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Vancampfort D, McGrath RL, Hemmings L, Gillis V, Bernar K, Van Damme T. Physical activity correlates in people with fibromyalgia: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2023; 45:4165-4174. [PMID: 36398698 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2022.2146911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding the enablers of and barriers to physical activity (PA) participation in people with fibromyalgia (PwF) is an essential first step to developing effective PA interventions. This systematic review examined correlates of PA across the socio-ecological model (i.e., intra-personal, inter-personal, environmental, and policy level) in PwF. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL were searched from inception until 12 July 2022. Keywords included "physical activity" or "exercise" and "fibromyalgia" or "fibrositis." Summary coding was used to quantify the PA correlates. RESULTS Out of 74 PA correlates retrieved from 39 articles (n = 9426), co-morbid depression and higher pain intensity were found to be consistent (i.e., reported in four or more articles) barriers to PA in PwF, while higher self-efficacy and better endurance were found to be consistent enablers to PA. Despite the abundance of evidence for the PA benefits for PwF, we only found consistent evidence for PA correlates at the intrapersonal level. CONCLUSIONS Health professionals should consider mental and physical health barriers when promoting PA in PwF. There remains a need to better understand social, environmental, and policy-related factors associated with PA participation in PwFImplications for rehabilitationCo-morbid depression is a notable barrier to physical activity participation in people with fibromyalgia.Experienced pain intensity should be considered as a barrier when promoting physical activity for people with fibromyalgia.Rehabilitation professionals should facilitate self-efficacy in physical activity interventions for people with fibromyalgia.Rehabilitation professionals should promote endurance when motivating people with fibromyalgia towards an active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Vancampfort
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Kortenberg-Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ryan L McGrath
- School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, Australia
| | - Laura Hemmings
- University of Birmingham, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Koen Bernar
- University Hospital Pellenberg, Pellenberg, Belgium
| | - Tine Van Damme
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Kortenberg-Leuven, Belgium
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Vancampfort D, Brunner E, McGrath RL, Hemmings L, Van Damme T. Correlates of sedentary behavior in people with fibromyalgia: A systematic review. Int J Rheum Dis 2023; 26:841-849. [PMID: 36972974 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the correlates of sedentary behavior (SB) is important in the development of interventions which reduce and interrupt SB in people with fibromyalgia (PwF). This systematic review aimed to investigate the correlates of SB in PwF using the socio-ecological model. METHODS Three databases (Embase, CINAHL and PubMed) were search from inception until July 21, 2022 using "sedentary" or different types of SB and "fibromyalgia" or "fibrositis" as keywords. The data collected was then analyzed using summary coding. RESULTS Out of 23 SB correlates retrieved from 7 reports (n = 1698), no correlates were consistently reported (ie, reported in 4 or more studies). Higher pain intensity was the most commonly reported barrier for reducing/interrupting SB (reported in 3 reports). Other reported barriers to reducing/interrupting SB were experiencing physical and mental fatigue, a more severe disease impact, and a lack of motivation to be physically active (all reported in 1 study). A better experienced social and physical functioning and more vitality were facilitators for reducing/interrupting SB (all reported in 1 study). To date, in PwF no correlates of SB at the interpersonal, environmental and policy levels have been explored. CONCLUSION Research on correlates of SB in PwF is still in its infancy. The current preliminary evidence suggests that clinicians should consider physical and mental barriers when aiming to reduce or interrupt SB in PwF. Further research on modifiable correlates at all levels of the socio-ecological model is required to inform future trials aiming to modify SB in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Vancampfort
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Emanuel Brunner
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department Gesundheit, Ostschweizer Fachhochschule, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institut für Therapie und Rehabilitation, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Ryan L McGrath
- School of Allied Health, Exercise and Sports Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura Hemmings
- University of Birmingham, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tine Van Damme
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
