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Nakagawa K, Kanai S, Kitakaze S, Okamura H. Interventions focusing on learning pre-transfer wheelchair manipulation in a patient with severe Alzheimer's disease: a case report. Physiother Theory Pract 2024; 40:1091-1099. [PMID: 36412000 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2149287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Independence of transfer is important for the daily activities of wheelchair users. A critical step in performing this transfer includes a pre-transfer wheelchair manipulation, and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) experience difficulties in learning these tasks. In this report, we present the results of a treatment focused on learning pre-transfer wheelchair manipulation and its learning course in a patient with severe AD. CASE DESCRIPTION The patient was a 92-year-old woman with severe AD during hospitalization in a long-term care ward. Since her cognitive function was highly compromised, she required assistance for pre-transfer wheelchair manipulation. Physiotherapists implemented a treatment plan that incorporated post-behavioral praise into a practice combining errorless learning and spaced retrieval training for pre-transfer wheelchair manipulation. OUTCOMES The patient was able to accurately perform pre-transfer wheelchair manipulation in the seventh treatment session and achieved transfer independence after 12 physiotherapy sessions. CONCLUSION This case report suggests that practicing combined errorless learning, spaced retrieval training, and post-behavioral praise was helpful as a treatment modality for an individual with severe AD for wheelchair manipulation learning before transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima Cosmopolitan University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shusaku Kanai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sosuke Kitakaze
- Department of Rehabilitation, Maple-Hill Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Rehman S, Likupe G, McFarland A, Watson R. Evaluating a brief intervention for mealtime difficulty on older adults with dementia. Nurs Open 2022; 10:182-194. [PMID: 35856469 PMCID: PMC9748048 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVE To test a spaced retrieval intervention using spaced retrieval to alleviate mealtime difficulties in older people with dementia. DESIGN A single-case study design. SETTING Nursing Homes in North Central England, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Older people with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS A single-case study using an ABA design was used. Data were collected using the Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia scale, Mini Nutritional Assessment, and Body Mass Index before intervention, postintervention and following 3 months of postintervention. Realist evaluation was used to identify for which participants the intervention was effective, and an economic evaluation was also carried out. FINDING Of 15 participants who entered the study, eight completed all phases of the study. A mean 104.4 h were needed to deliver the intervention. The number of sessions required ranged from 90-222. The length of time each participant retained information (for all sessions) ranged from 13-28 min. Participants had most difficulty with: "putting food into mouth and chewing it"; "realizing it was mealtime"; and "eating a whole meal continuously." A reduction in the difficulty with mealtimes occurred between phase A1-A2 for most participants. Six participants maintained this in phase A3. Similar patterns were evident for nutritional scores. For most participants, the effect size of the intervention was moderate or large. CONCLUSIONS Spaced retrieval is useful in reducing mealtime difficulties in older participants with dementia. While the results of this study are promising, further large and multicentre trials are needed to explore the effectiveness of the intervention in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Rehman
- Faculty of Health and Social WorkUniversity of HullHullUK
| | - Gloria Likupe
- Faculty of Health and Social WorkUniversity of HullHullUK
| | - Agi McFarland
- Department of Nursing and Community HealthGlasgow Caledonian UniversityGlasgowUK
| | - Roger Watson
- Faculty of Health and Social WorkUniversity of HullHullUK
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Vorwerk TM, Shelton ST, Hood RW. Keeping Your Glass Half Full: Cognitive Strategy Intervention for Older Adults. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2022; 8:23337214221089178. [PMID: 35450134 PMCID: PMC9016552 DOI: 10.1177/23337214221089178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When older adults experience memory dysfunction it often compromises their confidence.
Older adults’ confidence in their memory can be improved through interventions designed to
teach strategies for improving everyday memory functioning. The present study examines the
efficacy of a five-session cognitive strategy program designed to be optimistic and
inclusive for older adults living in a residential community. The memory self-efficacy of
participants in the intervention group improved significantly relative to a control group.
