Evidences of the (400 MHz - 3 GHz) radiofrequency electromagnetic field influence on brain tumor induction

Redox cell signalling triggered by black carbon and/or radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: Influence on cell death

The capacity of environmental pollutants to generate oxidative stress is known to affect the development and progression of chronic diseases. This scientific review identifies previously published experimental studies using preclinical models of exposure to environmental stress agents, such as black carbon and/or RF-EMF, which produce cellular oxidative damage and can lead to different types of cell death. We summarize in vivo and in vitro studies, which are grouped according to the mechanisms and pathways of redox activation triggered by exposure to BC and/or EMF and leading to apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis and cuproptosis. The possible mechanisms are considered in relation to the organ, cell type and cellular-subcellular interaction with the oxidative toxicity caused by BC and/or EMF at the molecular level. The actions of these environmental pollutants, which affect everyday life, are considered separately and together in experimental preclinical models. However, for overall interpretation of the data, toxicological studies must first be conducted in humans, to enable possible risks to human health to be established in relation to the progression of chronic diseases. Further actions should take pollution levels into account, focusing on the most vulnerable populations and future generations.

Comparison of pulsed and continuous electromagnetic field generated by WPT system on human dermal and neural cells

In recent decades, we have seen significant technical progress in the modern world, leading to the widespread use of telecommunications systems, electrical appliances, and wireless technologies. These devices generate electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and electromagnetic fields (EMF) most often in the extremely low frequency or radio-frequency range. Therefore, they were included in the group of environmental risk factors that affect the human body and health on a daily basis. In this study, we tested the effect of exposure EMF generated by a new prototype wireless charging system on four human cell lines (normal cell lines-HDFa, NHA; tumor cell lines-SH-SY5Y, T98G). We tested different operating parameters of the wireless power transfer (WPT) device (87-207 kHz, 1.01-1.05 kW, 1.3-1.7 mT) at different exposure times (pulsed 6 × 10 min; continuous 1 × 60 min). We observed the effect of EMF on cell morphology and cytoskeletal changes, cell viability and mitotic activity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress. The results of our study did not show any negative effect of the generated EMF on either normal cells or tumor cell lines. However, in order to be able to estimate the risk, further population and epidemiological studies are needed, which would reveal the clinical consequences of EMF impact.

Effects of radiofrequency field from 5G communications on the spatial memory and emotionality in mice

The rapid development of 5G network technology has gained much popularity as well as concerns about its adverse effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of 4.9 GHz (one of working frequencies of 5G communication) radiofrequency (RF) field on emotional behaviours and spatial memory in adult male mice. Open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST) and Y maze were used to evaluate anxiety, depression-like behaviour and spatial memory ability, respectively. It was found that the anxiety-like behaviour and spatial memory ability of mice did not change, but the depression-like behaviour was induced in mice after 4.9 GHz RF exposure. In addition, the number of neurons significantly reduced and the level of pyroptosis obviously increased in amygdala rather than hippocampus. These results suggested that 4.9 GHz RF exposure could induce depression-like behaviour, which might be associated with the neuronal pyroptosis in amygdala.

The Epidemiology of Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors

CNS tumors are a diverse group of neoplasms that emerge from a variety of different CNS cell types. These tumors may be benign, malignant, or borderline in nature. The majority of high grade glial tumors are fatal, with the exception of pilocytic astrocytoma. Primary malignant CNS tumors occur at a global annual rate of 2.1 to 5.8 per 100,000 persons. Males are more likely to develop malignant brain tumors than females, whereas benign meningiomas are more common in adult females. Additionally, gender inequalities in non-malignant tumors peak between the ages of 25 and 29 years. Only a small number of genetic variants have been associated with survival and prognosis. Notably, central nervous system (CNS) tumors exhibit significant age, gender, and race variation. Race is another factor that affects the incidence of brain and spinal cord tumors. Different races exhibit variation in terms of the prevalence of brain and CNS malignancies. This chapter discusses ongoing research on brain and spinal cord tumor epidemiology, as well as the associated risks and accompanied disorders.

