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Jones KM, Zhan B, Ernste KJ, Villar MJ, Bisht N, Nguyen D, Chang LY, Poveda C, Robinson GJ, Trivedi AJ, Hofferek CJ, Decker WK, Konduri V. Immunomodulatory proteins from hookworms reduce cardiac inflammation and modulate regulatory responses in a mouse model of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection. FRONTIERS IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 2:1244604. [PMID: 38239430 PMCID: PMC10795693 DOI: 10.3389/fpara.2023.1244604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Hookworms are parasitic helminths that secrete a variety of proteins that induce anti-inflammatory immune responses, stimulating increased CD4 + Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and IL-10 production. Hookworm-derived recombinant proteins AIP-1 and AIP-2 have been shown to reduce inflammation in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory airway disease by inducing CD4+Foxp3+ cells and IL-10 production. In contrast, chronic infection with the protozoal parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, leads to chronic inflammation in tissues. Persistence of the parasites in tissues drives chronic low-grade inflammation, with increased infiltration of inflammatory cells into the heart, accompanied by increased production of inflammatory cytokines. There are no current antiparasitic drugs that effectively reduce or prevent chronic myocarditis caused by the onset of Chagas disease, thus new therapies are urgently needed. Therefore, the impact of AIP-1 and AIP-2 on myocarditis was investigated in a mouse model of chronic T. cruzi infection. Methods Female BALB/c mice infected with bioluminescent T. cruzi H1 strain trypomastigotes for 70 days were treated once daily for 7 days with 1mg/kg AIP-1 or AIP-2 protein by intraperitoneal injection. Control mice were left untreated or treated once daily for 14 days with 25mg/kg aspirin in drinking water. At 84 days of infection, splenocytes, cardiac tissue and serum were collected for evaluation. Results Treatment with both AIP-1 and AIP-2 proteins significantly reduced cardiac cellular infiltration, and reduced cardiac levels of IFNγ, IL-6 and IL-2. AIP-2 treatment reduced cardiac expression of COX-2. Further, while incubation with AIP-1 and AIP-2 proteins did not induce a significant upregulation of an immunoregulatory phenotype in dendritic cells (DC), there was a modest upregulation of CD11c +CD11b+MHCII+SIRPα+ expression, suggesting a regulatory phenotype. Ex-vivo stimulation of splenocytes from the treatment groups with AIP-1 loaded DC induced reduced levels of cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory T cells, stimulation with AIP-2 loaded DC specifically induced enhanced levels of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells among treatment groups. Discussion All in vivo and in vitro results demonstrate that hookworm-derived AIP-1 and AIP-2 proteins reduce T. cruzi induced cardiac inflammation, possibly through multiple anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Jones
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Keenan J. Ernste
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maria Jose Villar
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nalini Bisht
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Li-Yen Chang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cristina Poveda
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gonteria J. Robinson
- Molecular & Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Akshar J. Trivedi
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Colby J. Hofferek
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William K. Decker
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vanaja Konduri
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Rigazio CS, Mariz-Ponte N, Caballero EP, Penas FN, Goren NB, Santamaría MH, Corral RS. Involvement of glycoinositolphospholipid from Trypanosoma cruzi and macrophage migration inhibitory factor in proinflammatory mechanisms promoting cardiovascular injury mechanisms promoting cardiovascular inflammation tThe combined action of glycoinositolphospholipid from Trypanosoma cruzi and macrophage migration inhibitory factor increases proinflammatory mediator production by cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105881. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Dantas-Pereira L, Menna-Barreto R, Lannes-Vieira J. Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Role in Remote Signaling and Inflammation in Trypanosoma cruzi-Triggered Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:798054. [PMID: 34988085 PMCID: PMC8721122 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.798054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as cell communicators and immune response modulators and may be employed as disease biomarkers and drug delivery systems. In infectious diseases, EVs can be released by the pathogen itself or by the host cells (infected or uninfected), potentially impacting the outcome of the immune response and pathological processes. Chagas disease (CD) is caused by infection by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and is the main cause of heart failure in endemic areas. This illness attracted