Additionally, participants’ knowledge of memory strategies improved overall after
completion of this program. Such findings highlight the benefits of practical
cognitive-behavioral interventions for bolstering older adults’ confidence and knowledge
of memory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralph W. Hood
- The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, USA
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Rice M, Davalos D, Thomas ML. A Systematic Review of Prospective Memory Interventions Across Stages of Dementia-Related Disorders. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:1001-1024. [PMID: 35147541 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a critical need to develop effective interventions for cognitive impairments associated with dementia-related disorders (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, mild cognitive impairment). Prospective memory (PM), or the ability to create and carry out future intentions, is one cognitive domain that is impaired in individuals with dementia-related disorders. Effective treatment of PM could significantly improve daily functioning, level of independence, and quality of life. OBJECTIVE To date, there have been a number of studies investigating potential interventions, but these interventions have not been comprehensively reviewed and compared across the stages of dementia-related disorders, as is the aim of the current review. METHODS This review examined 21 studies on the success of intervention strategies for prospective memory in patients with dementia-related disorders. RESULTS All the studies demonstrated positive effects of intervention on PM abilities, but there are questions concerning ecological validity, length of positive effects on PM, and a lack of diversity of interventions across the different stages of dementia-related disorders. CONCLUSION Future research should address these issues by incorporating daily functioning activities and caregiver support into the intervention process, as well as investigating these interventions at more severe stages of dementia-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Rice
- Colorado State University, Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Deana Davalos
- Colorado State University, Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael L Thomas
- Colorado State University, Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Henry JD. Prospective memory impairment in neurological disorders: implications and management. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:297-307. [PMID: 33686303 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prospective memory is a core neurocognitive ability that refers to memory for future intentions, such as remembering to take medications and to switch off appliances. Any breakdown in prospective memory, therefore, has serious implications for the ability to function independently in everyday life. In many neurological disorders, including Parkinson disease and dementia, prospective memory deficits are common even in the earliest stages and typically become more severe with disease progression. Consequently, clinical assessment of prospective memory is of critical importance. This article provides an overview of the various manifestations and neural bases of prospective memory deficits. To facilitate clinical decision-making, validated measures of this construct are identified and their suitability for clinical practice is discussed, focusing in particular on clinical sensitivity and psychometric properties. The article concludes by reviewing the approaches that can be used to rehabilitate different types of prospective memory impairment, and algorithms to guide the evaluation and treatment of these impairments are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D Henry
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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6
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A Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Telerehabilitation System for Use in the COVID-19 Pandemic. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13042183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed people’s lives and the way in which certain services are provided. Such changes are not uncommon in healthcare services and they will have to adapt to the new situation by increasing the number of services remotely offered. Limited mobility has resulted in interruption of treatments that traditionally have been administered through face-to-face modalities, especially those related to cognitive impairments. In this telerehabilitation approach, both the patient and the specialist physician enter a virtual reality (VR) environment where they can interact in real time through avatars. A spaced retrieval (SR) task is implemented in the system to analyze cognitive performance. An experimental group (n = 20) performed the SR task in telerehabilitation mode, whereas a control group (n = 20) performed the SR task through a traditional face-to-face mode. The obtained results showed that it is possible to carry out cognitive rehabilitation processes through a telerehabilitation modality in conjunction with VR. The cost-effectiveness of the system will also contribute to making healthcare systems more efficient, overcoming both geographical and temporal limitations.
