1
|
Redquest B, Clark CA, Sanguino H, Lunsky Y, Hutton S, Weiss J, Davies T, McMorris CA. The feasibility of an adapted virtual mindfulness intervention for Special Olympics athletes and their caregivers. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2024; 37:e13229. [PMID: 38644053 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual mindfulness may be helpful for individuals with intellectual disabilities in the context of COVID-related disruptions of in-person programming, such as Special Olympics (SO). This study examined the feasibility of a virtual mindfulness intervention for SO athletes and their caregivers. METHOD SO athletes (n = 44) and their caregivers (n = 29) participated in a 6-week adapted virtual mindfulness intervention. Athletes completed mindfulness and well-being questionnaires prior to, immediately following, and 3-months post-intervention. Caregivers completed questionnaires assessing their own stress, mindfulness, and well-being, as well as athlete mental health. Exit interviews were conducted immediately following the intervention. RESULTS The intervention was feasible in terms of demand, implementation, acceptability, and limited testing efficacy. There were significant improvements in athlete well-being and mental health, and caregiver stress and mindfulness post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS Adapted virtual mindfulness groups may be an effective intervention in improving the well-being of adults with intellectual disabilities and their caregivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Redquest
- School and Applied Child Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chris A Clark
- School and Applied Child Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hangsel Sanguino
- School and Applied Child Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yona Lunsky
- Azrieli Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sue Hutton
- Azrieli Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Weiss
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tom Davies
- Special Olympics Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carly A McMorris
- School and Applied Child Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kavanagh H, Issartel J, Meegan S, Manninen M. Can Special Olympics coaches accurately report on the motor competence of children with intellectual disabilities? J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2024; 37:e13195. [PMID: 38369312 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor competence is the ability to perform goal directed human movements in a co-ordinated, accurate and error free manner. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of coaches' perceptions of children's motor competence with their actual motor competence. METHOD This study examined the motor competence of children with intellectual disabilities (n = 100) and coaches' perceptions of children's motor competence (n = 10). Participants were assessed using TGMD-3. Coaches completed an adapted version of the pictorial scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence. RESULTS The predictive power of coaches perceived motor competence versus children's actual motor competence was assessed. CONCLUSIONS This research will provide insight for sports organisations to determine whether coaches can accurately report on the motor competence of children with intellectual disabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Kavanagh
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Special Olympics Ireland, Sport Ireland Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Johann Issartel
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- MoveAhead Limited, Guinness Enterprise Center, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Meegan
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mika Manninen
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lloyd M, Temple VA, Foley JT, Yeatman S, Lunsky Y, Huang A, Balogh R. Young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities who participate in Special Olympics are less likely to be diagnosed with depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1699-1708. [PMID: 36544012 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) experience high rates of depression. Evidence indicates that physical activity, or participation in a sports club, in a supportive social environment has mental and physical health benefits. Adults with IDD, on average, engage in low levels of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to compare the rates of depression among young adult Special Olympics participants with IDD compared to non-participants with IDD. METHODS This was a 20-year retrospective cohort study of young adults (19-29 years) with IDD in the province of Ontario, Canada that compared rates of depression among Special Olympics participants (n = 8710) to non-participants (n = 42,393) using administrative health databases housed at ICES (formerly the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences). Using cox proportional hazard models, the crude hazard ratios were calculated for the association between each independent variable and the dependent variable. RESULTS After controlling for other variables, the hazard rate for depression among Special Olympics participants compared to the hazard rate for depression among non-participants generated an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.51. Over the 20-year follow-up, the participants were 0.51 times as likely to develop depression as non-participants; this represents a 49% reduction in risk among Special Olympics participants. This result was statistically significant and represents a medium effect size. CONCLUSION Future research is needed on how much of this risk reduction is related to a physiological response to physical activity/exercise, and how much is related to the social connectedness of being part of a group participating in Special Olympics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghann Lloyd
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N., Oshawa, ON, L1G 0C5, Canada.
| | - Viviene A Temple
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - John T Foley
- Department of Physical Education, SUNY Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA
| | - Sharyn Yeatman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N., Oshawa, ON, L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Yona Lunsky
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Robert Balogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N., Oshawa, ON, L1G 0C5, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kirova AM, Jakab T, Bartsch G, Corazzini S, Sokoloff A, Delahunty E, Seymour R, Rubenstein E. Developing and implementing a public health co-research program for Special Olympics athletes. Res Involv Engagem 2023; 9:44. [PMID: 37337242 DOI: 10.1186/s40900-023-00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities are often the subject of research while rarely being included in formulating research questions, planning studies, and making decisions related to protocols and analyses. In turn, most research regarding people with intellectual and developmental disabilities is not carried out by researchers with disabilities themselves. We developed a co-research training program where individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities were taught about research. The program was designed using best practices and existing materials resources. We recruited four participants from Special Olympics Massachusetts and conducted the training in the Fall of 2021. We evaluated the program with surveys, qualitative interviews, and tracking continued involvement of co-researchers in research projects. Participants were partners in the evaluation process. The training program was six sessions and included lessons about why research is important, how to conduct research, and an experiential learning project where co-researchers conducted a study of their coaches. The program was well received by participants, and one year later they were still involved with research projects. A co-researcher training focused on public health for Special Olympics athletes is feasible and beneficial for athletes, researchers, and Special Olympics programs. However, there are still barriers like a lack of funding and time, that need to be addressed to ensure wide program success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler Jakab
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Graham Bartsch
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric Rubenstein
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu T, Wassell N, Liu J, Zhang M. Mapping Research Trends of Adapted Sport from 2001 to 2020: A Bibliometric Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12644. [PMID: 36231944 PMCID: PMC9564994 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the research landscape in terms of keywords, annual outputs, journals, countries, and institutions and explore the hot topics and prospects regarding adapted sport research. MATERIALS AND METHODS Publications designated as "article" on adapted sport retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. VOSviewer 1.6.11, Citespace, and Bibliometrix in R Studio were applied for the bibliometric analyses. RESULTS A total of 1887 articles were identified. Over the past two decades, athletic performance, sociology/psychology, and rehabilitation were extensively investigated. Basketball, soccer, and swimming were the three most focused adapted sports. Researchers showed a growing interest in submitting their studies to sport science, rehabilitation, and sociological journals. Adapted sport research was more common in developed countries and regions. The UK contributed most publications accounting for about 20% of the total publications. CONCLUSIONS With the growth of publications concerning adapted sport, the bibliometric analysis presented an overview of collaboration, trends, and hotspots in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nicole Wassell
- Department of Physical Education and Health Education, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
| | - John Liu