worldwide attention due to the presence of symptomatic seropositive subjects in North America, Asia, Oceania, and Europe. In the acute phase of infection, nonspecific signs, and symptoms contribute to miss diagnosis and early etiological treatment. In this phase, the immune response is crucial for parasite control; however, parasite persistence, dysregulated immune response, and intrinsic tissue factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic CD. Most seropositive subjects remain in the indeterminate chronic form, and from 30 to 40% of the subjects develop cardiac, digestive, or cardio-digestive manifestations. Identification of EVs containing T. cruzi antigens suggests that these vesicles may target host cells and regulate cellular processes and the immune response by molecular mechanisms that remain to be determined. Parasite-released EVs modulate the host-parasite interplay, stimulate intracellular parasite differentiation and survival, and promote a regulatory cytokine profile in experimental models of CD. EVs derived from the parasite-cell interaction inhibit complement-mediated parasite lysis, allowing evasion. EVs released by T. cruzi-infected cells also regulate surrounding cells, maintaining a proinflammatory profile. After a brief review of the basic features of EVs, the present study focuses on potential participation of T. cruzi-secreted EVs in cell infection and persistence of low-grade parasite load in the chronic phase of infection. We also discuss the role of EVs in shaping the host immune response and in pathogenesis and progression of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luíza Dantas-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rubem Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Combination Therapy Using Benznidazole and Aspirin during the Acute Phase of Experimental Chagas Disease Prevents Cardiovascular Dysfunction and Decreases Typical Cardiac Lesions in the Chronic Phase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00069-20. [PMID: 32366719 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00069-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is one of the main causes of death due to cardiomyopathy and heart failure in Latin American countries. The treatment of Chagas disease is directed at eliminating the parasite, decreasing the probability of cardiomyopathy and disrupting the disease transmission cycle. Benznidazole (BZ) and nifurtimox (Nfx) are recognized as effective drugs for the treatment of Chagas disease by the World Health Organization, but both have high toxicity and limited efficacy, especially in the chronic disease phase. At low doses, aspirin (ASA) has been reported to protect against T. cruzi infection. We evaluated the effectiveness of BZ in combination with ASA at low doses during the acute disease phase and evaluated cardiovascular aspects and cardiac lesions in the chronic phase. ASA treatment prevented the cardiovascular dysfunction (hypertension and tachycardia) and typical cardiac lesions. Moreover, BZ+ASA-treated mice had a smaller cardiac fibrotic area than BZ-treated mice. These results were associated with an increase in numbers of eosinophils and reticulocytes and levels of nitric oxide in the plasma and cardiac tissue of ASA-treated mice relative to respective controls. These effects of ASA and BZ+ASA in chronically infected mice were inhibited by pretreatment with the lipoxin A4 (LXA4) receptor antagonist Boc-2, indicating that the protective effects of ASA are mediated by ASA-triggered lipoxin. These results emphasize the importance of exploring new drug combinations for treatments of the acute phase of Chagas disease that are beneficial for patients with chronic disease.
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Differences in cNOS/iNOS Activity during Resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in 5-Lipoxygenase Knockout Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2019:5091630. [PMID: 31772504 PMCID: PMC6854994 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5091630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease and consequently leads to severe inflammatory heart condition; however, the mechanisms driving this inflammatory response have not been completely elucidated. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key mediator of parasite killing in T. cruzi-infected mice, and previous studies have suggested that leukotrienes (LTs) essentially regulate the NO activity in the heart. We used infected 5-lipoxygenase-deficient mice (5-LO−/−) to explore the participation of nitric oxide synthase isoforms, inducible (iNOS) and constitutive (cNOS), in heart injury, cytokine profile, and oxidative stress during the early stage of T. cruzi infection. Our evidence suggests that the cNOS of the host is involved in the resistance of 5-LO−/− mice during T. cruzi infection. iNOS inhibition generated a remarkable increase in T. cruzi infection in the blood and heart of mice, whereas cNOS inhibition reduced cardiac parasitism (amastigote nests). Furthermore, this inhibition associates with a higher IFN-γ production and lower lipid peroxidation status. These data provide a better understanding about the influence of NO-interfering therapies for the inflammatory response toward T. cruzi infection.