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Small JA, Cochrane D. Spaced Retrieval and Episodic Memory Training in Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15:519-536. [PMID: 32368019 PMCID: PMC7174872 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s242113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study replicated and extended the findings from the author's previous pilot study to further explore how a spaced retrieval (SR) memory training program might be effectively applied to help persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) improve both short- and long-term recall of recent episodic events. Methods A quasi-experimental within-subject group study was conducted with 15 participants with a diagnosis of AD. Results Compared to a control condition, all participants were able to spontaneously recall significantly more specific details about trained events, and their recall was significantly enhanced when they were provided with cues. Although the findings indicated that people with AD were able to encode information during training, recall gains diminished by the end of the maintenance period. Discussion This study provides evidence that individuals with mild to moderate AD can learn and recall new episodic information through SR training. These findings support the use of SR as an intervention tool to help individuals maintain their functioning in episodic recent memory. However, more research into maintaining the long-term recall of recent episodic events is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A Small
- School of Audiology and Speech Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Diana Cochrane
- School of Audiology and Speech Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Rapid Cortical Plasticity Supports Long-Term Memory Formation. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:989-1002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Viccaro E, Sands E, Springer C. Spaced Retrieval Using Static and Dynamic Images to Improve Face-Name Recognition: Alzheimer's Dementia and Vascular Dementia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2019; 28:1184-1197. [PMID: 31194916 DOI: 10.1044/2019_ajslp-18-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The primary objective of this study examined whether spaced retrieval (SR) using dynamic images (video clips without audio) is more effective than SR using static images to improve face-name recognition in persons with dementia. A secondary objective examined the length of time associations were retained after participants reached criterion. A final objective sought to determine if there is a relationship between SR training and dementia diagnosis. Method A repeated-measures design analyzed whether SR using dynamic images was more effective than SR using static images for face-name recognition. Twelve participants diagnosed with Alzheimer's dementia or vascular dementia were randomly assigned to 2 experimental conditions in which the presentation of images was counterbalanced. Results All participants demonstrated improvement in face-name recognition; there was no significant difference between the dynamic and static images. Eleven of 12 participants retained the information from 1 to 4 weeks post training. Additional analysis revealed a significant interaction effect when diagnoses and images were examined together. Participants with vascular dementia demonstrated improved performance using SR with static images, whereas participants with Alzheimer's dementia displayed improved performance using SR with dynamic images. Conclusions SR using static and/or dynamic images improved face-name recognition in persons with dementia. Further research is warranted to continue exploration of the relationship between dementia diagnosis and SR performance using static and dynamic images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Viccaro
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Long Island University Post, Brookville, NY
| | - Elaine Sands
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY
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Pastötter B, Eberle H, Aue I, Bäuml KHT. Retrieval Practice Fails to Insulate Episodic Memories against Interference after Stroke. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1074. [PMID: 28701985 PMCID: PMC5487472 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work in cognitive psychology showed that retrieval practice of previously studied information can insulate this information against retroactive interference from subsequently studied other information in healthy individuals. The present study examined whether this beneficial effect of interference reduction is also present in patients with stroke. Twenty-two patients with stroke, 4.6 months post injury on average, and 22 healthy controls participated in the experiment. In each of two experimental sessions, participants first studied a list of items (list 1) and then underwent a practice phase in which the list 1 items were either restudied or retrieval practiced. Participants then either studied a second list of items (list 2) or fulfilled an unrelated distractor task. Recall of the two lists’ items was assessed in a final criterion test. Results showed that, in healthy controls, additional study of list 2 items impaired final recall of list 1 items in the restudy condition but not in the retrieval practice condition. In contrast, in patients with stroke, list 2 learning impaired final list 1 recall in both conditions. The results indicate that retrieval practice insulated the tested information against retroactive interference in healthy controls, but failed to do so in patients with stroke. Possible implications of the findings for the understanding of long-term memory impairment after stroke are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Pastötter