Genotoxic effects of electromagnetic field radiations from mobile phones

The use of wireless communication technology in mobile phones has revolutionized modern telecommunication and mobile phones have become so popular that their number exceeds the global population. Electromagnetic field radiations (EMR) are an integral part of wireless technology, which are emitted by mobile phones, mobile tower antennas, electric power stations, transmission lines, radars, microwave ovens, television sets, refrigerators, diagnostic, therapeutic, and other electronic devices. Manmade EMR sources have added to the existing burden of natural EMR human exposure arising from the Sun, cosmos, atmospheric discharges, and thunder storms. EMR including radiofrequency waves (RF) and extremely low-frequency radiation (ELF) has generated great interest as their short-term exposure causes headache, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problems, depression, memory loss, skin irritation, sleep disorders, nausea, cardiovascular effects, chest pain, immunity, and hormonal disorders in humans, whereas long-term exposure to EMR leads to the development of cancer. The review has been written by collecting the information using various search engines including google scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Science direct, EMF-portal, saferemr, and other websites from the internet. The main focus of this review is to delineate the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of EMR in humans and mammals. Numerous investigations revealed that exposure in the range of 0-300 GHz EMR is harmless as it did not increase micronuclei and chromosome aberrations. On the contrary, several other studies have demonstrated that exposure to EMR is genotoxic and mutagenic as it increases the frequency of micronuclei, chromosome aberrations, DNA adducts, DNA single and double strand breaks at the molecular level in vitro and in vivo. The EMR exposure induces reactive oxygen species and changes the fidelity of genes involved in signal transduction, cytoskeleton formation, and cellular metabolism.

Evidences of the radiofrequency exposure on the antioxidant status, potentially contributing to the inflammatory response and demyelination in rat brain

Present study exhibited the oxidative potential of microwave radiation (MWR) leading to the neurodegeneration in rats. Wistar rats were exposed at 2100 MHz frequency for 4 h/day, 5 days/week/3 months. Animals were exposed at an estimated specific absorption rate (0.453 W/kg) and power density (8.237 µW/m²). After exposure irradiated group was compared with control group. Results indicated that microwave exposure significantly increased the levels of serological triglycerides and cholesterol. Oxidative stress is observed through alteration of glutathione homeostasis followed by activated inflammatory response further confirmed by pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the exposed group. Histopathological assessments and electron microscopic observation confirmed a significant change in the myelination pattern and cellular organelles in the brain of exposed animals. Taking everything into account it can be concluded that chronic exposure of 2100-MHz frequency caused oxidative stress, which leads to neural damage and demyelination and may affect neural communication.

An insight into the risk factors of brain tumors and their therapeutic interventions

Brain tumors are an abnormal growth of cells in the brain, also known as multifactorial groups of neoplasm. Incidence rates of brain tumors increase rapidly, and it has become a leading cause of tumor related deaths globally. Several factors have potential risks for intracranial neoplasm. To date, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified the ionizing radiation and the N-nitroso compounds as established carcinogens and probable carcinogens respectively. Diagnosis of brain tumors is based on histopathology and suitable imaging techniques. Labeled amino acids and fluorodeoxyglucose with or without contrast-enhanced MRI are used for the evaluation of tumor traces. T2-weighted MRI is an advanced diagnostic implementation, used for the detection of low-grade gliomas. Treatment decisions are based on tumor size, location, type, patient's age and health status. Conventional therapeutic approaches for tumor treatment are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. While the novel strategies may include targeted therapy, electric field treatments and vaccine therapy. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors is an attractive tumor mitigation strategy for advanced-stage cancers; in the future, it may prove to be a useful targeted therapy. The blood-brain barrier poses a major hurdle in the transport of therapeutics towards brain tissues. Moreover, nanomedicine has gained a vital role in cancer therapy. Nano drug delivery system such as liposomal drug delivery has been widely used in the cancer treatment. Liposome encapsulated drugs have improved therapeutic efficacy than free drugs. Numerous treatment therapies for brain tumors are in advanced clinical research.