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Gur Kabul E, Tatar Z, Cankaya O, Akın E, Kılbas G, Basakci Calik B, Saracoglu I, Yuksel S. The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Fear of Pain Questionnaire for Children-Short Form (FOPQC-SF) in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Physiother Theory Pract 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38362825 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2024.2316303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Fear of Pain Questionnaire for Children-Short Form (FOPQC-SF) in children/adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS To evaluate validity of FOPQC-SF, 70 children/adolescents with JIA were included. Data were collected using Pediatric Quality Of Life Inventory 3.0. Module Arthritis (PedsQL), Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) and Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score (JADAS).To determine the reliability of the FOPQC-SF, test-retest was performed at one-week intervals on participants who had not made any changes to their pharmacological treatment and had not received any additional treatment. RESULTS With factor restrictions, items of Turkish version of FOPQC-SF were found acceptable for a 2-factor structure (fear:4 items; avoidance:6 items)(RMSEA = 0.058, GFI = 0.890, X2 = 40.667 X2/df = 1.196). With no restrictions, items of Turkish version of FOPQC-SF were found to be excellent for a 3-factor structure (fear:3 items; avoidance:4 items; other:3 items) (RMSEA = 0.036, GFI = 0.909, X2 = 34.465, X2/df = 1.077).The Cronbach's alpha value of Turkish version of FOPQC-SF total was 0.865 (good). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) was 0.865 (very high). Fear and avoidance subscales and total score of Turkish version of FOPQC-SF had low to moderate correlation with CHAQ-disability index, CHAQ-pain, CHAQ-global evaluation, JADAS, PedsQL-child total, PedsQL-parent total (r:-0.283/-0.452)(p < 0.05). Other subscale of Turkish version of FOPQC-SF had low to moderate correlation with CHAQ-disability index, CHAQ-pain, PedsQL-parent total (r:0.286/0.318) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The Turkish version of FOPQC-SF was found to be clinically valid and reliable in children and adolescents with JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Gur Kabul
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Uşak University, Uşak, Turkey
| | - Zulal Tatar
- Faculty of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cankaya
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Esra Akın
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Kılbas
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Bilge Basakci Calik
- Faculty of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ismail Saracoglu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Yuksel
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
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Abstract
Pain-related fear and avoidance are increasingly demonstrated to play an important role in adult and childhood chronic pain. The Fear of Pain Questionnaire for Children (FOPQC) is a 24-item measure of pain-related fear-avoidance in youth that has demonstrated good indices of reliability and validity, treatment responsiveness, and associations with brain circuitry alterations. This study describes the development and psychometric examination of the FOPQC-SF, a short form of the original measure. We selected 10 items for the short form that best represented the content and 2-factor (fear and avoidance) structure of the original measure from a cohort of 613 youth (Mage = 14.7 years) with chronic pain. Next, confirmatory factor analyses from a second sample of 526 youth (Mage = 14.7 years) with chronic pain who completed the FOPQC-SF supported the original 2-factor model but indicated that one item should be moved to the avoidance subscale. The FOPQC-SF demonstrates strong internal consistency and moderate-to-strong construct and criterion validity. The 3-month test-retest reliability estimates (N = 94) were strong, and there was preliminary evidence of responsivity to change. To aid integration into intervention trials and clinical practice, we provide clinical reference points and a criterion to assess reliable change. The short form could be used for rapid identification of pain-related fear and avoidance in youth during clinic evaluations, and is optimized for clinical registries.