- Department of Physical Education and Health Education, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- Department of Physical Education and Health Education, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yuen J, Block SS. Vision characteristics of Special Olympics athletes seen at the United States National Games 2010-2018. J Intellect Disabil Res 2022; 66:782-792. [PMID: 35938524 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Special Olympics International (SOI) has provided eye assessments at no cost to athletes participating in competitions through the Special Olympics Lions Clubs International Foundation Opening Eyes (OE) programme. Access to vision services is crucial given the high rates of eye abnormalities found in studies collected at OE programmes in other countries. As of 2022, no studies covering vision data have been published on SOI athletes specifically from the USA. Therefore, this multiple cross-sectional study hopes to investigate the vision profile of US athletes over three national games, detecting any changes in vision and ocular health outcomes over an 8-year period. METHODS Vision assessments were conducted in the US national games of 2010, 2014 and 2018. Demographic and clinical data from 1427 vision assessments were used in this study. Prevalence of vision and ocular health abnormalities were compared across national games. RESULTS In our cohort of 1427 assessments with athletes' mean age ± SD of 29.8 ± 11.5 years, 85.3% (n = 1170) had an abnormal vision result with at least one of the following findings: decreased visual acuity of 20/40 or worse (31.0%, n = 442), refractive error including myopia (52.8%, n = 754), hypermetropia (15.7%, n = 224), and astigmatism (35.0%, n = 499), ocular misalignment distant (16.2%, n = 224) or near (17.2%, n = 239), or ocular abnormality (19.1%, n = 273). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the burden of vision defects and ocular disease in US SOI athletes over the past decade. While continued effort must be made to train eye providers in caring for patients with ID to increase eyecare accessibility outside of SOI, vision assessments at national games can continue providing opportunities for improved ocular health in children and adults with ID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Yuen
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S S Block
- Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rodriquez J, Lanser A, Jacobs HE, Smith A, Ganguly S. When the Normative Is Formative: Parents' Perceptions of the Impacts of Inclusive Sports Programs. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10889. [PMID: 36078605 PMCID: PMC9518087 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study examines the perspectives of parents of youth with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) who participated in Special Olympics Unified Sports®, a program in which high school students with and without IDD compete on the same team. Based on semi-structured interviews with parents (n = 23) as part of a larger evaluation of Special Olympics Unified Champion Schools in three states in the United States, thematic analysis shows that parents perceived improvements in their child's social and emotional skills, including demeanor and attitude, an enhanced sense of belonging at school, the emergence of new friendships and social opportunities, and rewarding interactions that flowed from the opportunity to engage in normative activities. Implications for schools and families are discussed in terms of the importance of providing and facilitating meaningful opportunities for inclusive extracurricular activities such as sports for youth with IDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Rodriquez
- Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
- Center for Social Development and Education, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Anika Lanser
- Center for Social Development and Education, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Holly E. Jacobs
- Center for Social Development and Education, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Ashlyn Smith
- Special Olympics, Inc., Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Sharbari Ganguly
- Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
- Center for Social Development and Education, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Galdieri JD, Sood A, Edinoff AN, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Seidenberg PH. Descriptive epidemiology of orthopedic injury and illness during the Special Olympics of Pennsylvania Summer Games from 2008 to 2017. Orthop Rev (Pavia) 2022; 14:35276. [PMID: 35769660 DOI: 10.52965/001c.35276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Special Olympics Pennsylvania Summer Games attract over 2000 athletes each year. Volunteer medical staff ensures their safety throughout this period. However, few studies have examined the incidence of orthopedic injury and sickness in this group, especially with a large sample. Objective Identify the incidence of orthopedic injury and Illness at the Special Olympics Pennsylvania Summer Games based on demographic criteria and identify the incidence of transports required for advanced care. Methods Data was collected from logs provided by Special Olympics Pennsylvania. The data were analyzed and stratified by gender, age, sport, and type of encounter. We summarized the data and compared it to data from other years and the average. Results An average of 1971 athletes competed annually. On average, 10% (N=144) of competitors required medical care. Males comprised 58.2% (N = 837) of encounters, females 33.6% (N = 483), and in 8.1% (N = 117) of encounters gender was not identified/recorded. The mean age of participants was 29 years of age (range from 10 to 83). 56.6% (N= 813) of encounters required first aid management only. Injuries made up 31.7% (N = 455) of total encounters, and 11.8% (N=169) of encounters were classified as illnesses. Basketball was the sport with the most injuries, 49.5% (N = 711). An average of 9.8 transports was required annually. Conclusions Special Olympics athletes suffer the same injuries as regular athletes, but they are also prone to various medical disorders that regular athletes are not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alka Sood
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto
| | - Amber N Edinoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine
| | - Elyse M Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine
| | - Peter H Seidenberg
- Department of Family Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
McCarty K, Dixon-Ibarra A, MacDonald M. Evaluation of the Special Olympics Team Wellness health promotion program for individuals with intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil 2022; 26:109-120. [PMID: 33025848 DOI: 10.1177/1744629520957445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with intellectual disabilities are a known health disparities group. The Team Wellness (TW) health promotion program was developed to provide healthy lifestyle information to target this population. The purpose of this study was to conduct a qualitative program evaluation on Team Wellness. METHODS Interviews were conducted via one-on-one format with program coaches (n = 4, mean age = 25, female = 2, male = 2) and focus group with program athletes (n = 6, mean age = 45, female = 4, male = 2) who completed the TW program. RESULTS Themes that emerged included: (1) Program Perceptions; (2) TW Support; and (3) Program Feedback. Program perceptions were positive and continued athlete participation was anticipated. Coaches felt prepared to facilitate based on previous experience though program fidelity varied. CONCLUSION Study participants enjoyed TW and identified valuable recommendations. Program fidelity and marketing efforts are important for future consideration. Further quantitative assessment is needed to determine the effectiveness the program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen McCarty
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 2694Oregon State University, USA
| | - Alicia Dixon-Ibarra
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 2694Oregon State University, USA
| | - Megan MacDonald
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 2694Oregon State University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Komenda S, Springstein T, Zrnić I, Zeilinger E, Franken F, Weber G. Satisfaction with life in Special Olympic athletes: the role of autonomy support and basic need fulfilment. Int J Dev Disabil 2022; 68:964-972. [PMID: 36568617 PMCID: PMC9788706 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2021.1917110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Athletes in the general population report higher satisfaction of basic needs when coaches are providing an autonomy supportive sport climate (ASSC). Our study aims at investigating whether ASSC is associated with satisfaction with life in athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID) and whether this association is mediated by basic need satisfaction. Method: During the Special Olympics World Winter Games 2017, 168 athletes with ID (M = 33.86 years; SD = 10.47) completed questionnaires measuring ASSC, basic need satisfaction (autonomy, competence, and relatedness), and satisfaction with life. Multiple linear regression analyses and mediation analyses were performed. The mediation model was controlled for the potential impact of participating in team vs. individual sports. Additionally, gender effects were explored. Results: ASSC was significantly associated with satisfaction with life (β = .38, p < .001). This association was mediated by competence (indirect effect: ab1 = .15; CI [.05; .32]) but not by autonomy or relatedness. No effects were found related to participating in team vs. individual sports or gender. Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that an ASSC is associated with athletes perceiving themselves as more competent and reporting more satisfaction with life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Komenda
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence to: Sophie Komenda Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tabea Springstein
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Current Address: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Irina Zrnić
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Zeilinger