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Nazish S. Obesity and metabolic syndrome in patients with epilepsy, their relation with epilepsy control. Ann Afr Med 2023; 22:136-144. [PMID: 37026193 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_139_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are commonly observed in patients with epilepsy (PWE). Obesity and MetS are not only affecting the physical fitness and quality of life of these patients, rather antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) compliance and seizure control have also been affected. The objective of this review is to search the published literature regarding the prevalence of obesity and MetS in PWE and their relation to the response to AEDs. A comprehensive search using PubMed, Cochrane Databases, and Google Scholar was performed. A supplementary citation search was also conducted by analyzing the reference lists of identified sources. The initial search revealed 364 articles of potential relevance. The studies were analyzed in detail to obtain clinical information relevant to the objectives of the review. Many observational, case control studies, randomized control trials and few review articles were included for critical appraisal and review writing. Epilepsy is associated with MetS and obesity in all age groups. AEDs and lack of exercise are the chief causes while metabolic disturbances such as adiponectin, mitochondrial dysfunction, valproic acid (VPA)-associated insulin resistance, leptin deficiency, and endocrine dysfunction are also addressable factors. Although the risk of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is also higher among obese PWE, the interaction between, MetS, and its components with DRE remain to be fully investigated. Further research is required to elucidate their interplay. Appropriate and careful selection of AEDs without compromising therapeutic efficacy supplemented by lifestyle counseling for exercise and diet should be practiced to avoid weight gain and potential DRE.
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Arkesteyn A, Van Damme T, Thoen A, Cornelissen V, Healy S, Vancampfort D. Physical activity correlates in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2022; 44:6539-6550. [PMID: 34455885 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1970251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review examined correlates of physical activity (PA) at all levels of the socio-ecological model (i.e., intrapersonal, interpersonal, environmental and policy level) in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Major electronic databases were searched from inception until March 23rd, 2021. A summary coding was used to analyze the data for children (3-12 years) and adolescents (13-18 years) with ASD separately. RESULTS Out of the 79 potential PA correlates, retrieved from 32 studies (991 657 children; 3857 adolescents), only five correlates were consistently examined as a PA correlate (i.e., examined in four or more studies) in children and adolescents with ASD. Only age was inversely associated with PA in children and adolescents with ASD. Data on gender, body mass index, autism severity level and day of the week being physically active in children with ASD were mixed. CONCLUSIONS We only found consistent evidence for age being inversely related to PA. Our review indicates that more research is needed to explore intrapersonal, interpersonal, environmental and policy-related correlates of PA in children and adolescents with ASD.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONRehabilitation programs should take into account that in particular older children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder are at risk for physical inactivity.Boys and girls with autism spectrum disorder need the same care when motivating them to be more physically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Arkesteyn
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine Van Damme
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Anoushka Thoen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Sean Healy
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Davy Vancampfort
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
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Zhang CQ, Li HY, Wan Y, Bai XY, Gan L, Sun HB. Effect of different physical activity training methods on epilepsy: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29085. [PMID: 35356937 PMCID: PMC10684114 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past few decades, people with epilepsy were advised not to engage in sports based on the fear that sporting activity may cause injuries, potentially induce seizures, and have a negative effect on disease course. However, in recent years, numerous studies have indicated a positive role of physical exercise in reducing the frequency of seizures and improving health condition of patients with epilepsy. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different physical exercise programs on the symptomatology and health condition of individuals with epilepsy and provide guidance for selecting the optimal modality of physical exercise for patients with epilepsy via a meta-analysis of available literature. METHODS A literature search was carried out in MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, Embase, China National Knowledge (CNKI), and Wan fang databases to gather relevant data about different physical exercise modalities and epilepsy. We will use Endnote X9 software for studies selection and Stata16.0 software for the data analysis. RESULTS This present study aimed to provide the most up to date evidence and recommendations for clinicians and epilepsy patients to choose an optimal type of exercise. CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise and resistance exercises both had a positive effect on epilepsy patients. Persons with epilepsy should be encouraged to participate in sports activities.INPLASY registration number: INPLASY202220070.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Bin Sun
- Correspondence: Hong Bin Sun, Department of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China (e-mail: ).