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Ribeiro FAP, Pontes C, Machado ADMV, Bruna-Romero O, Quintana HT, De Oliveira F, De Vasconcelos JRC, Ribeiro DA. Therapeutical effects of vaccine from Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote surface protein 2 by simultaneous inoculation with live parasites. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3373-3383. [PMID: 30246366 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of vaccine using replication-deficient human recombinant Type 5 replication-defective adenoviruses (AdHu5) carrying sequences of the amastigote surface protein 2 (ASP2) (AdASP2) in mice infected with the Trypanosoma cruzi ( T cruzi) Y strain. A total of 16 A/Sn mice female were distributed into four groups, as follows (n = 4 per group): Group 1 - Control Group (CTRL); Group 2 - Infected Group (TC): animals were infected by subcutaneous route with 150 bloodstream trypomastigotes of T cruzi Y strain; Group 3 - Immunized Group (AdASP-2): animals were immunized by intramuscular injection (im) route with 50 µL of AdSP-2 (2 × 10 8 plaque forming units [pfu]/cam) at day 0; Group 4-Immunized and Infected Group (AdASP-2+TC): animals were immunized by im route with 50 µL of ASP-2 (2 × 10 8 pfu/cam) and infected by T cruzi at the same day (day 0). It was observed a significant decrease of nests in the group that was immunized with AdASP-2 and infected on the same day. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expressions showed a significant increase in the AdASP-2+TC group when compared to TC group, but it was noted that Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) was increased in TC group when compared to AdASP-2+TC group. Increase of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and decrease of MMP-9 immunoexpression in the AdASP-2+TC group was noticed as well. Oxidative DNA damage was present in myocardium for AdASP-2+TC group as a result of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine immunoexpression. Taken together, our results highlighted an increased oxidative stress, MMP-2 activity and inflammatory host response promoted by AdASP-2 against T cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila Pontes
- Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTCMol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | - Hananiah T Quintana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, Brasil
| | - Flávia De Oliveira
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, Brasil
| | | | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, Brasil
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López-Muñoz RA, Molina-Berríos A, Campos-Estrada C, Abarca-Sanhueza P, Urrutia-Llancaqueo L, Peña-Espinoza M, Maya JD. Inflammatory and Pro-resolving Lipids in Trypanosomatid Infections: A Key to Understanding Parasite Control. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1961. [PMID: 30186271 PMCID: PMC6113562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic trypanosomatids (Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, and Leishmania spp.) are protozoan parasites that cause neglected diseases affecting millions of people in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. In the process of infection, trypanosomatids evade and survive the immune system attack, which can lead to a chronic inflammatory state that induces cumulative damage, often killing the host in the long term. The immune mediators involved in this process are not entirely understood. Most of the research on the immunologic control of protozoan infections has been focused on acute inflammation. Nevertheless, when this process is not terminated adequately, permanent damage to the inflamed tissue may ensue. Recently, a second process, called resolution of inflammation, has been proposed to be a pivotal process in the control of parasite burden and establishment of chronic infection. Resolution of inflammation is an active process that promotes the normal function of injured or infected tissues. Several mediators are involved in this process, including eicosanoid-derived lipids, cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10, and other proteins such as Annexin-V. For example, during T. cruzi infection, pro-resolving lipids such as 15-epi-lipoxin-A4 and Resolvin D1 have been associated with a decrease in the inflammatory changes observed in experimental chronic heart disease, reducing inflammation and fibrosis, and increasing host survival. Furthermore, Resolvin D1 modulates the immune response in cells of patients with Chagas disease. In Leishmania spp. infections, pro-resolving mediators such as Annexin-V, lipoxins, and Resolvin D1 are related to the modulation of cutaneous manifestation of the disease. However, these mediators seem to have different roles in visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis. Finally, although T. brucei infections are less well studied in terms of their relationship with inflammation, it has been found that arachidonic acid-derived lipids act as key regulators of the host immune response and parasite burden. Also, cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β may be related to increased infection. Knowledge about the inflammation resolution process is necessary to understand the host–parasite interplay, but it also offers an interesting opportunity to improve the current therapies, aiming to reduce the detrimental state induced by chronic protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A López-Muñoz
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricio Abarca-Sanhueza
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Urrutia-Llancaqueo
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Peña-Espinoza
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan D Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Díaz-Viraqué F, Chiribao ML, Trochine A, González-Herrera F, Castillo C, Liempi A, Kemmerling U, Maya JD, Robello C. Old Yellow Enzyme from Trypanosoma cruzi Exhibits In Vivo Prostaglandin F 2α Synthase Activity and Has a Key Role in Parasite Infection and Drug Susceptibility. Front Immunol 2018; 9:456. [PMID: 29563916 PMCID: PMC5845897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that trypanosomatids, unicellular organisms of the order Kinetoplastida, are capable of synthesizing prostaglandins raised questions about the role of these molecules during parasitic infections. Multiple studies indicate that prostaglandins could be related to the infection processes and pathogenesis in trypanosomatids. This work aimed to unveil the role of the prostaglandin F2α synthase TcOYE in the establishment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the causative agent of Chagas disease. This chronic disease affects several million people in Latin America causing high morbidity and mortality. Here, we propose a prokaryotic evolutionary origin for TcOYE, and then we used in vitro and in vivo experiments to show that T. cruzi prostaglandin F2α synthase plays an important role in modulating the infection process. TcOYE overexpressing parasites were less able to complete the infective cycle in cell culture infections and increased cardiac tissue parasitic load in infected mice. Additionally, parasites overexpressing the enzyme increased PGF2α synthesis from arachidonic acid. Finally, an increase in benznidazole and nifurtimox susceptibility in TcOYE overexpressing parasites showed its participation in activating the currently anti-chagasic drugs, which added to its observed ability to confer resistance to hydrogen peroxide, highlights the relevance of this enzyme in multiple events including host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Laura Chiribao