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Luo Y, Li S, He J, Cai D, Dai Y, Feng L, Sun C, Zhu X. Translation and Validation of Fear of Pain-9 Items into Simplified Chinese Version for Mainland China. J Pain Res 2021; 14:35-40. [PMID: 33469354 PMCID: PMC7811576 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s275227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to obtain a translation and validation of the Fear of Pain Questionnaire 9 Items (FOP-9) into simplified Chinese. Methods The questionnaire was translated following the forward-backward method. The final version was filled out by (n = 300) patients. Cronbach’s coefficient was calculated to test the internal consistency of simplified Chinese version of FOP-9 (sc-FOP-9), and 50 painless patients completed the sc-FOP-9 questionnaire within a 2-weeks interval to evaluate test–retest reliability. To verify the construct validity, exploratory factor analysis was used to explore the factor structure, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the goodness fit of models. Results Satisfactory psychometric qualities were obtained (Cronbach’s α of the total score was 0.873 and intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.975). Three first-order models were tested and all show a good model fit and the 3-factor structure may be better due to its higher factor loading. Conclusion The sc-FOP-9 is a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate the fear of pain among Chinese patients with or without pain. Fear of pain may have an important effect on perioperative pain and chronic pain, and this tool is a good complement to the measurement in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingting He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Cai
- Nursing Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Dai
- Nursing Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengqin Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Nursing Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Ozdemir S, Gencbas D, Tosun B, Bebis H, Sinan O. Musculoskeletal Pain, Related Factors, and Posture Profiles Among Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study From Turkey. Pain Manag Nurs 2021; 22:522-530. [PMID: 33414011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate musculoskeletal pain due to mechanical reasons and related risk factors in adolescents and to define posture profiles of adolescents. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. METHODS The study was conducted with 2221 adolescents between February 2015 and May 2015. The questionnaire used to collect data consisted of three parts: (1) descriptive characteristics of the participants, (2) pain assessment of 14 parts of the body, and (3) Back Pain and Body Posture Evaluation Instrument (BackPEI). RESULTS The prevalence of low back pain among the participants was 73.3% (n = 1,343), while the prevalence of back pain was 68.4% (n = 1,254). The participants attributed their pain to their poor sitting postures at school (38.1%, n = 847) and carrying school backpacks (84.1%, n = 1,713). There was a statistically significant difference in the physical activities of adolescents and the BackPEI score (z = 4.40; p = .001). Posture factors of the BackPEI score increased while school desk comfort score increased (Spearman's rho = 0.148; p = .001), but it decreased while the school grades of the adolescents increased (Spearman's rho [ρ] = -0.161; p = .001). CONCLUSIONS According to this study, body posture was related to musculoskeletal pain and was correlated with physical activities, school desk comfort, and school grades of the adolescents. It is suggested that correct posture and ergonomic positions should be taught to adolescents when using computers, carrying school backpacks, and sitting in school chairs to prevent musculoskeletal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serpil Ozdemir
- Department of Public Health Nursing, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Dercan Gencbas
- Department of Nursing, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Betul Tosun
- Department of Nursing, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Hatice Bebis
- Public Health Nursing Department, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ozlem Sinan
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
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Functional Disability in Adolescents with Chronic Pain: Comparing an Interdisciplinary Exposure Program to Usual Care. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7120288. [PMID: 33322504 PMCID: PMC7763849 DOI: 10.3390/children7120288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) in adolescents can negatively affect physical, psychological, and social functioning, resulting in functional disability. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an outpatient rehabilitation program based on graded exposure in vivo (EP) compared with care as usual (CAU: interdisciplinary outpatient rehabilitation care). Both EP and CAU aim to improve functional ability in adolescents with CMP. (2) Methods: Pragmatic multicenter RCT with 12-month follow-up. Adolescents (12-21 years) with CMP were invited to participate. Primary outcome: functional disability; secondary outcomes: perceived harmfulness; pain catastrophizing; pain intensity. Data analysis: intention-to-treat linear mixed model. (3) Results: Sixty adolescents (mean 16 years) were randomized; data for 53 were analyzed. Adolescents in EP showed relevant and significant decreases in functional disability (estimated mean difference at least -8.81, p ≤ 0.01) compared with CAU at all times. Significant differences in favor of EP were found for perceived harmfulness at all times (p ≤ 0.002), for pain catastrophizing at 2 months (p = 0.039) and for pain intensity at 4 and 10 months (p ≤ 0.028). (4) Conclusion: EP leads to a significant and clinically relevant decrease in functional disability compared with usual care.