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Cabral MD, Patel DR, Greydanus DE, Deleon J, Hudson E, Darweesh S. Medical perspectives on pediatric sports medicine–Selective topics. Dis Mon 2022; 68:101327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yu S, Wang T, Zhong T, Qian Y, Qi J. Barriers and Facilitators of Physical Activity Participation among Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities: A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020233. [PMID: 35206848 PMCID: PMC8872190 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID) have low levels of physical activity (PA). Understanding factors influencing the PA participation of this population is essential to the design of effective interventions. The purposes of this study were to identify and map the barriers and facilitators of PA participation among children and adolescents with ID. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with established methodology. Articles were evaluated for relevance using predetermined inclusion criteria in eight databases. Extracted barriers and facilitators were classified using the social ecological model as individual, interpersonal, or environmental factors. Results: Thirty-two studies published between 1992 and 2020 were included (24 quantitative, 6 qualitative, and 2 mixed-method). Thirty-four factors were identified. The most commonly reported barriers included disability-specific factors, low self-efficacy, lack of parental support, inadequate or inaccessible facilities, and lack of appropriate programs. The most commonly reported facilitators included high self-efficacy, enjoyment of PA, sufficient parental support, social interaction with peers, attending school physical education (PE) classes, and adapted PA programs. Conclusions: Continued exploration of factors influencing PA participation is required among children and adolescents with ID. Future interventions should involve families, schools, and wider support network in promoting their PA participation together.
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Stirling RE, Grayden DB, D'Souza W, Cook MJ, Nurse E, Freestone DR, Payne DE, Brinkmann BH, Pal Attia T, Viana PF, Richardson MP, Karoly PJ. Forecasting Seizure Likelihood With Wearable Technology. Front Neurol 2021; 12:704060. [PMID: 34335457 PMCID: PMC8320020 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.704060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The unpredictability of epileptic seizures exposes people with epilepsy to potential physical harm, restricts day-to-day activities, and impacts mental well-being. Accurate seizure forecasters would reduce the uncertainty associated with seizures but need to be feasible and accessible in the long-term. Wearable devices are perfect candidates to develop non-invasive, accessible forecasts but are yet to be investigated in long-term studies. We hypothesized that machine learning models could utilize heart rate as a biomarker for well-established cycles of seizures and epileptic activity, in addition to other wearable signals, to forecast high and low risk seizure periods. This feasibility study tracked participants' (n = 11) heart rates, sleep, and step counts using wearable smartwatches and seizure occurrence using smartphone seizure diaries for at least 6 months (mean = 14.6 months, SD = 3.8 months). Eligible participants had a diagnosis of refractory epilepsy and reported at least 20 seizures (mean = 135, SD = 123) during the recording period. An ensembled machine learning and neural network model estimated seizure risk either daily or hourly, with retraining occurring on a weekly basis as additional data was collected. Performance was evaluated retrospectively against a rate-matched random forecast using the area under the receiver operating curve. A pseudo-prospective evaluation was also conducted on a held-out dataset. Of the 11 participants, seizures were predicted above chance in all (100%) participants using an hourly forecast and in ten (91%) participants using a daily forecast. The average time spent in high risk (prediction time) before a seizure occurred was 37 min in the hourly forecast and 3 days in the daily forecast. Cyclic features added the most predictive value to the forecasts, particularly circadian and multiday heart rate cycles. Wearable devices can be used to produce patient-specific seizure forecasts, particularly when biomarkers of seizure and epileptic activity cycles are utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Stirling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David B. Grayden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Graeme Clark Institute for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendyl D'Souza
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark J. Cook
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Graeme Clark Institute for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ewan Nurse
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Seer Medical, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Daniel E. Payne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin H. Brinkmann
- Bioelectronics Neurophysiology and Engineering Lab, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Tal Pal Attia
- Bioelectronics Neurophysiology and Engineering Lab, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Pedro F. Viana
- School of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mark P. Richardson