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Trochine
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica - ICBM, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo - ICBM, Facultad de Medicina Universidad De Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo - ICBM, Facultad de Medicina Universidad De Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo - ICBM, Facultad de Medicina Universidad De Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica - ICBM, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Carlos Robello
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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MIF-driven activation of macrophages induces killing of intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi dependent on endogenous production of tumor necrosis factor, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Immunobiology 2017; 222:423-431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Massocatto CL, Moreira NM, Muniz E, Pinge-Filho P, Rossi RM, Araújo EJDA, Sant'Ana DDMG. Aspirin prevents atrophy of esophageal nitrergic myenteric neurons in a mouse model of chronic Chagas disease. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30:1-8. [PMID: 26725535 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of using aspirin (ASA) for the pathogenesis of Chagas disease are unclear. This study evaluated the effects of treatment of Chagas disease with ASA on the esophageal nitrergic myenteric neuron population and esophageal wall in mice. We observed that treatment of chagasic infection with ASA protects the esophageal myenteric neurons from the atrophy caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi infection. The mice were infected with 1300 trypomastigotes of Y strain T. cruzi intraperitoneally. Part of infected mice was treated with ASA from fifth to twelfth day after inoculation. Our data support the hypothesis that eicosanoids given during the acute phase of the chagasic infection may act as immunomodulators aiding the transition to and maintenance of the chronic phase of the disease. Besides, ASA treatment did not provoke alterations in the esophageal wall and the myenteric neurons in infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Massocatto
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - N M Moreira
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - E Muniz
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - P Pinge-Filho
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - R M Rossi
- Department of Statistics, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - E J de A Araújo
- Department of Histology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - D de M G Sant'Ana
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Cossentini LA, Da Silva RV, Yamada-Ogatta SF, Yamauchi LM, De Almeida Araújo EJ, Pinge-Filho P. Aspirin treatment exacerbates oral infections by Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2016; 164:64-70. [PMID: 26826555 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral transmission of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, has been documented in Latin American countries. The reported cases of infection were due to the ingestion of contaminated fresh fruit, juices, or sugar cane juice. There have been few studies on the physiopathology of the disease in oral transmission cases. Gastritis is a common ailment that can be caused by poor dietary habits, intake of alcohol or other gastric irritants, bacterial infection, or by the widespread use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This study investigated in a mouse model whether gastric mucosal injury, induced by aspirin, would affect the course of disease in animals infected with T. cruzi by the oral route. The CL14 and G strains of T. cruzi, both of low infectivity, were used. To this end, groups of BALB/c mice were treated during 5 days with aspirin (100 mg kg(-1)) before oral infection with T. cruzi metacyclic forms (4 × 10(5) or 5 × 10(7) parasites/mouse). Histological analysis and determination of nitric oxide and TNF-α were performed in gastric samples obtained 5 days after infection. Parasitemia was monitored from the thirteenth day after infection. The results indicate that aspirin treatment of mice injured their gastric mucosa and facilitated invasion by both CL14 and G strains of T. cruzi. Strain CL14 caused more severe infection compared to the G strain, as larger numbers of amastigote nests were found in the stomach and parasitemia levels were higher. Our study is novel in that it shows that gastric mucosal damage caused by aspirin, a commonly used NSAID, facilitates T. cruzi infection by the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Aparecida Cossentini
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Experimental, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucy Megumi Yamauchi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eduardo José De Almeida Araújo
- Laboratório de Neurogastroenterologia, Departamento de Histologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Phileno Pinge-Filho
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Experimental, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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12