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Regensburg UniversityRegensburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Eberle
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Regensburg UniversityRegensburg, Germany.,Department of Neuropsychology, Bezirksklinikum RegensburgRegensburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Aue
- Department of Neuropsychology, Bezirksklinikum RegensburgRegensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz T Bäuml
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Regensburg UniversityRegensburg, Germany
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Li BY, Wang Y, Tang HD, Chen SD. The role of cognitive activity in cognition protection: from Bedside to Bench. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:7. [PMID: 28360996 PMCID: PMC5371186 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive decline poses a great concern to elderly people and their families. In addition to pharmacological therapies, several varieties of nonpharmacological intervention have been developed. Most training trials proved that a well-organized task is clinically effective in cognition improvement. MAIN BODY We will first review clinical trials of cognitive training for healthy elders, MCI and AD patients, respectively. Besides, potential neuroprotective and compensatory mechanisms in animal models of AD are discussed. Despite controversy, cognitive training has promising effect on cognitive ability. In animal model of AD, environmental enrichment showed beneficial effect for cognitive ability, as well as neuronal plasticity. Neurotrophin, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator signaling pathway were also involved in the process. Well-designed cognitive activity could benefit cognitive function, and thus life quality of patients and their families. CONCLUSION The positive effects of cognitive activity is closely related with neural plasticity, neurotrophin, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator signaling pathway changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Yin Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Rui Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Rui Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Hui-Dong Tang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Rui Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Rui Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
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Benigas JE, Bourgeois M. Using Spaced Retrieval With External Aids to Improve Use of Compensatory Strategies During Eating for Persons With Dementia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2016; 25:321-334. [PMID: 27538017 DOI: 10.1044/2015_ajslp-14-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to determine whether spaced retrieval (SR), when paired with an external memory aid, is an effective technique to teach persons with dementia to use compensatory swallowing strategies. A secondary purpose was to learn whether speech-language pathologists naive to the study aims would judge posttraining sessions as improved, or safer, in comparison to baseline sessions, thereby validating the changes in behavior due to SR training to use external aids during meals. METHOD A multiple baseline design across behaviors was used to evaluate the effects of teaching compensatory swallowing behaviors (i.e., chin tuck, alternation of liquids and solids, lingual/finger sweep) to 5 nursing home residents diagnosed with dementia and coexisting dysphagia. RESULTS SR training with the use of a visual aid was functionally related to improvements in 2-3 compensatory swallowing behaviors for each of the 5 participants. CONCLUSIONS Study outcomes paired with social validation ratings demonstrated that persons with dementia could learn compensatory swallowing behaviors for perceived safety during intake. Because participants were eating in a quiet and controlled environment, generalization to the typical dining environment remains unknown, and further research is needed to investigate the long-term impact of this training protocol.
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Rosell-Clari V, González BV. Theory of Mind (ToM) and language: stimulating metalinguistic skills in people with dementia. Codas 2016; 0:0. [DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/20162015295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Fonseca LM, Navatta ACR, Bottino CMC, Miotto EC. Cognitive Rehabilitation of Dementia in Adults with Down Syndrome: A Review of Non-Pharmacological Interventions. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2015; 5:330-40. [PMID: 26483832 PMCID: PMC4608651 DOI: 10.1159/000438858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a close genetic relationship between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS), AD being the most severe mental disorder affecting ageing individuals with DS. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation interventions in DS patients with AD by means of a critical literature review. Summary Because AD is progressive and irreversible, treatment is aimed at delaying and reducing the cognitive and functional decline in order to preserve or improve quality of life. The effects that pharmacological treatments and cognitive interventions have on elderly individuals with AD are well documented. Recent clinical trials have investigated the use of pharmacological treatment in DS patients with AD, generating preliminary results that have been unfavourable. Key Messages There is a clear lack of studies addressing the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation interventions in DS patients with AD, and there is an urgent need for studies providing evidence to inform decisions regarding the appropriate choice of treatment strategies.