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Current Address: Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Franken
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Current Address: Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Germain Weber
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gimunová M, Bozděch M, Skotáková A, Grün V, Válková H. Comparison of forward and backward gait in males with and without intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res 2021; 65:922-929. [PMID: 34350647 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectual disabilities (ID) affect both cognitive and motor functions. The backward gait is a daily activity and its assessment is used for fall risk estimation and training in the general population. For proper use of backward gait as a rehabilitation tool and in fall prevention programmes for people with ID, it is necessary to determine the backward gait characteristics in the ID population. The aim of this study was to compare the differences between forward and backward gait in persons with nonsyndromic mild and moderate ID, persons with Down syndrome (DS) and a control group of healthy adults. METHODS Fifty males divided into four groups (mild ID: n = 15, moderate ID: n = 19, DS: n = 6, controls: n = 10) participated in this study. All participants were asked to walk both forward and backward, barefooted and at their natural velocity on a Zebris FDM platform. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare differences between the analysed groups in forward and backward gait. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between forward and backward gait within each group. RESULTS The velocity was significantly slower in moderate ID and DS compared to controls in forward and backward gait. When comparing forward and backward gait within each group, the gait velocity decreased in backward gait compared with forward gait by 21.80% in controls, by 33.89% in mild ID, by 34.45% in moderate ID, and by 40.32% in DS. In both moderate ID and DS, the mean backward velocity was slower than 2.16 km/h, the velocity used to identify elderly fallers in the general population. CONCLUSIONS Gait velocity was especially affected in DS and moderate ID compared with controls. In both mentioned groups, the backward gait velocity suggests an increased risk of falling. Future studies are necessary to examine the possibility of improving balance control and leg muscle strength by backward walking training in the ID population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gimunová
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Bozděch
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Skotáková
- Department of Gymnastics and Combatives, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - V Grün
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - H Válková
- Department of Social Sciences and Sport Management, Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Willems M, van Berlaer G, Maes L, Leyssens L, Koehler B, Marks L. Outcome of 10 years of ear and hearing screening in people with intellectual disability in Europe: A multicentre study. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2021; 35:123-133. [PMID: 34197010 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undetected ear and hearing problems negatively impact the quality of life of people with intellectual disability. METHODS This multicentre retrospective study describes the outcome of 10 years of ear and hearing screening in athletes with intellectual disability in seven European countries. The screening was conducted by a trained team using a strictly standardised protocol. RESULTS Of 15,363 screened athletes with intellectual disability, more than half (58.7%) needed referral for ear and/or hearing problems, ranging from 51.7% (<20 years old) to 81.4% (≥60 years old). The most commonly detected conditions were excessive/impacted earwax (40.3%), middle ear problems (30.1%) and hearing loss (27.0%), with significant differences between age groups and countries. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates an increased risk of ear and hearing problems in people with intellectual disability as compared to the general population. Considering the unawareness and impact of these problems, it is highly recommended to organise systematic screening. Follow-up for diagnostic elaboration, therapeutic management and long-term guidance should be provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Willems
- Audiology Department, Artevelde University of Applied Sciences, Ghent, Belgium.,Special Olympics Healthy Hearing Program, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gerlant van Berlaer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leen Maes
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Ear Nose Throat Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Leyssens
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Luc Marks
- Ghent University Hospital, Oral Health in Special Needs, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vancampfort D, Van Damme T, Firth J, Stubbs B, Schuch F, Suetani S, Arkesteyn A, Van Biesen D. Physical activity correlates in children and adolescents, adults, and older adults with an intellectual disability: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:4189-4200. [PMID: 33861676 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1909665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding enablers of and barriers for physical activity (PA) participation in people with intellectual disability (ID) is an essential first step to develop effective interventions. This systematic review examined correlates of PA across the socio-ecological model (i.e., intra-personal, inter-personal, environmental and policy level) in people with ID across the lifespan. MATERIAL AND METHODS Major electronic databases were searched from inception until 15 February 2021. Keywords included "physical activity" or "exercise" and "intellectual disability" or "mental retardation." A summary coding was used to analyze the data for adolescents (<18 years), adults (18 < 50 years), and older adults (50≤ years). RESULTS Out of 83 PA correlates, retrieved from 39 studies (n = 26,456), only three consistent (i.e., reported in four or more studies) correlates were identified. In adults, older age (7/11, 64%), more severe ID (9/9, 100%) and the presence of physical mobility problems (3/4, 75%) were associated with decreased PA. From 38 correlates identified, no consistent correlates were identified for children and adolescents and older people. CONCLUSIONS Despite the abundance of evidence of the PA benefits for people with ID, we only found consistent evidence for three correlates reliably being related to PA in adults with ID. More research, particularly among young and older people is urgently needed.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONMore severe intellectual disability is an important barrier for being active in adults with intellectual disability.Presence of physical health problems is an important barrier for being active in adults with intellectual disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davy Vancampfort
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Tine Van Damme
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,University Psychiatric Center, KU Leuven, Leuven-Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - Felipe Schuch
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Shuichi Suetani
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Anke Arkesteyn
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
McConkey R, Slater P, Dubois L, Shellard A, Smith A. An international study of public contact with people who have an intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res 2021; 65:272-282. [PMID: 33404100 PMCID: PMC7898281 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disability (ID) are often socially isolated, and many experience stigma and discrimination. Increased contact with the general public is thought to overcome prejudices. This large-scale international study had three main aims: to determine the type and frequency of contact that the general public has with people with ID; to identify the personal characteristics of those who have greater contact; and to examine the public's level of comfort at the prospect of having contact with people with ID. METHOD Self-completed online questionnaires were administered to nationally representative panels of respondents in 17 countries; totally 24 504 persons. Multivariate analyses were used to identify respondents more likely to have had frequent personal contact with persons with ID from those with infrequent or no contact and those respondents who were most comfortable at meeting a person with ID. RESULTS Internationally around one in four of the general population reports having frequent personal contact with people who have an ID although this varied from 7% in Japan to 46% in Panama. The principal forms of contact were through friendships, neighbours or extended family members. Over all countries, volunteering and engagement with Special Olympics were the two main predictors of frequent personal contact followed by employment in the education, health or social care field, being a parent of children under 18 years, playing sports and being employed. People who reported frequent personal contact were also more comfortable at meeting a person with ID. CONCLUSIONS This international dataset provides a baseline against which public contact can be compared across countries and changes monitored over time. The findings suggest ways in which greater contact can be promoted and making the public more comfortable at meeting people with ID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. McConkey
- Institute of Nursing and Health ResearchUlster UniversityBelfastUK
| | - P. Slater
- Institute of Nursing and Health ResearchUlster UniversityBelfastUK
| | - L. Dubois
- Research and EvaluationSpecial Olympic IncWashingtonDCUSA
| | - A. Shellard
- Research and EvaluationSpecial Olympic IncWashingtonDCUSA
| | - A. Smith