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Guerrero NA, Camacho M, Vila L, Íñiguez MA, Chillón-Marinas C, Cuervo H, Poveda C, Fresno M, Gironès N. Cyclooxygenase-2 and Prostaglandin E2 Signaling through Prostaglandin Receptor EP-2 Favor the Development of Myocarditis during Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004025. [PMID: 26305786 PMCID: PMC4549243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Prostanoids are regulators of homeostasis and inflammation and are produced mainly by myeloid cells, being cyclooxygenases, COX-1 and COX-2, the key enzymes in their biosynthesis from arachidonic acid (AA). Here, we have investigated the expression of enzymes involved in AA metabolism during T. cruzi infection. Our results show an increase in the expression of several of these enzymes in acute T. cruzi infected heart. Interestingly, COX-2 was expressed by CD68+ myeloid heart-infiltrating cells. In addition, infiltrating myeloid CD11b+Ly6G- cells purified from infected heart tissue express COX-2 and produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) ex vivo. T. cruzi infections in COX-2 or PGE2-dependent prostaglandin receptor EP-2 deficient mice indicate that both, COX-2 and EP-2 signaling contribute significantly to the heart leukocyte infiltration and to the release of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines in the heart of T. cruzi infected mice. In conclusion, COX-2 plays a detrimental role in acute Chagas disease myocarditis and points to COX-2 as a potential target for immune intervention. The role of prostanoids, products of the arachidonic acid pathway, during Trypanosoma cruzi infection has been studied by inhibiting key enzymes in prostanoid synthesis as cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), with opposed results. Here we analyzed the expression of cyclooxygenases, prostanoid synthases and receptors in the heart of mice susceptible and non-susceptible to T. cruzi infection and found that they were highly increased respect to non-infected mice. We previously identified the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells expressing arginase-1 (Arg-1). Further analysis showed that COX-2 was expressed in Arg-1- myeloid cells in heart tissue, suggesting the existence of different myeloid populations involved in the leukocyte infiltration (COX-2+Arg-1-) and tissue repair (COX-2-Arg-1+). Mice deficient in the expression of COX-2 and the prostaglandin PGE2 receptor EP-2 infected with T. cruzi showed a marked reduction in the cardiac inflammatory infiltration in comparison with infected wild type mice, indicating an adverse effect of COX-2 and PGE2 signaling through EP-2 receptor in the development of myocarditis during acute T. cruzi infection, suggesting the possibility of immune intervention using COX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mercedes Camacho
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Vila
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Íñiguez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Henar Cuervo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cristina Poveda
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Núria Gironès
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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13
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Moraes KCM, Diniz LF, Bahia MT. Role of cyclooxygenase-2 in Trypanosoma cruzi survival in the early stages of parasite host-cell interaction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:181-91. [PMID: 25946241 PMCID: PMC4489448 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the intracellular protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a serious health problem in Latin America. During this parasitic infection, the heart is one of the major organs affected. The pathogenesis of tissue remodelling, particularly regarding cardiomyocyte behaviour after parasite infection and the molecular mechanisms that occur immediately following parasite entry into host cells are not yet completely understood. When cells are infected with T. cruzi, they develop an inflammatory response, in which cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyses rate-limiting steps in the arachidonic acid pathway. However, how the parasite interaction modulates COX-2 activity is poorly understood. In this study, the H9c2 cell line was used as our model and we investigated cellular and biochemical aspects during the initial 48 h of parasitic infection. Oscillatory activity of COX-2 was observed, which correlated with the control of the pro-inflammatory environment in infected cells. Interestingly, subcellular trafficking was also verified, correlated with the control of Cox-2 mRNA or the activated COX-2 protein in cells, which is directly connected with the assemble of stress granules structures. Our collective findings suggest that in the very early stage of the T. cruzi-host cell interaction, the parasite is able to modulate the cellular metabolism in order to survives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen CM Moraes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto
de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, SP,
Brasil
| | - Lívia F Diniz
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro
Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Maria Terezinha Bahia
- Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro
Preto, MG, Brasil
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14
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Nitric oxide-releasing indomethacin enhances susceptibility to Trypanosoma cruzi infection acting in the cell invasion and oxidative stress associated with anemia. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 227:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Cardiopathogenic mediators generated by GATA4 signaling upon co-activation with endothelin-1 and Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Microb Pathog 2014; 73:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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16
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Aspirin modulates innate inflammatory response and inhibits the entry of Trypanosoma cruzi in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:580919. [PMID: 25045211 PMCID: PMC4089847 DOI: 10.1155/2014/580919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, a serious disorder that affects millions of people in Latin America. Cell invasion by T. cruzi and its intracellular replication are essential to the parasite's life cycle and for the development of Chagas disease. Here, we present evidence suggesting the involvement of the host's cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme during T. cruzi invasion. Pharmacological antagonist for COX-1, aspirin (ASA), caused marked inhibition of T. cruzi infection when peritoneal macrophages were pretreated with ASA for 30 min at 37°C before inoculation. This inhibition was associated with increased production of IL-1β and nitric oxide (NO(∙)) by macrophages. The treatment of macrophages with either NOS inhibitors or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) restored the invasive action of T. cruzi in macrophages previously treated with ASA. Lipoxin ALX-receptor antagonist Boc2 reversed the inhibitory effect of ASA on trypomastigote invasion. Our results indicate that PGE2, NO(∙), and lipoxins are involved in the regulation of anti-T. cruzi activity by macrophages, providing a better understanding of the role of prostaglandins in innate inflammatory response to T. cruzi infection as well as adding a new perspective to specific immune interventions.