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Jackson CF, Makin SM, Baker GA. Neuropsychological and psychological interventions for people with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015. [PMID: 26198593 PMCID: PMC9058520 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011311.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many people with epilepsy report experiencing psychological difficulties such as anxiety, depression and neuropsychological deficits including memory problems. Research has shown that these difficulties are often present not only for people with chronic epilepsy but also for people with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Despite this, there are very few published interventions that detail means to help people with newly diagnosed epilepsy manage these problems. OBJECTIVES To identify and assess possible psychological and neuropsychological interventions for adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases on 30 June 2015: the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid), SCOPUS, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). SELECTION CRITERIA This review includes all randomised controlled trials, quasi-randomised controlled trials, prospective cohort controlled studies, and prospective before and after studies which include psychological or neuropsychological interventions for people with newly diagnosed epilepsy. We excluded studies that included people with epilepsy and any other psychological disorder or neurological condition. We excluded studies carried out which recruited only children. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used the standard methodological procedure expected by The Cochrane Collaboration. Two authors independently completed data extraction and risk of bias analysis. The results of this were cross-checked and third author resolved any discrepancies. In the event of missing data, we contacted the study authors. Meta-analysis was not completed due to differences in the intervention and outcomes reported in the two studies. MAIN RESULTS We included two randomised controlled trials assessing psychological interventions for people with newly diagnosed epilepsy. One study assessed a cognitive behavioural intervention (CBI) in an adolescent population. This study was rated as low quality. One study assessed a specialist nurse intervention in an adult population. This study was rating as very low quality.We rated one study as having unclear risk of bias and one study as having high risk of bias.The CBI study indicated that this intervention could significantly reduce depressive symptoms in people with subthreshold depressive disorder. However, the study assessing the effectiveness of a nurse intervention found no significant benefit for depressive symptoms,but did find that in individuals with the least knowledge of epilepsy, a nurse intervention could increase their knowledge of epilepsy scores. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Meta-analysis was not possible as we identified only two studies and they utilised different interventions and outcome measures.Previous research has highlighted the impact of psychological and neuropsychological difficulties experienced by people with epilepsy and the negative effect this has on their quality of life. The main finding of this review is that there is a paucity of research assessing possible neuropsychological and psychological interventions for adults with newly diagnosed epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerian F Jackson
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolDepartment of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyClinical Sciences Centre for Research and Education, Lower LaneFazakerleyLiverpoolUKL9 7LJ
| | - Selina M Makin
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation TrustLower LaneFazakerleyLiverpoolUKL9 7LJ
| | - Gus A Baker
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of LiverpoolDepartment of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyClinical Sciences Centre for Research and Education, Lower LaneFazakerleyLiverpoolUKL9 7LJ
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Lancioni GE, Singh NN, O'Reilly MF, Sigafoos J, D'Amico F, Sasanelli G, De Vanna F, Signorino M. Persons with Alzheimer's disease engage in leisure and mild physical activity with the support of technology-aided programs. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 37:55-63. [PMID: 25460220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Three studies were conducted to assess technology-aided programs to promote leisure engagement and mild physical activity in persons with Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, Study I assessed a program aimed at enabling three patients with mild or moderate Alzheimer's disease to choose among different music options and activate the preferred ones. Studies II and III were directed at patients in the low moderate or severe stages of the Alzheimer's disease who were no longer capable of ambulating and spent their time generally inactive, sitting in their wheelchairs. In particular, Study II used a program to help three patients exercise an arm-raising movement. Study III used a program to help three patients exercise a leg-foot movement. Each study was carried out according to a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across patients. Results were very encouraging. The patients of Study I learned to choose and activate their preferred music pieces. The patients of Studies II and III enhanced their performance of the target movements and increased their indices of positive participation (e.g., smiles and verbalizations) during the sessions. The applicability of the programs in daily contexts and their implications for the patients involved are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirbhay N Singh
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, USA
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17
