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Rathinam C, Mohan V, Yates D, Bill P, Peirson J, Gupta R. Effect of non-invasive brain stimulation in children with acquired brain injury-a scoping review. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1388718. [PMID: 39268070 PMCID: PMC11390413 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1388718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Children and young people (CYP) with acquired brain injury (ABI) require early and effective neurorehabilitation to improve long-term functional outcomes. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have been used to improve motor and sensory skills for children with cerebral palsy. However, there is limited evidence supporting its use in CYP with ABI. Objective To systematically review the TMS and tDCS intervention effects on motor, sensory and other functional issues in CYP with ABI as reported in the literature. Methods A comprehensive online bibliographic databases search was performed in various databases using keywords related to NIBS and CYP with ABI. Studies that examine the effect of NIBS intervention on motor function and other functional difficulties either as a primary or secondary objective were included in this review. Results Fourteen studies (10 single case reports, one retrospective analysis, one case series, one randomised and one quasi-randomised controlled trial) published between 2006 and 2023 were identified. These studies examined the use of NIBS to manage motor disorders, hearing, vision, headaches, speech and language and memory issues. Seventy-six children with mild to severe ABI had received NIBS. The session frequency (3-20), duration (10-45 min) was variable, and NIBS delivered between 3 and 28 days. Conclusion The literature describing NIBS interventions in CYP with ABI is scarce. An insufficient number of studies, inadequate information reported in them, and small sample sizes limit the ability to conclude how effective NIBS is in improving motor function and other functional issues in this cohort. Further studies are therefore necessary to examine the therapeutic effects of NIBS to manage various functional problems in the CYP with ABI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekar Rathinam
- Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vikram Mohan
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Derick Yates
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bill
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rajat Gupta
- Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Pharmacy, Aston University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
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Rathinam C, Mohan V, Bill P, Yates D, Gupta R, Peirson J. Impact of transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor function in children with acquired brain injury: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Paediatr Open 2023; 7:e001885. [PMID: 37130655 PMCID: PMC10163447 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2023-001885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with severe acquired brain injury (ABI) require early and effective neurorehabilitation provision to promote a good long-term functional outcome. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to improve motor skills for children with cerebral palsy but there is limited material supporting its use in children with ABI who have a motor disorder. OBJECTIVE To systematically answer what the TMS intervention effects are on motor function in children with ABI as reported in the literature. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This scoping review will follow Arksey and O'MaIIey's scoping review methodological framework. A comprehensive computerised bibliographic databases search will be performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Allied and Complementary Medicine, BNI, Ovid Emcare, PsyclNFO, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Cochrane Central Register using keywords related to TMS and children with ABI.Studies that examine the effect of TMS intervention on motor function as either a primary or secondary objective will be included for this review. Study design and publication detail, participant demographic details, type and severity of ABI and other clinical information, TMS procedure, associated therapy intervention, comparator/control parameters and the outcome measure used data will be gathered.The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth framework will be used to report the TMS effect in children with ABI. A narrative synthesis of the findings describing the therapeutic effects of TMS intervention, limitations and adverse effects will be synthesised and reported. This review will help to summarise the existing knowledge base and to guide further research areas. This review outcome may help to evolve therapists' role to next-generation technology-based neurorehabilitation programmes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION No ethical approval is required for this review as we will be collecting data from previously published studies. We will present the findings at scientific conferences and publish in a peer-review journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekar Rathinam
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vikram Mohan
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Science, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Peter Bill
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Derick Yates
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rajat Gupta
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Liu Y, Wang C, Pi Z, Wang T, Zhang C, Cai J. Research on the Potential Biomarkers of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: a Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03350-7. [PMID: 37103686 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Reliable diagnostic methods for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are lacking, and many researchers continue to search for objective biomarkers that can both define and detect mTBI. Although much research has been conducted in this field, there have not been many bibliometric studies. In this study, we aim to analyze the development over the last two decades in scientific output relating to the diagnosis of mTBI. To do this, we extracted documents from Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase and performed descriptive analysis (number of publications, primary journals, authors, and countries/regions), trend topics analysis, and citation analysis for papers across the globe, with a particular focus on molecular markers. One thousand twenty-three publications spanning 390 journals were identified on Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase for the period from 2000 to 2022. The number of publications increased every year (from 2 in 2000 to 137 in 2022). Of all the publications we analyzed, 58.7% had authors from the USA. Our analysis shows that molecular markers are the most studied markers in the field of mTBI diagnostics, accounting for 28.4% of all publications, and that the number of studies focused on this specific aspect has increased sharply in the past 5 years, indicating that molecular markers may become a research trend in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Liu
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chudong Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyun Pi