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17
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Gomes JAS, Molica AM, Keesen TSL, Morato MJF, de Araujo FF, Fares RCG, Fiuza JA, Chaves AT, Pinheiro V, Nunes MDCP, Correa-Oliveira R, da Costa Rocha MO. Inflammatory mediators from monocytes down-regulate cellular proliferation and enhance cytokines production in patients with polar clinical forms of Chagas disease. Hum Immunol 2013; 75:20-8. [PMID: 24071371 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Trypanosoma cruzi parasites induces monocytes and macrophages to produce various endogenous mediators, including prostaglandins and cytokines. To clarify the involvement of monocytes as an important source of inflammatory mediators in Chagas disease patients, we evaluated PBMC before and after depletion of adherent cells (monocytes) from patients with indeterminate (IND) and cardiac (CARD) clinical forms and from non-infected individuals (NI). We demonstrated that after the partial depletion of adherent cells, production of PGE2 was slightly decreased in patients with Chagas disease. Inhibition of the cells by indomethacin increased the proliferation in PBMC cells from patients after antigen stimulation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines as IL-2 and IFN-γ also had a greater decrease after partial depletion of adherent cells in both clinical forms of Chagas disease. IL-10 and IL-5 levels were also reduced after partial depletion of adherent cells both in IND and CARD patients. In addition, we evaluated the APC potential of B cells and observed that the MHCII and CD80 molecules had an increased expression after partial depletion of most monocytes in all groups. Thus, inflammatory mediators produced by monocytes seem to be important to modulate immune responses in Chagas disease by regulating the processes of inflammation and antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Assis Silva Gomes
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; School of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectology in Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil; René Rachou Research Center, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil.
| | - Andreia Maria Molica
- School of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectology in Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil; René Rachou Research Center, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Tatjana Souza Lima Keesen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Thereza Chaves
- René Rachou Research Center, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Pinheiro
- School of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectology in Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil; René Rachou Research Center, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Pereira Nunes
- School of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectology in Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- René Rachou Research Center, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30190-002, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Tropical Diseases - INCT-DT, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manoel Otávio da Costa Rocha
- School of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectology in Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil
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18
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Molina-Berríos A, Campos-Estrada C, Henriquez N, Faúndez M, Torres G, Castillo C, Escanilla S, Kemmerling U, Morello A, López-Muñoz RA, Maya JD. Protective role of acetylsalicylic acid in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection: evidence of a 15-epi-lipoxin A₄-mediated effect. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2173. [PMID: 23638194 PMCID: PMC3630130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease, produced by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects more than 8 million people, producing approximately 10,000 deaths each year in Latin America. Migration of people from endemic regions to developed countries has expanded the risk of infection, transforming this disease into a globally emerging problem. PGE₂ and other eicosanoids contribute to cardiac functional deficits after infection with T. cruzi. Thus, the inhibition of host cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme emerges as a potential therapeutic target. In vivo studies about the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) upon T. cruzi infection are controversial, and always report the effect of ASA at a single dose. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the effect of ASA at different doses in an in vivo model of infection and correlate it with the production of arachidonic acid metabolites. ASA decreased mortality, parasitemia, and heart damage in T. cruzi (Dm28c) infected mice, at the low doses of 25 and 50 mg/Kg. However, this effect disappeared when the high ASA doses of 75 and 100 mg/Kg were used. We explored whether this observation was related to the metabolic shift toward the production of 5-lipoxygenase derivatives, and although we did not observe an increase in LTB4 production in infected RAW cells and mice infected, we did find an increase in 15-epi-LXA₄ (an ASA-triggered lipoxin). We also found high levels of 15-epi-LXA₄ in T. cruzi infected mice treated with the low doses of ASA, while the high ASA doses decreased 15-epi-LXA₄ levels. Importantly, 15-epi-LXA₄ prevented parasitemia, mortality, and cardiac changes in vivo and restored the protective role in the treatment with a high dose of ASA. This is the first report showing the production of ASA-triggered lipoxins in T. cruzi infected mice, which demonstrates the role of this lipid as an anti-inflammatory molecule in the acute phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Campos-Estrada
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Henriquez
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Faúndez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gloria Torres
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Escanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Morello
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A. López-Muñoz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (RALM); (JDM)
| | - Juan D. Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (RALM); (JDM)
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19
