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Learning facilitates dual-process face recognition regardless of holistic processing. Mem Cognit 2023:10.3758/s13421-023-01399-2. [PMID: 36884192 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Much evidence suggests that faces are recognized based on their global familiarity in a signal-detection manner. However, experiments drawing this conclusion typically present study lists of faces only once or twice, and the nature of face recognition at higher levels of learning remains unclear. Here, three experiments are reported in which participants studied some faces eight times and others twice and then took a recognition test containing previously viewed faces, entirely new faces, and faces which recombined the parts of previously viewed faces. Three measures converged to suggest that study list repetition increased the likelihood of participants rejecting recombined faces as new by recollecting that their parts were studied but in a different combination, and that manipulating holistic or Gestalt-like processing-a hallmark of face perception-qualitatively preserved its effect on how memory judgments are made. This suggests that face learning causes a shift from the use of a signal-detection strategy to the use of a dual-process strategy of face recognition regardless of holistic processing.
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Individual Differences in Disqualifying Monitoring Underlie False Recognition of Associative and Conjunction Lures. Mem Cognit 2021; 50:751-764. [PMID: 34713420 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-021-01243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study leveraged experimental and individual differences methodology to examine whether false memories across different list-learning tasks arise from a common cause. Participants completed multiple false memory (associative and conjunction lure), working memory (operation and reading span), and source monitoring (verbal and picture) tasks. Memory discriminability in the associative and conjunction tasks loaded onto a single (general) factor and were unaffected by warnings provided at encoding. Consistent with previous research, source-monitoring ability fully mediated the relation between working memory and false memories. Moreover, individuals with higher source monitoring-ability were better able to recall contextual information from encoding to correctly reject lures. These results suggest that there are stable individual differences in false remembering across tasks. The commonality across tasks may be due, at least in part, to the ability to effectively use disqualifying monitoring processes.
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Moore KN, Lampinen JM, Bridges AJ, Gallo DA. Developmental trends in children’s use of different monitoring processes to avoid false memories. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guez J, Saar-Ashkenazy R, Tiferet-Dweck C. Dissociative associative-memory deficit as a function of primacy and recency effects. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:1545-1554. [PMID: 30877376 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies designed to explore memory for single items versus paired items (i.e., associative memory) in young adults show inconsistent results. Some studies report a decrease in associative recognition and others report mild-to-moderate or even a null effect. The studies often do not take into account stimuli serial position (SSP) when analyzing the locus of associative accuracy. Studies testing SSP often target memory for items, while studies targeting associative memory decline as a function of SSP are lacking. The objective of the current study is to test the separate and joint effect of SSP (experiments 1 + 2) and presentation duration (experiment 2) on memory recognition for items versus associations. We hypothesized that greater associative decline (compared to the expected decline in memory for items with similar serial location) will be observed for the material located at the end of a learning list than the material located at the beginning of a learning list. The results of the two experiments converged and confirmed our hypotheses; the greatest associative deficit was observed for associative material located at the end of the learning list (experiments 1 + 2) and for material presented for short durations (experiment 2). The interaction between SSP and presentation duration did not reach significance; however, a direct estimation of the cumulative deficit of SSP and presentation duration confirmed our hypothesis regarding greater associative deficit for recently presented items for short durations. These results highlight the importance of the joint and separate, effect of SSP and presentation duration to the study of associative memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Guez
- Department of Psychology, Achva Academic College, M.P.O Shikmim, 79800, Beer-Tuvia, Israel. .,Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Rotem Saar-Ashkenazy
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Psychology and the Faculty of Social-Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Chen Tiferet-Dweck
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Nie A. Facial Recall: Feature–Conjunction Effects in Source Retrieval Versus Item Recognition. Percept Mot Skills 2018; 125:369-386. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512517751725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Within memory processing, feature and conjunction effects refer to higher false alarms (incorrectly naming items as previously seen) for stimuli with partial/all features taken from different previously studied versus novel items. In this study, we compared feature–conjunction effects in the memory tasks of both item recognition and source retrieval, using faces as stimuli. We found greater feature–conjunction effects on source retrieval versus item recognition tasks, though participants gave slower responses on source retrieval versus item recognition. Thus, our data were consistent with dual-process memory theory in which familiarity contributes to high false alarms in compound faces even while feature–conjunction effects enhance recollection in source retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Nie