- Research and EvaluationSpecial Olympic IncWashingtonDCUSA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Leyssens L, Van Hecke R, Moons K, Luypaert S, Willems M, Danneels M, Martens S, Dhondt C, Maes L. Vestibular function in adults with intellectual disabilities: feasibility and outcome of a vestibular screening protocol in Special Olympics athletes. Int J Audiol 2020; 60:446-457. [PMID: 33100086 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2020.1834633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a well-adapted vestibular screening battery to objectively examine the (peripheral) vestibular function, and to explore the characteristics of potential vestibular deficits in the adult ID population. DESIGN Cross-sectional study design. STUDY SAMPLE Compared to an age- and gender-weighted control group, a heterogeneous group of forty-five adults with ID participated in the vestibular screening at the National Games of Special Olympics Belgium (2019), which consisted of a bone conduction cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (cVEMP) measurement and video Head Impulse Test (vHIT). RESULTS The screening battery appeared to be feasible in the majority of the participants (cVEMP: 92%; vHIT: 72%). Overall, the occurrence of abnormal cVEMP and vHIT responses was significantly higher in the ID group, with significantly lower corrected peak-to-peak cVEMP amplitudes (p < 0.001), lower vHIT gains (p < 0.001), and higher cVEMP and vHIT asymmetry ratios in the ID group (p = 0.008 and p < 0.001 resp.). CONCLUSIONS Vestibular assessment using the cVEMP and vHIT technique shows a promising feasibility in adults with ID. In addition, this study suggests that people with ID exhibit an increased prevalence of (peripheral) vestibular deficits relative to the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Leyssens
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruth Van Hecke
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karlien Moons
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Luypaert
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melina Willems
- Department of Audiology, Artevelde University of Applied Sciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maya Danneels
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarie Martens
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cleo Dhondt
- Department of Head and Skin, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Maes
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Slater P, McConkey R, Smith A, Dubois L, Shellard A. Public attitudes to the rights and community inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities: A transnational study. Res Dev Disabil 2020; 105:103754. [PMID: 32861195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public support for the rights of persons with intellectual disability (ID) and their acceptance in local communities has been rarely studied internationally and the variables associated with more positive attitudes remain to be confirmed. AIMS To develop and test a model that brought together personal, organisational and national predictors related to public attitudes that have been previously identified in past research. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Self-completed, online surveys were undertaken with market research panels in 17 countries and in eight cities in the USA with a total of 36,508 respondents who were representative in terms of gender and age. Path analysis was used to explore the inter-relationships among the predictor, possible mediating and outcomes variables. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The resulting model was a good fit for the data. Support for the rights and community acceptance of people with ID was highest among university educated respondents, those who were comfortable at meeting people with ID and those living in countries with very high ratings on the Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The model could guide further research into public attitudes alongside the development of interventions to promote more positive attitudes. Further research into the validity of the model is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Slater
- Ulster University, Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Newtownabbey, N. Ireland BT37 0QB, United Kingdom.
| | - Roy McConkey
- Ulster University, Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Newtownabbey, N. Ireland BT37 0QB, United Kingdom.
| | - Ashlyn Smith
- Special Olympic Inc, 1133 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
| | - Lindsay Dubois
- Special Olympic Inc, 1133 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
| | - Amy Shellard
- Special Olympic Inc, 1133 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Weiss JA, Robinson S, Harlow M, Mosher A, Fraser-Thomas J, Balogh R, Lunsky Y. Individual and contextual predictors of retention in Special Olympics for youth with intellectual disability: who stays involved? J Intellect Disabil Res 2020; 64:512-523. [PMID: 32390189 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the recognised benefits of sport, participation is often reported to be low for youth with intellectual disability (ID). The current study was the first to longitudinally examine sport retention in this population, a critical aspect of ensuring participation. METHODS Study participants were parents/caregivers of athletes with ID involved in community Special Olympics (SO), 11-22 years of age (N = 345). Participants completed an online survey in 2012 that included caregiver demographic and athlete intrapersonal, interpersonal and broader contextual variables. Retention rates for 2019 were determined using the SO provincial registration lists. RESULTS Of the 345 survey participants, 81.7% remained active athletes in 2019. Caregiver demographic and athlete intrapersonal factors were largely unrelated to retention. In contrast, retention was associated with the frequency and number of sports athletes participated in, the perceived psychosocial gains of SO involvement and the environmental supports that were available to facilitate participation; frequency of sport participation was the strongest predictor of remaining a registered athlete. CONCLUSIONS This study has implications for future initiatives aimed at increasing sport retention in a population that struggles to be engaged in sport. Efforts should focus on the athlete experience and sport-specific factors. Coaches and caregivers can foster positive experiences and play an important role in continued sport participation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Weiss
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Robinson
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Harlow
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Mosher
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Fraser-Thomas
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Balogh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Lunsky
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addictionand Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Patka M, Wallin-Ruschman J, Al Rahma BA, Zar A, Bin Nauman H, Sharif JM, Ikram S, Ul Hasan T, Naeem A, Sharif GM, Mehboob N, Azim T, Khanam Z. 'We need to share our stories': the lives of Pakistanis with intellectual disability and their guardians. J Intellect Disabil Res 2020; 64:345-356. [PMID: 32166785 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The experiences of Pakistanis with intellectual disabilities (IDs) and their family members have been underexplored empirically. METHOD The present study sought to address this gap by understanding the lives of five Special Olympics Pakistan athletes and their guardians through PhotoVoice. FINDINGS Through thematic analysis, we present the primary theme concerning Pakistan's cultural context that provides an empirical exploration of cultural beliefs about intellectual disability, cultural expectations and support received by people with intellectual disabilities and their guardians. DISCUSSION We discuss implications for research and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Patka
- Department of Psychology, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - B A Al Rahma
- Department of Psychology, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kovačič T, Kovačič M, Ovsenik R, Zurc J. The impact of multicomponent programmes on balance and fall reduction in adults with intellectual disabilities: a randomised trial. J Intellect Disabil Res 2020; 64:381-394. [PMID: 32196804 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One challenge a modern society faces is this: providing those vulnerable and ageing groups of adults who have intellectual disabilities with appropriate support for improving static and dynamic balance. Balance is a crucial component of physical fitness and, consequently, of fall reduction and prevention. The aim of the present randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the efficacy, after 16 weeks, that three different Special Olympics physical activity programmes had on balance and on fall reduction in adults with intellectual disabilities. METHOD A convenience sample of 150 persons with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities was recruited from the accessible Special Olympics Slovenia population of physically inactive adults with intellectual disabilities. The sample was randomised to the experimental group 1 (multicomponent balance-specific exercise programme group with additional workshops on such social gerontology topics as active and healthy ageing; N = 50), the experimental group 2 (multicomponent wellness programme group; N = 50) and a control group (regular Special Olympics athletic training; N = 50). RESULTS Significant differences were found between groups in the balance scores throughout the study period and in the ability to decrease fall frequency. CONCLUSIONS Balance assessment is a high predictor of frequency of falls, and among adults with intellectual disabilities, it significantly correlates with exercise. The results indicate that a multicomponent balance-specific exercise programme with a significant sociogerontological component on active ageing could be a useful intervention for intellectually disabled adults who have poor balance and who experience frequent falls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kovačič
- Alma Mater Europaea - European Centre Maribor, Health programs, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - M Kovačič