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Mukherjee S, Sadekar N, Ashton AW, Huang H, Spray DC, Lisanti MP, Machado FS, Weiss LM, Tanowitz HB. Identification of a functional prostanoid-like receptor in the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:1417-25. [PMID: 23403991 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans and experimental animals causes Chagas disease which is often accompanied by myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and vasculopathy. T. cruzi-derived thromboxane A2 (TXA2) modulates vasculopathy and other pathophysiological features of Chagasic cardiomyopathy. Here, we provide evidence that epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and amastigotes of T. cruzi (Brazil and Tulahuen strains) express a biologically active prostanoid receptor (PR) that is responsive to TXA2 mimetics, e.g. IBOP. This putative receptor, TcPR, is mainly localized in the flagellar membrane of the parasites and shows a similar glycosylation pattern to that of bona fide thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptors obtained from human platelets. Furthermore, TXA2-PR signal transduction activates T. cruzi-specific MAPK pathways. While mammalian TP is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR); T. cruzi genome sequencing has not demonstrated any confirmed GPCRs in these parasites. Based on this genome sequencing it is likely that TcPR is unique in these protists with no counterpart in mammals. TXA2 is a potent vasoconstrictor which contributes to the pathogenesis of Chagasic cardiovascular disease. It may, however, also control parasite differentiation and proliferation in the infected host allowing the infection to progress to a chronic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Trypanosoma cruzi infection and endothelin-1 cooperatively activate pathogenic inflammatory pathways in cardiomyocytes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2034. [PMID: 23409199 PMCID: PMC3566987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, induces multiple responses in the heart, a critical organ of infection and pathology in the host. Among diverse factors, eicosanoids and the vasoactive peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. In the present study, we found that T. cruzi infection in mice induces myocardial gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) and thromboxane synthase (Tbxas1) as well as endothelin-1 (Edn1) and atrial natriuretic peptide (Nppa). T. cruzi infection and ET-1 cooperatively activated the Ca2+/calcineurin (Cn)/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling pathway in atrial myocytes, leading to COX-2 protein expression and increased eicosanoid (prostaglandins E2 and F2α, thromboxane A2) release. Moreover, T. cruzi infection of ET-1-stimulated cardiomyocytes resulted in significantly enhanced production of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a prognostic marker for impairment in cardiac function of chagasic patients. Our findings support an important role for the Ca2+/Cn/NFAT cascade in T. cruzi-mediated myocardial production of inflammatory mediators and may help define novel therapeutic targets. Chronic cardiomyopathy is the most common and severe manifestation of human Chagas' disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Among diverse inflammation-promoting moieties, eicosanoids and the vasoactive peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) have been implicated in its pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the link between these two factors has not yet been identified. In the present study, we found that T. cruzi infection induces gene expression of ET-1 and eicosanoid-forming enzymes in the heart of infected mice. We also demonstrated that HL-1 atrial myocytes respond to ET-1 stimulus and T. cruzi infection by induction of cyclooxygenase-2 through activation of the Ca2+/calcineurin/NFAT intracellular signaling pathway. Moreover, the cooperation between T. cruzi and ET-1 leads to overproduction of eicosanoids (prostaglandins E2 and F2α, thromboxane A2) and the pro-hypertrophic atrial natriuretic peptide. Our results support an important role for NFAT in T. cruzi plus ET-1-dependent induction of key agents of pathogenesis in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Identification of the Ca2+/calcineurin/NFAT cascade as mediator of cardiovascular pathology in Chagas' disease advances our understanding of host-parasite interrelationship and may help define novel potential targets for therapeutic interventions to ameliorate or prevent cardiomyopathy during chronic T. cruzi infection.
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Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite. Chagas disease remains a serious health problem in large parts of Mexico and Central and South America, where it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. This disease is being increasingly recognized in non-endemic regions due to immigration. Heart disease develops in 10-30% of infected individuals. It is increasingly clear that parasite- and host-derived bioactive lipids potently modulate disease progression. Many of the changes that occur during acute and chronic Chagas disease can be accounted for by the effects of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived lipids such as leukotrienes, lipoxins, H(P)ETEs, prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane. During the course of infection with T. cruzi, changes in circulating levels of AA metabolites are observed. Antagonism of PG synthesis with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors has both beneficial and adverse effects. Treatment with COX inhibitors during acute infection may result in increased parasite load and mortality. However, treatment instituted during chronic infection may be beneficial with no increase in mortality and substantial improvement with cardiac function. Recently, T. cruzi infection of mice deficient in AA biosynthetic enzymes for various pathways has yielded more insightful data than pharmacological inhibition and has highlighted the potential deleterious effects of inhibitors due to "off-target" actions. Using COX-1 null mice, it was observed that parasite biosynthesis is dependent upon host metabolism, that the majority of TXA(2) liberated during T. cruzi infection is derived from the parasite and that this molecule may act as a quorum sensor to control parasite growth/differentiation. Thus, eicosanoids present during acute infection may act as immunomodulators aiding the transition to, and maintenance of, the chronic stage of the disease. It is also likely that the same mediators that initially function to ensure host survival may later contribute to cardiovascular damage. Collectively, the eicosanoids represent a new series of targets for therapy in Chagas disease with defined potential therapeutic windows in which to apply these agents for greatest effect. A deeper understanding of the mechanism of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may provide clues to the differences between host responses in acute and chronic T. cruzi infection.