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Jifeng Cai
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Kamba G, Plourde V. Psychoeducational Interventions and Postconcussive Recovery in Children and Adolescents: A Rapid Systematic Review. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 37:568-582. [PMID: 35262665 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this rapid systematic review was to identify and synthesize results of empirical studies that have examined psychoeducational interventions provided to children and adolescents aged 5-19 recovering from a concussion and their families. METHODS This study followed the PRISMA guidelines adjusted for a rapid systematic review. We searched three databases (EMBASE, PsycInfo and MEDLINE) with key terms for concussion (or mild traumatic brain injury - mTBI), the intervention (psychoeducation, instructions, and reassurance) and the target population (children and adolescents aged 5 to 19). Our search strategy generated 2225 unique records and seven were included. We performed a quality appraisal on the included studies using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). RESULTS Results indicated that psychoeducational interventions had satisfactory feasibility results. Caregivers generally found the intervention to be useful to determine return to play (n=2) and understand consequences following a concussion (n=1). However, results from studies on post-concussive symptom improvement (n=4) and post-intervention concussion knowledge (n=2) showed variability and mixed findings. Methodological quality was low for most studies. CONCLUSIONS This present review shows that there are very few published studies on psychoeducational interventions offered to children, adolescents, and families for the post-concussion management. Current evidence suggests that those interventions are useful in guiding caregivers during their child's recovery. However, the impact of psychoeducational interventions on post-concussive recovery seems to be less clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Kamba
- School of Psychology, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada
| | - Vickie Plourde
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada; Faculté Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Bonifácio de Assis E, Dias de Carvalho C, Martins C, Andrade S. Beta-Endorphin as a Biomarker in the Treatment of Chronic Pain with Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: A Systematic Scoping Review. J Pain Res 2021; 14:2191-2200. [PMID: 34321918 PMCID: PMC8302812 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s301447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A scoping review to synthesize evidence and assess articles describing the use of beta-endorphins as a pain biomarker in chronic pain patients treated with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques was systematically performed with respect to the study quality, the technique employed and the results. Independent reviewers determined if the article met the study criteria at each stage for it to be included. Content analysis was applied and summarized. The results are described in a narrative form grouped by pain condition, type of intervention, stimulation protocol, outcome measures and main results. A total of 67 of 73 references were excluded, and 6 identified studies met the inclusion criteria. The study design, sample size, stimulation type, session protocol and the main findings of each study were extracted. The studies in this scoping review ranged from unsatisfactory to good based on the adopted criteria, with no study achieving an excellent rating. There is limited evidence on the dosage of beta-endorphin in chronic pain conditions during treatment with NIBS. Based on this literature, evidence suggests that BE may not only be useful for acute and persistent pain, but also for a variety of chronic pain states in which opioids are not effective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clarice Martins
- Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Suellen Andrade
- Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Anderson V, Rausa VC, Anderson N, Parkin G, Clarke C, Davies K, McKinlay A, Crichton A, Davis GA, Dalziel K, Dunne K, Barnett P, Hearps SJ, Takagi M, Babl FE. Protocol for a randomised clinical trial of multimodal postconcussion symptom treatment and recovery: the Concussion Essentials study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e041458. [PMID: 33574145 PMCID: PMC7880104 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While most children recover from a concussion shortly after injury, approximately 30% experience persistent postconcussive symptoms (pPCS) beyond 1-month postinjury. Existing research into the treatment of pPCS have evaluated unimodal approaches, despite evidence suggesting that pPCS likely represent an interaction across various symptom clusters. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a multimodal, symptom-tailored intervention to accelerate symptom recovery and increase the proportion of children with resolved symptoms at 3 months postconcussion. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this open-label, assessor-blinded, randomised clinical trial, children with concussion aged 8-18 years will be recruited from The Royal Children's Hospital (The RCH) emergency department, or referred by a clinician, within 17 days of initial injury. Based on parent ratings of their child's PCS at ~10 days postinjury, symptomatic children (≥2 symptoms at least 1-point above those endorsed preinjury) will undergo a baseline assessment at 3 weeks postinjury and randomised into either Concussion Essentials (CE, n=108), a multimodal, interdisciplinary delivered, symptom-tailored treatment involving physiotherapy, psychology and education, or usual care (UC, n=108) study arms. CE participants will receive 1 hour of intervention each week, for up to 8 weeks or until pPCS resolve. A postprogramme assessment will be conducted at 3 months postinjury for all participants. Effectiveness of the CE intervention will be determined by the proportion of participants for whom pPCS have resolved at the postprogramme assessment (primary outcome) relative to the UC group. Secondary outcome analyses will examine whether children receiving CE are more likely to demonstrate resolution of pPCS, earlier return to normal activity, higher quality of life and a lower rate of utilisation of health services, compared with the UC group. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics were approved by The RCH Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC: 37100). Parent, and for mature minors, participant consent, will be obtained prior to commencement of the trial. Study results will be disseminated at international conferences and international peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12617000418370; pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Anderson
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Psychology Service, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa C Rausa
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas Anderson
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgia Parkin
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cathriona Clarke
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie Davies
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Audrey McKinlay