- Štore Steel Limited, Research and Development, Štore, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- College of Industrial Engineering, Celje, Slovenia
| | - R Ovsenik
- Alma Mater Europaea - European Centre Maribor, Health programs, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - J Zurc
- JSPS International Research Fellow, Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pradhan A, Stormon N, Lalloo R. Oral and aural problems in Australian Special Olympics athletes. Spec Care Dentist 2019; 39:478-484. [PMID: 31298790 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between oral and aural problems among children have been explored, but not among adults with intellectual disability (ID), where often, oral and ear pain can be difficult to diagnose. METHODS Data included Special Smiles and Healthy Hearing screenings from two Special Olympics (SO) events held in Australia (2013-2014). RESULTS The SO athletes had poor oral health with a high prevalence (56.8%) of gingival signs and unmet dental needs (66.9%). Over one-third (33.9%) had partially/completely blocked ear canals, over one-fifth (20.7%) had possible middle ear problems, and almost one quarter (23.8%) had some hearing loss. No associations between oral and aural problems were found in the small sample (n = 130) of SO athletes. CONCLUSIONS Although SO athletes have unmet needs for both oral and aural health, access to appropriate hygiene care is an important preventive factor that athletes, families, and carers should be made aware of. Regular oral and aural screenings are recommended to identify problems early, because ability to communicate pain and discomfort can be different for this population. A larger sample of SO athletes with tooth and sextant level data could clarify the association between oral and aural problems in people with ID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Pradhan
- Oral Health Centre, School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Stormon
- Oral Health Centre, School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ratilal Lalloo
- Oral Health Centre, School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Al-Shamlan SO, Mohammad M, Papandreou D. Oral Health Status of Athletes with Intellectual Disabilities: A Review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:2044-2049. [PMID: 31406552 PMCID: PMC6684417 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral health reflects the overall health of an individual; it impacts the mental and physical well-being, quality of life, and social relations of an individual. Special Olympics (SO) athletes have been found to have poorer oral health, and high unmet treatment needs globally. Nine articles are included in this systematic review to determine the oral health status of Special Olympics athletes with intellectual disabilities. AIM To identify the oral health status of athletes with intellectual disabilities who participated in the Special Olympics. METHODS Electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, Biology database, Health management database, Science Direct, Health and medical collection (ProQuest), Mendeley, and Health reference centre academic) were used to search for eligible publications using "oral health," "special needs athletes," and "intellectual disabilities" terms. All included articles are in English and were published from 2000-2018. The whole process was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS The search strategy yielded 4,090 articles. Only nine articles met the criteria and were included in the final analysis. All included articles reported outcome measurements of gingival signs, missing teeth, untreated decay, filled teeth and sealant. CONCLUSION The oral health status of athletes with intellectual disabilities can be considered poor compared with athletes without intellectual disabilities, which points to the need for oral health policies for this specific population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mutaz Mohammad
- Department of Health Sciences, CNHS, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dimitrios Papandreou
- Department of Health Sciences, CNHS, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Thomas J, O'Neal S. Relationship of Functional Reach Test scores and falls in Special Olympics athletes. J Intellect Disabil Res 2019; 63:587-592. [PMID: 30767307 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Functional Reach Test is used to assess balance of Special Olympic athletes as part of the FUNfitness screens held at Special Olympics games. However, it is unknown if the Functional Reach Test is an accurate assessment of balance in this population. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between Functional Reach Test scores and falls in Special Olympic athletes. METHODS Data were collected as a part of the FUNfitness screens during Arizona Special Olympics games. The Functional Reach Test scores of 272 Special Olympic athletes were recorded. Athletes were asked to report the number of falls they experienced in the last 12 months. RESULTS A two-tailed Kendall tau test revealed little to no relationship between number of falls and Functional Reach Test scores of either the left upper extremity (n = 263, τ = -0.063, P = 0.202) or the right upper extremity (n = 263, τ = -0.107, P = 0.030). Sensitivity of the Functional Reach Test to identify fallers was 28.8%, and specificity was 83.5%. CONCLUSIONS Scores of the Functional Reach Test did not correlate with actual falls. The relatively high specificity indicates the assessment is good at identifying non-fallers, while the low sensitivity results in a high number of fallers not being recognised as such. Therefore, the cut-off scores used for the Functional Reach Test in FUNfitness screenings may need to be altered to more accurately identify balance deficits in this population. FUNfitness screens need to be quick, efficient and accurate. As such, selection of the most appropriate assessment tools is essential. Consideration should be given on how to make the Functional Reach Test the most beneficial as a FUNfitness screen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas
- Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Physical Therapy Department, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - S O'Neal
- Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Physical Therapy Department, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
O'Neill C, Russell M, Balogh R, Lloyd M, Dogra S. Asthma prevalence and control levels among Special Olympics athletes, and asthma-related knowledge of their coaches. J Intellect Disabil Res 2019; 63:338-345. [PMID: 30569576 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of asthma among athletes with intellectual disabilities, and the asthma knowledge levels of their coaches, is unknown. METHODS Special Olympics Canada athletes completed a demographic questionnaire (n = 208). Athletes who identified as having ever or current asthma completed the Asthma Control Questionnaire and the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire and were measured for height, weight and lung function (n = 73). National level coaches (n = 27) completed a questionnaire pertaining to asthma knowledge. RESULTS The prevalence of ever and current asthma were 35.5% (n = 73) and 21.1% (n = 44), respectively. Athletes with asthma reported that they had inadequately controlled asthma, but good quality of life. Coaches correctly answered 43% true/false questions on the survey, indicating suboptimal asthma knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Athletes with intellectual disabilities appear to have a greater prevalence of asthma than the general population; however, coaches of these athletes appear to have limited knowledge pertaining to asthma and exercise-induced asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C O'Neill
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Russell
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Balogh
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Lloyd
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Dogra
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pan CC, Davis R. Exploring physical self-concept perceptions in athletes with intellectual disabilities: the participation of Unified Sports experiences. Int J Dev Disabil 2018; 65:293-301. [PMID: 34141350 PMCID: PMC8115608 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2018.1470787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Self-description research on athletes with intellectual disabilities (ID) is under investigated. The specific aims in this paper are (a) to identify the differences in physical self-concept and body image by Unified Sports experiences, and (b) to investigate predictors of physical self-concept. METHODS Participants included 89 Special Olympics athletes who had Unified Sports experiences (USE, n = 43) and those without USE (n = 46). Demographic, anthropometric, self-description data were collected during the questionnaire interview and physical examination. Analyses included descriptive and regression modeling to determine differences in the psychological attributes by USE and best subsets of predictors of each physical self-concept construct. RESULTS The findings suggest that the participation of USE facilitated greater sport competence and there is no single predictor across the six physical self-concept constructs. CONCLUSION The findings provide evidence that sports participation may have positive impacts on physical self-concept toward athletes with ID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chen Pan
- Special Education Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Correspondence to: Cheng-Chen Pan, Special Education Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ronald Davis
- Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pan CC, Maïano C, Morin AJS. Physical self-concept and body dissatisfaction among Special Olympics athletes: A comparison between sex, weight status, and culture. Res Dev Disabil 2018; 76:1-11. [PMID: 29544161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little research has looked at the associations between sex, weight status and culture, and the physical self-perceptions and body dissatisfaction of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) involved in Special Olympics (SO) sports. AIMS To examine sex- (male vs female), weight status- (non-overweight/obese vs. overweight/obese), and culture-based (North American vs. Asian) differences in physical self-concept and body dissatisfaction among SO athletes. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A total of 139 SO athletes (aged 12-30 years) with ID participated in this study and completed measures of physical self-perceptions and body dissatisfaction. Differences according to sex, weight status, culture, and their interactions were examined. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Males SO athletes presented higher levels of self-perceived physical strength and ideal body shape than females. Additionally, non-overweight/obese SO athletes presented higher levels of self-perceived physical appearance and physical condition than their overweight/obese counterparts, as well as lower actual body shape perceptions and body dissatisfaction. Moreover, North-American SO athletes presented higher levels of self-perceived physical appearance and sport competence than their Asians counterparts, as well as lower actual body shapes perceptions and body dissatisfaction. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study reveals substantial sex-, weight status-, and culture-based differences in the physical self-concept and body dissatisfaction of SO athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chen Pan
- Special Education Center, National Taiwan Normal University, 162 Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City 10610, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Christophe Maïano
- Cyberpsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), 5, rue Saint-Joseph, Saint-Jérôme, J7Z 0B7, Canada
| | - Alexandre J S Morin
- Substantive Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke West, PY-146, Montreal, Quebec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Robinson S, Fraser-Thomas JL, Balogh R, Lunsky Y, Weiss JA. Individual and Contextual Correlates of Frequently Involved Special Olympics Athletes. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil 2018; 123:164-175. [PMID: 29480776 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-123.2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
It is important to understand factors associated with sport participation for youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). With a sample of 414 Special Olympics (SO) athletes, this study examined how frequently involved athletes differ from other youth who are less involved in SO. Results showed that frequently involved athletes are older, have more sport-specific parental support, stronger athlete-coach relationships, and more positive SO experiences than other athletes. These factors were predictive of SO involvement, even after controlling for athlete characteristics, including behavior problems and adaptive behavior. Athletes with IDD have the potential to be highly involved in sports when external supports (i.e., coaches and parents) are strong.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Balogh
- Robert Balogh, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada; and
| | - Yona Lunsky
- Yona Lunsky, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Jonathan A. Weiss, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan A Weiss
- Yona Lunsky, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Jonathan A. Weiss, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lloyd M, Foley JT, Temple VA. Maximizing the use of Special Olympics International's Healthy Athletes database: A call to action. Res Dev Disabil 2018; 73:58-66. [PMID: 29253724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical need for high-quality population-level data related to the health of individuals with intellectual disabilities. For more than 15 years Special Olympics International has been conducting free Healthy Athletes screenings at local, national and international events. The Healthy Athletes database is the largest known international database specifically on the health of people with intellectual disabilities; however, it is relatively under-utilized by the research community. A consensus meeting with two dozen North American researchers, stakeholders, clinicians and policymakers took place in Toronto, Canada. The purpose of the meeting was to: 1) establish the perceived utility of the database, and 2) to identify and prioritize 3-5 specific priorities related to using the Healthy Athletes database to promote the health of individuals with intellectual disabilities. There was unanimous agreement from the meeting participants that this database represents an immense opportunity both from the data already collected, and data that will be collected in the future. The 3 top priorities for the database were deemed to be: 1) establish the representativeness of data collected on Special Olympics athletes compared to the general population with intellectual disabilities, 2) create a scientific advisory group for Special Olympics International, and 3) use the data to improve Special Olympics programs around the world. The Special Olympics Healthy Athletes database includes data not found in any other source and should be used, in partnership with Special Olympics International, by researchers to significantly increase our knowledge and understanding of the health of individuals with intellectual disabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghann Lloyd
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada.
| | - John T Foley
- Physical Education Department, State University of New York College at Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA
| | - Viviene A Temple
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kajita E, Luarca MZ, Wu H, Hwang B, Mascola L. Harnessing Syndromic Surveillance Emergency Department Data to Monitor Health Impacts During the 2015 Special Olympics World Games. Public Health Rep 2017; 132:99S-105S. [PMID: 28692391 DOI: 10.1177/0033354917706956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mass gatherings that attract a large international presence may cause or amplify point-source outbreaks of emerging infectious disease. The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health customized its syndromic surveillance system to detect increased syndrome-specific utilization of emergency departments (EDs) and other medical encounters coincident to the 2015 Special Olympics World Games. MATERIALS AND METHODS We queried live databases containing data on ED visits, California Poison Control System calls, and Los Angeles County coroner-investigated deaths for increases in daily counts from July 19 to August 6, 2015. We chose syndrome categories based on the potential for disease outbreaks common to international travel and dormitory settings, morbidity amplified by high temperatures, and bioterrorism threats inherent to mass gatherings. We performed line-list reviews and trend analyses of total, syndrome-specific, and region-specific daily counts, using cumulative sum-based signals. We also piloted a novel strategy of requesting that ED registrars proactively tag Special Olympics attendees in chief complaint data fields. RESULTS The syndromic surveillance system showed that the 2015 Special Olympics did not generate large-scale acute morbidities leading to detectable stress on local EDs. We recruited 10 hospitals for proactive patient tagging, from which 16 Special Olympics attendees were detected; these patients reported various symptoms, such as injury, vomiting, and syncope. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS As an enhancement to traditional syndromic surveillance, proactive patient tagging can illuminate potential epidemiologic links among patients in challenging syndromic surveillance applications, such as mass gatherings. Syndromic surveillance has the potential to enhance ED patient polling and reporting of exposure, symptom, and other epidemiologic case definition criteria to public health agencies in near-real time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kajita
- 1 Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Monica Z Luarca
- 1 Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Han Wu
- 1 Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bessie Hwang
- 1 Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurene Mascola
- 1 Acute Communicable Disease Control Program, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous reports, albeit isolated, of vision and ocular screening of athletes with intellectual disability participating in the Special Olympics, UK, indicated high rates of refractive error and ocular morbidity; however, there have been no reports of similar sports events for this population from India. This study set out to evaluate the vision profile and ocular characteristics of athletes with intellectual disability attending the Special Olympics Lions Club International Opening Eyes (SOLCIOE) event in 2012 in India. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted, where a protocol-based ophthalmological assessment was performed by trained optometrists at a tertiary eye care center. RESULTS Overall, 172 athletes (mean age 18.6 years, 70% male) with intellectual disability participated, and 138 (80%) were able to cooperate for complete or nearly complete vision and ocular assessment. A total of 56 (32%) had never had a previous vision or ocular health status examination. A total of 46 (32%) presented with low vision (World Health Organization definition <6/18 to 3/60 in the better eye), 21% needed a first or updated spectacle prescription, and 28% had significant ocular pathology as the cause of visual loss. CONCLUSIONS The proportions of refractive errors and ocular disorders in athletes with intellectual disability attending the SOLCIOE program in South India are similar to those reported for able-bodied school-aged children in urban and rural India. Like that of their able-bodied peers, the visual needs of children with intellectual disability are also not adequately being met.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya K Gothwal
- a Meera and L B Deshpande Centre for Sight Enhancement , Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute , Hyderabad , India
| | - Rebecca Sumalini
- a Meera and L B Deshpande Centre for Sight Enhancement , Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L V Prasad Eye Institute , Hyderabad , India