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[Endothelial function and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in patients with Chagas disease living in a nonendemic area]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2011; 64:891-6. [PMID: 21802190 DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The number of patients with Chagas disease in Spain has increased significantly. Chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction have been considered among the physiopathological mechanisms of Chagas heart disease. However, there have been conflicting data from clinical studies. Our purpose was to assess endothelial function and systemic levels of nitric oxide and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with the indeterminate form and with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy living in a nonendemic area. METHODS Flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation were assessed with high-resolution ultrasound of the brachial artery in 98 subjects (32 with the indeterminate form, 22 with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy and 44 controls). Nitric oxide and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were measured in peripheral venous blood. RESULTS Mean age was 37.6 ± 10.2 years and 60% were female. Nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation was significantly reduced in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy compared to controls (median 16.8% vs 22.5%; P=.03). No significant differences were observed in flow-mediated vasodilatation and nitric oxide levels, although a trend towards lower flow-mediated vasodilatation after correction by baseline brachial artery diameter was observed in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Levels of C-reactive protein were significantly higher in patients with the indeterminate form and with Chagas cardiomyopathy compared with controls (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Reduced nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilatation suggesting dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells was found in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy living in a nonendemic area. Higher C-reactive protein levels were observed in the indeterminate form and early stages of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy, which could be related to the inflammatory response to the infection or early cardiovascular involvement.
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Mukherjee S, Machado FS, Huang H, Oz HS, Jelicks LA, Prado CM, Koba W, Fine EJ, Zhao D, Factor SM, Collado JE, Weiss LM, Tanowitz HB, Ashton AW. Aspirin treatment of mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and implications for the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16959. [PMID: 21347238 PMCID: PMC3039660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, is an important cause of cardiovascular disease. It is increasingly clear that parasite-derived prostaglandins potently modulate host response and disease progression. Here, we report that treatment of experimental T. cruzi infection (Brazil strain) beginning 5 days post infection (dpi) with aspirin (ASA) increased mortality (2-fold) and parasitemia (12-fold). However, there were no differences regarding histopathology or cardiac structure or function. Delayed treatment with ASA (20 mg/kg) beginning 60 dpi did not increase parasitemia or mortality but improved ejection fraction. ASA treatment diminished the profile of parasite- and host-derived circulating prostaglandins in infected mice. To distinguish the effects of ASA on the parasite and host bio-synthetic pathways we infected cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) null mice with the Brazil-strain of T. cruzi. Infected COX-1 null mice displayed a reduction in circulating levels of thromboxane (TX)A2 and prostaglandin (PG)F2α. Parasitemia was increased in COX-1 null mice compared with parasitemia and mortality in ASA-treated infected mice indicating the effects of ASA on mortality potentially had little to do with inhibition of prostaglandin metabolism. Expression of SOCS-2 was enhanced, and TRAF6 and TNFα reduced, in the spleens of infected ASA-treated mice. Ablation of the initial innate response to infection may cause the increased mortality in ASA-treated mice as the host likely succumbs more quickly without the initiation of the “cytokine storm” during acute infection. We conclude that ASA, through both COX inhibition and other “off-target” effects, modulates the progression of acute and chronic Chagas disease. Thus, eicosanoids present during acute infection may act as immunomodulators aiding the transition to and maintenance of the chronic phase of the disease. A deeper understanding of the mechanism of ASA action may provide clues to the differences between host response in the acute and chronic T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Mukherjee
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Fabiana S. Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Huang Huang
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Helieh S. Oz
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Linda A. Jelicks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and the M. Donald Blaufox Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Cibele M. Prado
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Wade Koba
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and the M. Donald Blaufox Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Eugene J. Fine
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and the M. Donald Blaufox Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Dazhi Zhao
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Factor
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Elias Collado
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Herbert B. Tanowitz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anthony W. Ashton
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Trypanosoma cruzi: In vitro effect of aspirin with nifurtimox and benznidazole. Exp Parasitol 2010; 124:167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Villalta F, Scharfstein J, Ashton AW, Tyler KM, Guan F, Mukherjee S, Lima MF, Alvarez S, Weiss LM, Huang H, Machado FS, Tanowitz HB. Perspectives on the Trypanosoma cruzi-host cell receptor interactions. Parasitol Res 2009; 104:1251-60. [PMID: 19283409 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The critical initial event is the interaction of the trypomastigote form of the parasite with host receptors. This review highlights recent observations concerning these interactions. Some of the key receptors considered are those for thromboxane, bradykinin, and for the nerve growth factor TrKA. Other important receptors such as galectin-3, thrombospondin, and laminin are also discussed. Investigation into the molecular biology and cell biology of host receptors for T. cruzi may provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Villalta
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Hideko Tatakihara VL, Cecchini R, Borges CL, Malvezi AD, Graça-de Souza VK, Yamada-Ogatta SF, Rizzo LV, Pinge-Filho P. Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on parasite burden, anemia and oxidative stress in murineTrypanosoma cruziinfection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 52:47-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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