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Lancioni GE, Singh NN, O'Reilly MF, Sigafoos J, Renna C, Pinto K, De Vanna F, Caffò AO, Stasolla F. Persons with moderate Alzheimer's disease use simple technology aids to manage daily activities and leisure occupation. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:2117-2128. [PMID: 24881006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two studies assessed technology-aided programs to support performance of daily activities and selection/activation of music items with patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease. In Study I, four patients were presented with activity-related pictorial instructions via a computer fitted with inexpensive, commercial software. In Study II, four patients were (a) presented with different music options and (b) allowed to select and activate the preferred option via a microswitch response. Study I showed that each patient learned to perform the two activities available with percentages of correct responses exceeding 85 by the end of the intervention. Study II showed that all patients learned to choose and activate music options. Psychology students, employed in a social validation check, scored the patients' behavior within the program better than their behavior in a control situation. The relevance and usability of simplified pictorial-instruction programs and music choice programs for patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nirbhay N Singh
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, USA
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Cognitive Reserve and Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:187-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pastötter B, Bäuml KHT. Retrieval practice enhances new learning: the forward effect of testing. Front Psychol 2014; 5:286. [PMID: 24772101 PMCID: PMC3983480 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last couple of years, there has been a dramatic increase in laboratory research examining the benefits of recall testing on long-term learning and retention. This work was largely on the backward effect of testing, which shows that retrieval practice on previously studied information, compared to restudy of the same material, renders the information more likely to be remembered in the future. Going beyond this prominent work, more recent laboratory research provided evidence that there is also a forward effect of testing, which shows that recall testing of previously studied information can enhance learning of subsequently presented new information. Here, we provide a review of research on this forward effect of testing. The review shows that the effect is a well replicated phenomenon in laboratory studies that has been observed for both veridical information and misinformation. In particular, the review demonstrates that the effect may be applied to educational and clinical settings, enhancing learning in students and reducing memory deficits in clinical populations. The review discusses current theoretical explanations of the forward effect of testing and provides suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Pastötter
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Regensburg University Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz T Bäuml
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Regensburg University Regensburg, Germany
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Cognitive rehabilitation of memory for mild cognitive impairment: a methodological review and model for future research. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2014; 20:135-51. [PMID: 24331156 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617713001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several recent reviews have suggested that cognitive rehabilitation may hold promise in the treatment of memory deficits experienced by patients with mild cognitive impairment. In contrast to the previous reviews that mainly focused on outcome, the current review examines key methodological challenges that are critical for designing and interpreting research studies and translating results into clinical practice. Using methodological details from 36 studies, we first examine diagnostic variability and how the use of cutoffs may bias samples toward more severely impaired patients. Second, the strengths and limitations of several common rehabilitative techniques are discussed. Half of the reviewed studies used a multi-technique approach that precludes the causal attribution between any specific technique and subsequent improvement. Third, there is a clear need to examine the dose-response relationship since this information was strikingly absent from most studies. Fourth, outcome measures varied widely and frequently depended on neuropsychological tests with little theoretical justification or ecological relevance. Fifth, we discuss how the variability in each of these other four areas complicates efforts to examine training generalization. Overall, future studies should place greater emphasis on ecologically relevant treatment approaches and outcome measures and we propose a hierarchical model that may aid in this pursuit.
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Oren S, Willerton C, Small J. Effects of spaced retrieval training on semantic memory in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2014; 57:247-270. [PMID: 24023380 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2013/12-0352)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article reports on a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of spaced retrieval training (SRT) on semantic memory in people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or related disorder. METHOD An initial systematic database search identified 454 potential studies. After screening and de-duplication, 35 studies that used SRT with the population of interest remained. The authors used an appraisal point system to evaluate the quality of the studies. Twelve of the 35 studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria and passed the appraisal point system cutoff. The 12 studies were classified as Level I and II evidence. RESULTS Although the 12 studies varied in terms of design, methodology, and quality, SRT was shown to have important positive effects on learning semantic information across the included studies. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that SRT is an effective semantic memory training technique for people with AD, and consequently, recommendations are suggested for implementing SRT in practice settings. Continued research in this domain is also warranted to address limitations and gaps in the current body of research evidence, including variability in SRT protocols, effects of dementia severity on learning outcomes, maintenance effects, generalization, and the role of explicit and implicit learning in SRT.