| | - Asa Narasaiah
- b Centre for Sight Enhancement, Kode Venkatadri Chowdary Campus , L V Prasad Eye Institute , Vijayawada , India
| | - Soumya Panda
- c NTPC Centre for Sight Enhancement , L V Prasad Eye Institute , Bhubaneswar , India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tint A, Thomson K, Weiss JA. A systematic literature review of the physical and psychosocial correlates of Special Olympics participation among individuals with intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res 2017; 61:301-324. [PMID: 27231146 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Special Olympics (SO) is commonly cited to play an important role in the lives of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). The purpose of the current review was to (a) synthesise key findings regarding the physical, psychological/emotional, social and/or intellectual/cognitive correlates of SO participation for individuals with ID and (b) highlight limitations in the extant research as well as directions for future research. METHOD A systematic review of electronic databases was undertaken. A total of 46 articles were confirmed to meet study criteria. Quality assessments of included studies were conducted using checklists from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network methodology checklists (SIGN 50; SIGN 2008). RESULTS There was a larger amount of support for physical, psychological/emotional and social outcomes as compared with cognitive/intellectual outcomes; however, many studies were confounded by measurement difficulties, sampling procedures and a lack of replicable methods, which hinder generalisation of results. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the need for a continued critical focus on SO programme evaluation research with more rigorous and replicable methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tint
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Thomson
- Centre for Applied Disability Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - J A Weiss
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bowers K, Corby D, Lambert V, Staines A, McVeigh T, McKeon M, Hoey E, Belton S, Meegan S, Walsh D, Trépel D, Griffin P, Sweeney MR. People with intellectual disability and their families' perspectives of Special Olympics Ireland: Qualitative findings from the SOPHIE study. J Intellect Disabil 2016; 20:354-370. [PMID: 26721875 DOI: 10.1177/1744629515617059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has highlighted that while involvement in Special Olympics can have benefits for athletes and their families, there can also be many barriers to participation. This qualitative study, which was part of a large mixed-method study, examined the experiences and perspectives of people with intellectual disability, their families and staff who work with them, about Special Olympics Ireland (SOI). A total of 47 participants (15 athletes, 6 non-athletes, 18 family members and 8 staff members) participated in focus group and individual interviews. Supplemental data, gathered as part of the larger study extracted from open-ended survey questions completed by 97 family members also informed this element. Findings revealed four main themes: impact of participation on athletes, impact of involvement on families, barriers to participation and how to enhance participation rates. Involvement in Special Olympics impacted positively on the quality of life of athletes and families. Enhanced availability of user-friendly information and service accessibility were important drivers identified for enhancing participation rates in Special Olympics.
Collapse
|
32
|
Patka M, Murry A. Body mass index among Special Olympics athletes from Muslim majority countries: Differences in gender and adult status. J Intellect Disabil Res 2016; 60:335-343. [PMID: 26712307 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is higher in adults with intellectual disability than in the general population and for women more than men. Past research however has specifically focused on individuals with intellectual disability in the United States and the United Kingdom with little attention on individuals with intellectual disability in Muslim majority countries. METHOD The present study examined differences in body mass index (BMI) among 1314 men and women Special Olympics athletes from 32 Muslim majority countries in 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2011. Athletes' gender, adult status (minor or adult) and the interaction between gender and adult status were used to predict increases in BMI with a hierarchical linear regression, where athletes were nested within country controlling for athletes' nation's Gross-domestic product. RESULTS Being female significantly predicted an increase in obesity while adulthood predicted a decrease in BMI. The interaction between gender and adulthood was also significant, however, indicating that obesity decreases with adulthood only for men. For women, BMI continues to increase with age. CONCLUSIONS This study extends our knowledge on one important indicator of health status for individuals with intellectual disability in Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe. The results may be used to inform health care practices with individuals with intellectual disabilities and stimulate future research to understand contextual factors contributing to health disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Patka
- Governors State University Psychology, University Park, IL, USA
| | - A Murry
- University of Arizona, American Indian Studies, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Crawford C, Burns J, Fernie BA. Psychosocial impact of involvement in the Special Olympics. Res Dev Disabil 2015; 45-46:93-102. [PMID: 26275609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Existing evidence suggests that people with intellectual disabilities are vulnerable to low self-esteem leading to additional psychosocial issues such as social exclusion and stress. Previous research into the involvement of Special Olympics (SO) of people with intellectual disabilities has indicted positive psychosocial outcomes. Involvement in sport is known generally to have psychological and social benefits. This study aimed to compare the psychosocial impact of involvement in sport through the SO to no or limited sports involvement, for a sample of people with intellectual disabilities. A cross sectional design was employed comparing three groups, SO, Mencap Sports, and Mencap No Sports on the variables: Self-esteem, quality of life, stress levels and social networks. One hundred and one participants were recruited either through the SO or Mencap. Data were collected through the completion of validated questionnaires by one to one interviews with the participants. Analysis revealed that self-esteem, quality of life, and stress were all significantly associated with SO involvement. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore whether scores on these variables were able to predict group membership. Self-esteem was found to be a significant predictor of group membership, those in the SO having the highest self-esteem. The findings provide further evidence of a positive association between sport involvement and increased psychological wellbeing, especially for those involved in the SO. The implications of these findings for practice and future research into the relationship between sport and psychological wellbeing within the learning disabled population are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Crawford
- Salomons Centre for Applied Psychology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Salomons Campus at Tunbridge Wells, Broomhill Road, Southborough, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN3 0TF, UK
| | - Jan Burns
- Salomons Centre for Applied Psychology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Salomons Campus at Tunbridge Wells, Broomhill Road, Southborough, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN3 0TF, UK.
| | - Bruce A Fernie
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, London, UK; CASCAID, South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li H, Frey GC, McCormick BP, Johnston JD. Comparison of obesity among Chinese and U.S. Special Olympic athletes with intellectual disabilities. Res Dev Disabil 2015; 41-42:94-100. [PMID: 26111770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity is a health problem in China, but there are no reports on the obesity status of Chinese citizens with intellectual disabilities (ID). Research has shown that adults with ID have higher body mass index (BMI) than adults without ID, but this information is primarily based on populations residing in North American and European countries. The purpose of this study was to compare BMI and obesity status of Chinese and U.S. Special Olympic athletes with ID. SUBJECTS/METHODS Height, weight, BMI and self-reported physical activity (SRPA) data from the Special Olympics 2006 U.S. National Games and 2007 Shanghai World Games databases were analyzed. Linear and logistic analyses were conducted for continuous data and dichotomous variables, respectively. Predictor variables were age, gender, country, SRPA, and obesity status according to country specific criteria. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The U.S. group had significantly higher BMI values than their Chinese counterparts. Age (p = 0.001) and country (p = <0.001) were the main predictors of BMI and obesity status, even when country-specific standards of obesity classifications were used. Holding all other factors constant, each unit increase of age was associated with increased odds for obesity by a factor of 1.04 and the odds of obesity occurring in U.S. athletes was 2.47 times greater than in Chinese athletes. CONCLUSION Obesity is an emerging health problem for Chinese adults with ID. Participation in Special Olympics does not offset obesity in people with ID and other methods of intervention are needed to address obesity in this population segment. This is a global health concern that requires immediate attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Department of Disability and Human Development, University of Illinois, Chicago 1640W. Roosevelt Road, MC 626, Chicago, IL 60608, United States.