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ali Crichton
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin A Davis
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Austin and Cabrini Hospitals, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Dalziel
- Centre for Health Policy, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin Dunne
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Barnett
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Emergency Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Jc Hearps
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Takagi
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franz E Babl
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Emergency Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Raikes AC, Dailey NS, Forbeck B, Alkozei A, Killgore WDS. Daily Morning Blue Light Therapy for Post-mTBI Sleep Disruption: Effects on Brain Structure and Function. Front Neurol 2021; 12:625431. [PMID: 33633674 PMCID: PMC7901882 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.625431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are associated with novel or worsened sleep disruption. Several studies indicate that daily morning blue light therapy (BLT) is effective for reducing post-mTBI daytime sleepiness and fatigue. Studies demonstrating changes in brain structure and function following BLT are limited. The present study's purpose is to identify the effect of daily morning BLT on brain structure and functional connectivity and the association between these changes and self-reported change in post-mTBI daytime sleepiness. Methods: A total of 62 individuals recovering from a mTBI were recruited from two US cities to participate in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Eligible individuals were randomly assigned to undergo 6 weeks of 30 min daily morning blue or placebo amber light therapy (ALT). Prior to and following treatment all individuals completed a comprehensive battery that included the Epworth Sleepiness Scale as a measure of self-reported daytime sleepiness. All individuals underwent a multimodal neuroimaging battery that included anatomical and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Atlas-based regional change in gray matter volume (GMV) and region-to-region functional connectivity from baseline to post-treatment were the primary endpoints for this study. Results: After adjusting for pre-treatment GMV, individuals receiving BLT had greater GMV than those receiving amber light in 15 regions of interest, including the right thalamus and bilateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices. Improved daytime sleepiness was associated with greater GMV in 74 ROIs, covering many of the same general regions. Likewise, BLT was associated with increased functional connectivity between the thalamus and both prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices. Improved daytime sleepiness was associated with increased functional connectivity between attention and cognitive control networks as well as decreased connectivity between visual, motor, and attention networks (all FDR corrected p < 0.05). Conclusions: Following daily morning BLT, moderate to large increases in both gray matter volume and functional connectivity were observed in areas and networks previously associated with both sleep regulation and daytime cognitive function, alertness, and attention. Additionally, these findings were associated with improvements in self-reported daytime sleepiness. Further work is needed to identify the personal characteristics that may selectively identify individuals recovering from a mTBI for whom BLT may be optimally beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Raikes
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Natalie S Dailey
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience Lab, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Brittany Forbeck
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience Lab, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Anna Alkozei
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience Lab, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - William D S Killgore
- Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience Lab, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Dobney DM, Gagnon I. Concussion Management Practices for Youth Who Are Slow to Recover: A Survey of Canadian Rehabilitation Clinicians. Physiother Can 2021; 73:90-99. [PMID: 35110827 PMCID: PMC8774951 DOI: 10.3138/ptc-2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to estimate the scope of concussion management practices for youth used by Canadian rehabilitation clinicians. A secondary objective was to determine the use of aerobic exercise as a management strategy. Method: Members of the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists, Canadian Athletic Therapists Association, and Canadian Physiotherapy Association were invited to participate in an online cross-sectional survey. Two clinical vignettes were provided with a brief history. The respondents were asked about the type of treatments they would provide (e.g., manual therapy, education, aerobic exercise, return-to-learn or return-to-play protocol, goal setting). Results: The survey was completed by 555 clinicians. The top five treatment options were education, sleep recommendations, goal setting, energy management, and manual therapy. Just more than one-third of the clinicians prescribed aerobic exercise. Having a high caseload of patients with concussion (75%-100%) was a significant predictor of prescribing aerobic exercise. Conclusions: A wide variety of treatment options were selected, although the most common were education, sleep recommendations, energy management, and goal setting. Few clinicians used aerobic exercise as part of their concussion management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Gagnon
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University
- Trauma Centre, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Que
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Raikes AC, Killgore WDS. Potential for the development of light therapies in mild traumatic brain injury. Concussion 2018; 3:CNC57. [PMID: 30370058 PMCID: PMC6199671 DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Light affects almost all aspects of human physiological functioning, including circadian rhythms, sleep-wake regulation, alertness, cognition and mood. We review the existing relevant literature on the effects of various wavelengths of light on these major domains, particularly as they pertain to recovery from mild traumatic brain injuries. Evidence suggests that light, particularly in the blue wavelengths, has powerful alerting, cognitive and circadian phase shifting properties that could be useful for treatment. Other wavelengths, such as red and green may also have important effects that, if targeted appropriately, might also be useful for facilitating recovery. Despite the known effects of light, more research is needed. We recommend a personalized medicine approach to the use of light therapy as an adjunctive treatment for patients recovering from mild traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Raikes
- Social, Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- ORCID: 0000-0002-1609-6727
| | - William DS Killgore
- Social, Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- ORCID: 0000-0002-5328-0208
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