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Meyer C, Hill S, Dow B, Synnot A, Hill K. Translating Falls Prevention Knowledge to Community-Dwelling Older PLWD: A Mixed-Method Systematic Review. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2013; 55:560-74. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnt127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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A literature review of spaced-retrieval interventions: a direct memory intervention for people with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 2013; 25:1743-63. [PMID: 23886395 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610213001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing prevalence of dementia, there is a pressing need to identify effective interventions that prolong independent functioning. As pharmacological interventions aimed at slowing cognitive decline have been found to have a number of limitations, research has now moved toward studying complementary non-pharmacological cognitive training interventions. This review describes the use of spaced-retrieval as a method to teach new information and reduce behavioral problems in people with dementia. METHODS We searched the databases PsychINFO, MEDLINE, and Scopus as well as reference lists of relevant papers to identify articles describing the use of spaced-retrieval with people with dementia. Only primary, peer-reviewed research published in English was included in this review. RESULTS In total, 34 studies were identified, three of which were randomized controlled trials. We found that across studies, there was wide variability with regard to design, methodology, and outcome measures used. Nonetheless, the existing research demonstrates that spaced-retrieval training can be successfully used to teach people with dementia new and previously known face- and object-name associations, as well as cue-behavior associations aimed at alleviating problem behaviors and improving functional skills. The method can also assist with the recollection of past events. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence indicates that spaced-retrieval training is effective in enabling people with dementia to learn new information and behavioral strategies. Future research should attempt to address the limitations outlined in this review and focus on utilizing this technique to achieve more functional and clinically relevant outcomes. Recommendations are also made with regard to investigating potential secondary benefits of spaced-retrieval and strengthening study design.
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Philips GT, Kopec AM, Carew TJ. Pattern and predictability in memory formation: from molecular mechanisms to clinical relevance. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 105:117-24. [PMID: 23727358 PMCID: PMC4020421 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most long-term memories are formed as a consequence of multiple experiences. The temporal spacing of these experiences is of considerable importance: experiences distributed over time (spaced training) are more easily encoded and remembered than either closely spaced experiences, or a single prolonged experience (massed training). In this article, we first review findings from studies in animal model systems that examine the cellular and molecular properties of the neurons and circuits in the brain that underlie training pattern sensitivity during long-term memory (LTM) formation. We next focus on recent findings which have begun to elucidate the mechanisms that support inter-trial interactions during the induction of LTM. Finally, we consider the implications of these findings for developing therapeutic strategies to address questions of direct clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary T Philips
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, Room 809, New York, NY 10003, United States.
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Lancioni GE, Singh NN, O'Reilly MF, Sigafoos J, Renna C, Ventrella M, Pinto K, Minervini MG, Oliva D, Groeneweg J. Supporting daily activities and indoor travel of persons with moderate Alzheimer's disease through standard technology resources. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:2351-2359. [PMID: 23711628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
These two studies were aimed at evaluating standard technology resources for supporting activity and travel among patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, Study I assessed a pictorial instruction program relying on the use of a portable computer and a commercially available and inexpensive video editing software for supporting the performance of daily activities with three patients. Study II assessed the indoor travel performance of four patients (i.e., the three involved in Study I and a fourth patient with no previous research exposure) using a commercially available, basic doorbell system with sound and light cues. The percentages of correct activity steps obtained with the instruction program used in Study I were relatively high and largely similar to the percentages reported in previous studies using more sophisticated technology. During Study II, the percentages of correct travels of two patients matched the data of the most successful patients involved in previous studies with more sophisticated technology. The percentages of the other two patients tended to be lower than those obtained previously, but were still practically relevant. The implications of the results of the two studies and a number of issues for new research are discussed.
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Perilli V, Lancioni GE, Laporta D, Paparella A, Caffò AO, Singh NN, O'Reilly MF, Sigafoos J, Oliva D. A computer-aided telephone system to enable five persons with Alzheimer's disease to make phone calls independently. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:1991-1997. [PMID: 23584179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study extended the assessment of a computer-aided telephone system to enable five patients with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease to make phone calls independently. The patients were divided into two groups and exposed to intervention according to a non-concurrent multiple baseline design across groups. All patients started with baseline in which the technology was not available, and continued with intervention in which the technology was used. The technology involved a net-book computer provided with specific software, a global system for mobile communication modem (GSM), a microswitch, and lists of partners to call with related photos. All the patients learned to use the system and made phone calls independently to a variety of partners, such as family members, friends, and caregivers. A social validation assessment, in which care and health professionals working with persons with dementia were asked to rate the patients' performance with the technology and with the help of a caregiver, provided generally more positive scores for the technology-assisted performance. The positive implications of the findings for daily programs of patients with Alzheimer's disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Perilli
- Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Via Quintino Sella 268, 70100 Bari, Italy
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