeutic component. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to systematically map and summarize this research area in the field of musculoskeletal disorders and rheumatic diseases. Although methodological limitations limit the validity of the evidence obtained, some strategies of assessment tested and therapeutic strategies proposed represent useful starting points for future research. This review highlights preliminary evidence, strengths, and limitations of the literature published about the research questions, identifying key points that remain opened to be addressed, and make suggestions for future research studies. Body representation, as well as pain perception and treatment, can be better understood if an enlarged perspective including body and space perception is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Viceconti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Savona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Maria Camerone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Savona, Italy
| | - Deborah Luzzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Savona, Italy
| | - Debora Pentassuglia
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Savona, Italy
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy.,Policlinico S. Martino IRCCS, Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Ristori
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Savona, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossettini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Savona, Italy
| | - Alberto Gallace
- Neuromi, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Mind and Behavior Technological Center- Mibtec, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Matthew R Longo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Testa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Savona, Italy
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Zimney K, Dendinger G, Engel M, Mitzel J. Comparison of reliability and efficiency of two modified two-point discrimination tests and two-point estimation tactile acuity test. Physiother Theory Pract 2020; 38:235-244. [PMID: 31994431 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2020.1719563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Determine reliability and minimal detectible difference of two modified two-point discrimination (TPD) testing methods and explore reliability of newer tactile acuity test, two-point estimation (TPE) method.Design: Non-experimental observational reliability study.Setting: Community.Participants: Thirty-five (female = 25) healthy individuals average age 27.7 years (SD = 9.7).Intervention: Two modified methods (i.e., descending-ascending and descending with randomization) of TPD testing utilizing decreased runs of descending and ascending measurements were tested for inter-rater reliability and efficiency between two testers at three locations (neck, hand, and foot). The newer tactile acuity test of TPE was also performed between both examiners at the three location sites.Results: Inter-rater reliability (ICC 2, k) for the descending-ascending method was 0.75, 0.79, and 0.67 for the neck, hand, and foot, respectively. For the descending with randomization method, ICC values were 0.74, 0.50, and 0.69 for the three body regions respectively. The minimal detectable difference for the neck was 28.8 and 32.7 mm, hand 5.3 and 10.8 mm, and foot 12.3 and 12.4 mm for the descending-ascending and randomization methods. TPE showed poor reliability for neck and hand (0.27 and 0.15), but moderate reliability for the foot (0.67). Time to perform the TPD test were between 54 and 108 seconds, while TPE was 12 seconds.Conclusion: The modified TPD testing methods demonstrated similar reliability to previous research, even with reduced runs allowing for increased efficiency in performing the test. The TPE method showed poor reliability, so caution should be applied when using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kory Zimney
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Gina Dendinger
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Macey Engel
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Jordan Mitzel
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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Adamczyk WM, Budzisz A, Saulicz O, Szikszay TM, Saulicz E, Luedtke K. Tactile Precision Remains Intact When Acute Neck Pain Is Induced. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:1070-1079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Adamczyk WM, Sługocka A, Mehlich K, Saulicz E, Luedtke K. Preliminary Validation of a Two-Point Estimation Task for the Measurement of Sensory Dissociation in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. PAIN MEDICINE 2018; 20:2472-2478. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractObjectivesSensory dissociation (SEDI), the discrepancy between perception and actual size or shape of a painful body part, is a frequently observed finding in patients with chronic low back pain. However, the current methods of evaluating SEDI have several limitations, such as a qualitative nature and weak evidence supporting their reliability. In the current study, the reliability of two versions (manual and verbal) of a novel test, a two-point estimation task (TPE), was investigated.MethodsTo perform the manual version of the task, patients estimated the distance between two tactile stimuli delivered to their back using callipers, whereas in the verbal version they verbally reported the estimated distance.ResultsThe manual version of TPE showed greater interexaminer reliability than the verbal version, and the mean of the two repeated measurements was sufficient for reaching excellent reliability for the pain-free (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77–0.97) and painful (ICC = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.65–0.94) sides. Intra-examiner reliability was moderate to excellent (ICC = 0.66–0.96) for the manual version performed at the pain-free and painful sides. Distribution, duration, and intensity of pain significantly predicted SEDI and accounted for 42% of the total variance (corrected R2 = 0.42, P < 0.01).ConclusionsTPE showed higher reliability coefficients compared with tools previously suggested in the literature and can therefore be used clinically and experimentally by one or more examiners. Further research is required to investigate the validity of this new test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wacław M Adamczyk
- Department of Kinesiotherapy and Special Methods in Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
- Pain Research Group, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Physiotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Anna Sługocka
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Mehlich
- Department of Physiotherapy in Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
- Upper Silesian Rehabilitation Centre Repty, Tarnowskie Góry, Poland
| | - Edward Saulicz
- Department of Kinesiotherapy and Special Methods in Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Kerstin Luedtke
- Department of Kinesiotherapy and Special Methods in Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Physiotherapy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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