- School of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa J. Karoly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Graeme Clark Institute for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Vancampfort D, Van Damme T, Firth J, Stubbs B, Schuch F, Suetani S, Arkesteyn A, Van Biesen D. Physical activity correlates in children and adolescents, adults, and older adults with an intellectual disability: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:4189-4200. [PMID: 33861676 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1909665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding enablers of and barriers for physical activity (PA) participation in people with intellectual disability (ID) is an essential first step to develop effective interventions. This systematic review examined correlates of PA across the socio-ecological model (i.e., intra-personal, inter-personal, environmental and policy level) in people with ID across the lifespan. MATERIAL AND METHODS Major electronic databases were searched from inception until 15 February 2021. Keywords included "physical activity" or "exercise" and "intellectual disability" or "mental retardation." A summary coding was used to analyze the data for adolescents (<18 years), adults (18 < 50 years), and older adults (50≤ years). RESULTS Out of 83 PA correlates, retrieved from 39 studies (n = 26,456), only three consistent (i.e., reported in four or more studies) correlates were identified. In adults, older age (7/11, 64%), more severe ID (9/9, 100%) and the presence of physical mobility problems (3/4, 75%) were associated with decreased PA. From 38 correlates identified, no consistent correlates were identified for children and adolescents and older people. CONCLUSIONS Despite the abundance of evidence of the PA benefits for people with ID, we only found consistent evidence for three correlates reliably being related to PA in adults with ID. More research, particularly among young and older people is urgently needed.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONMore severe intellectual disability is an important barrier for being active in adults with intellectual disability.Presence of physical health problems is an important barrier for being active in adults with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Vancampfort
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Tine Van Damme
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Felipe Schuch
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Shuichi Suetani
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Anke Arkesteyn
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Johnson EC, Helen Cross J, Reilly C. Physical activity in people with epilepsy: A systematic review. Epilepsia 2020; 61:1062-1081. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Johnson
- Research Department Young Epilepsy Surrey UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service Trust London UK
| | - J. Helen Cross
- Research Department Young Epilepsy Surrey UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service Trust London UK
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK
| | - Colin Reilly
- Research Department Young Epilepsy Surrey UK
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK
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Shlobin NA, Sander JW. Drivers for the comorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus and epilepsy: A scoping review. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 106:107043. [PMID: 32217418 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy, a common neurologic condition, is associated with a greater prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We examined potential drivers for the comorbidity of epilepsy and T2DM in an attempt to elucidate possible biological mechanisms underlying the development of processes in individuals. We searched PubMed and Medline up to December 2019. Our search yielded 3361 articles, of which 82 were included in the scoping review. We reviewed articles focusing on the association of epilepsy and T2DM, drivers, and biological mechanisms. We found that epilepsy is associated with obesity and obesity is associated with T2DM. Treatment with valproate (either sodium or acid) is associated with weight increase and hyperinsulinemia, while topiramate causes weight loss. People with epilepsy are less likely to exercise, which is protective against obesity. Mitochondrial dysfunction and adiponectin deficiency are common to epilepsy and T2DM. One possible mechanism for the comorbidity is mitochondrial dysfunction and adiponectin deficiency, which promotes epilepsy, obesity, and T2DM. Another possible mechanism is that people with epilepsy are more likely to be obese because of the lack of exercise and the effects of some antiseizure medications (ASMs), which makes them susceptible to T2DM because of the development of mitochondrial dysfunction and adiponectin deficiency. A third mechanism is that people with epilepsy have greater mitochondrial dysfunction and lower adiponectin levels than people without epilepsy at baseline, which may exacerbate after treatment with ASMs. Future research involving a combined genetic and molecular pathway approach will likely yield valuable insight regarding the comorbidity of epilepsy and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Shlobin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Josemir W Sander
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG & Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter SL9 0RJ, UK; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, Heemstede 2103SW, the Netherlands.
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