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Van Lierde E, Goubert L, Vervoort T, Hughes G, Van den Bussche E. Learning to fear pain after observing another's pain: An experimental study in schoolchildren. Eur J Pain 2019; 24:791-806. [PMID: 31886912 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children of individuals with chronic pain have an increased vulnerability to experience pain problems, possibly through observation of pain in their parents. As pain-related fear (PRF) is a critical factor in the development and maintenance of chronic pain, the current experimental study examined the acquisition of PRF through observational learning and subsequent extinction after first-hand experience of the feared stimulus. METHODS Healthy children (8-16 years) observed either their mother or a stranger performing two cold pressor tasks (CPT) filled with coloured water. In a differential conditioning procedure, one colour (CS+) was combined with genuine painful facial expressions and the other colour (CS-) with neutral facial expressions. Following this observation phase, children performed both CPTs (10°C) themselves. RESULTS Children expected the CS+ to be more painful than the CS- and they reported being more afraid and hesitant to immerse in the CS+ compared to the CS-. Moreover, this fear was reflected in children's level of arousal in anticipation of CPT performance. This learned association extinguished after performing both CPTs. Effects were not moderated by whether the child observed their mother or a stranger, by the child's pain catastrophizing, trait PRF or trait anxiety. Remarkably, learning effects increased when the child perceived a larger difference between the model's painful and neutral facial expressions. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for observational learning of PRF and subsequent extinction in schoolchildren. This acquisition of PRF by observing parental pain may contribute to vulnerabilities in children of parents with chronic pain. SIGNIFICANCE Children may acquire pain-related fear by observing pain in others and this learned fear can diminish after first-hand experience. Remarkably, observational learning did not depend on the children's relationship with the model, but it did depend on the intensity of pain that is perceived. A better understanding of the impact of observing (parental) pain may help clarify the intergenerational transmission of risk for pain and inform the development of preventive programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Van Lierde
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Goubert
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tine Vervoort
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gethin Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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Langenfeld A, Bastiaenen C, Brunner F, Swanenburg J. Validation of the Orebro musculoskeletal pain screening questionnaire in patients with chronic neck pain. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:161. [PMID: 29499753 PMCID: PMC5833147 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To validate the German version of OMPSQ (OMPSQ-G) for patients with chronic neck pain. RESULTS After translating OMPSQ to German, we assessed the discriminant validity between patients and healthy adults. Convergent validity was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficients between domains of OMPSQ-G and the German version of neck disability index (NDI-G) and visual analogue scale (VAS) of neck pain intensity. Floor and ceiling effects, internal consistency, test-retest and relative reliability were assessed. Fifty patients with chronic neck pain (mean age, 43.6 years; 34 females) and 24 healthy adults (mean age, 50.4 years; 18 females) participated. Mann-Whitney U tests showed significant differences in OMPSQ scores between both groups at the baseline (z = - 4.6; p < 0.001) and second time point (z = - 4.8; p < 0.001). OMPSQ-G scores highly and moderately correlated with NDI-G (ρ = 0.70) and VAS (ρ = 0.41) scores, respectively. There were no floor or ceiling effects. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94. OMPSQ-G showed high reliability (intraclass correlation 2.1: 0.93; standard error of measurement, 6.9; smallest detectable change, 20 points). The Bland-Altman plot indicated no systematic error. OMPSQ-G showed good validity and reliability in patients with neck pain. Trial registration NCT02540343.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Langenfeld
- Interdisciplinary Spinal Research ISR, Department of Chiropractic Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland. .,CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Carolien Bastiaenen
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Brunner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jaap Swanenburg
- Interdisciplinary Spinal Research ISR, Department of Chiropractic Medicine, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.,Physiotherapy Occupational Therapy Research Centre, Directorate of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wiertz C, Goossens M, Spek E, Verbunt J. A cognitive-behavioral program for parents of children with chronic musculoskeletal pain; A feasibility study. Eur J Pain 2017; 21:1571-1581. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Wiertz
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Research School CAPHRI; Maastricht University; The Netherlands
| | - M. Goossens
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Research School CAPHRI; Maastricht University; The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science; Maastricht University; The Netherlands
| | - E.M. Spek
- Adelante; Hoensbroek The Netherlands
| | - J.A. Verbunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Research School CAPHRI; Maastricht University; The Netherlands
- Adelante; Hoensbroek The Netherlands
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