| | - G C Frey
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, 1025 E. 7th St/SPH 112, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
| | - B P McCormick
- Department of Recreation, Parks and Tourism Studies, Indiana University, 1025 E. 7th St/SPH 133, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
| | - J D Johnston
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, 1025 E. 7th St/SPH 112, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
MacDonald DJ, Beck K, Erickson K, Côté J. Understanding Sources of Knowledge for Coaches of Athletes with Intellectual Disabilities. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 2015; 29:242-9. [PMID: 25846939 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has investigated development of coaching knowledge; however, less research has investigated the development of coaches who coach athletes with intellectual disabilities. The purpose of this study was to understand how coaches of athletes with intellectual disabilities gain their knowledge. METHOD Forty-five Special Olympics Canada coaches participated in structured telephone interviews investigating actual and ideal sources of coaching knowledge. Coaching knowledge was categorized across the dimensions of competition, organization and training. RESULTS Coaches primarily learned by doing and by consulting with coaching peers. Information about ideal sources of coaching knowledge demonstrates that coaches would value structured coaching courses, learning from mentors and from administrative support, in addition to learning on their own and from peers. DISCUSSION Results suggest that a broader approach to education should be incorporated into coaching athletes with intellectual disabilities. Recommendations for achieving such goals are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dany J MacDonald
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Katie Beck
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Karl Erickson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Côté
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The mission of the Special Olympics is to provide year-round sports training and competition in a variety (33) of Olympic-type sports for children and adults with intellectual disabilities, giving them continuing opportunities to develop physical fitness, demonstrate courage, experience joy, and participate in sharing of gifts and friendship with their families, other athletes, and their communities. The Special Olympics movement often goes beyond the sports competition formula. During the last few years, the movement has developed many new global initiatives, which expand its former sports activities. They include:
Coaching excellence and the coaching model Partnerships with international (regional) sports federations Sports Resources Teams (SRT) Extended quota for high level athletes Athletes Leadership Program (ALPS) Young Athletes Program Youth volunteer initiatives Unified Sports Program Motor Activity Training Program Healthy Athletes Program
These initiatives fulfill and expand the existing program, which was launched in 1968 and is the largest sports organization for people with disabilities worldwide, with very important new social, marketing, and developmental aspects of life, going far beyond activities met in other sports organizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Myśliwiec
- Department of Kinesitherapy and Special Methods in Physiotherapy, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jenkins DW, Cooper K, Heigh EG. Prevalence of podiatric conditions seen in Special Olympics athletes: a comparison of USA data to an international population. Foot (Edinb) 2015; 25:5-11. [PMID: 25554566 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with intellectual disabilities frequently have podiatric conditions. Limited information exists on their prevalence in international cohorts of Special Olympics (SO) athletes. Findings from multiple United States (US) venues are compared to those from athletes screened at the 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games in Athens, Greece (ATHENS). METHODS Data from Fit Feet screenings from 2096 ATHENS participants was compared to 7192 US participants. RESULTS Frequently noted in the ATHENS population were motion restriction in both the ankle and the first metatarsal phalangeal joint (1st MTPJ), pes planus, metatarsus adductus, brachymetatarsia, hallux abducto valgus (HAV), onychomycosis, onychocryptosis, and tinea pedis. ATHENS differed from the US cohort as HAV and restricted ankle joint and 1st MTPJ joint motion was less frequent. Significantly more tinea pedis, xerosis, and hyperhidrosis were present in the ATHENS population. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION SO athletes have a higher prevalence of podiatric structural conditions compared to the general population, and some vary between ATHENS versus US. Less prevalent in ATHENS was HAV, and restricted motion in both the ankle and 1st MTPJ. This may reflect differences due to varied clinical observers. The higher rates of several dermatological conditions in ATHENS may reflect venue seasonal climate, or social factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W Jenkins
- Arizona School of Podiatric Medicine, College of Health Sciences - Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
| | - Kimbal Cooper
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Evelyn G Heigh
- Arizona School of Podiatric Medicine, College of Health Sciences - Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lloyd M, Foley JT, Temple VA. Body mass index of children and youth with an intellectual disability by country economic status. Prev Med 2014; 69:197-201. [PMID: 25456806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with intellectual disabilities are at higher risk for health disparities including overweight and obesity; however, little is known at the population level about the BMI status of children and youth with intellectual disabilities. This study is a secondary analysis of BMI status (underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese) in children and youth (8-<18years) participating in Special Olympics by country economic status. METHODS A total of 14,032 participants (n=8,856 male) measured height and weight records were available from the Special Olympics International Health Promotion database. The 141 countries in the database were re-coded according to the World Bank's classification of country economic status. BMI prevalence rates were calculated for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity for children and youth using IOTF cutoffs by economic status. Chi-squared analyses and Fisher's exact test were used to examine differences in weight status by economy and sex. FINDINGS Overall, 27.87% of Special Olympics participants from low-income economies, 31.04% from lower middle-income, 25.29% from upper middle-income, and 42.36% from high-income economies had BMI levels outside of the normal range. The low-income countries had higher rates of underweight and the high-income countries had higher rates of obesity. CONCLUSIONS The high levels of both underweight and overweight/obesity found in this population of children and youth participating in Special Olympics represents a double burden of health risk. More research is needed to understand why this population experiences such disparities in BMI status and to develop health promotion initiatives targeted at this population.
Collapse
|
39
|
Foley JT, Lloyd M, Vogl D, Temple VA. Obesity trends of 8-18 year old Special Olympians: 2005-2010. Res Dev Disabil 2014; 35:705-710. [PMID: 24397890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem. Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience health disparities, including higher rates of obesity than their peers with typical development; however, there has been no tracking of the obesity rates of children and youth with ID over time. The objective of this study was to compare the BMI of children and youth (8-<19 years of age) with and without ID in the USA, measured overtime; and determine differences between the two groups. This study is a secondary analysis of BMI derived from the Special Olympics International (SOI) Healthy Athletes database. Data were available for 2541 (1527 male) American SOI participants. Using BMI cut-offs from the CDC growth curves the BMI data were stratified into two age bands: 8-11 years (n=429) and 12-<19 years (n=2112), and comparisons were made between SOI participants' BMI data and published NHANES data from the years 2005-2006, 2007-2008, and 2009-2010. SOI participants (12-<19 years) had significantly higher levels of obesity than the national average in 2007-2008 and 2009-2010; there were no differences in the children (8-11 years). Males in the 8-11 years age group were more likely to be obese than females in the same age group (OR=1.62, p=.035). These results highlight that an obesity disparity exists in the USA for children and youth with ID, particularly as they get older and there is a need for further physical activity and healthy eating interventions and overall health promotion activities targeted at this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Foley
- Physical Education Department, State University of New York College at Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA.
| | - Meghann Lloyd
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Vogl
- Physical Education Department, State University of New York College at Cortland, Cortland, NY, USA
| | - Viviene A Temple
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|