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Moore KN, Lampinen JM, Gallo DA, Bridges AJ. Effects of feedback and test practice on recollection and retrieval monitoring: comparing first graders, third graders, and adults. Memory 2017; 26:424-438. [PMID: 28774228 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2017.1360356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We tested the effects of repeated testing and feedback on recollection accuracy in first graders, third graders, and adults. All participants studied a list of words and pictures, and then took three recollection tests, with each test probing different words and pictures from the earlier study phase. On the first and third tests no feedback was given, whereas on the second test, some subjects received item-level feedback throughout the recollection test. Recollection confusion scores declined across successive tests in all age groups. However, explicit feedback did not improve recollection accuracy or reduce recollection confusions in any age group. We also found that all age groups were able to use picture recollections in a disqualifying monitoring strategy without task experience or feedback. As a whole, these findings suggest that children and adults can use some aspects of retrieval monitoring without feedback or practice, whereas other aspects of retrieval monitoring can benefit from test practice in children and adults. We discuss the potential roles of metacognitive learning and unintended social feedback on these test practice effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara N Moore
- a Department of Psychology , Knox College , Galesburg , IL , USA
| | - James M Lampinen
- a Department of Psychology , Knox College , Galesburg , IL , USA
| | - David A Gallo
- b Department of Psychology , University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Ana J Bridges
- a Department of Psychology , Knox College , Galesburg , IL , USA
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Moore KN, Lampinen JM, Gallo DA, Adams EJ, Bridges AJ. Children's Use of Memory Editing Strategies to Reject Source Misinformation. Child Dev 2017; 89:219-234. [PMID: 28197997 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This is the first reported study of children's use of two metacognitive strategies, recollection rejection and diagnostic monitoring, to reject misinformation. Recollection rejection involves the retrieval of details that disqualify an event, whereas diagnostic monitoring involves the failure to retrieve expected details. First (n = 56, age 7 years) and third graders (n = 52, age 9 years) witnessed a staged classroom interaction involving common and bizarre accidents, were presented with misinformation about the source of these events, and took a memory test. Both age groups used recollection rejection, but third graders were more effective. There was little evidence that diagnostic monitoring influenced responses for bizarre events, potentially because these events were not sufficiently bizarre in the context of the stereotype induction.
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Abstract
In the memory conjunction paradigm, the number of times that constituents of conjunction lures were studied and the method of presentation were varied. In two experiments, participants were presented with eight parent items that could be recombined at test to form a conjunction lure. The constituents that were shared between the parent items and the conjunction lures were either presented in the same words (e.g., blackmail and jailbird presented four times each for the conjunction lure blackbird) or in different words (e.g., the targets footstool, footlocker, foothill, footbridge, baseball, softball, basketball, and golfball for the conjunction lure football). In both experiments, rates of false recognition were higher in the Different condition as opposed to the Same condition. These results provide evidence that participants in the Same condition were able to utilise a recall-to-reject strategy by remembering the repeatedly presented parent word. In the Different condition, participants were not able to utilise that strategy and instead relied on the familiarity of the repeatedly presented constituents which led to higher rates of false recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana K Leding
- a Department of Psychology , University of North Florida , Jacksonville , FL 32224 , USA
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Addante RJ, de Chastelaine M, Rugg MD. Pre-stimulus neural activity predicts successful encoding of inter-item associations. Neuroimage 2014; 105:21-31. [PMID: 25450109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
fMRI was employed to investigate the relationship between pre-stimulus neural activity and associative encoding of words and pictures in humans. While undergoing scanning, subjects studied randomly interleaved word or picture pairs. A pre-stimulus cue preceded the presentation of each study pair and signaled whether it would comprise words or pictures. Memory for the study pairs was later tested with an associative recognition test, which comprised word or picture pairs presented either in the same (intact) or a different (rearranged) pairing as at study, along with pairs of new items. The critical fMRI contrast was between study activity associated with pairs later correctly judged intact and pairs incorrectly judged as rearranged. A key question was whether material-selective pre-stimulus encoding effects could be identified which overlapped regions selectively activated by the respective study material. Picture-selective pre-stimulus effects were identified in bilateral fusiform and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), whereas word-selective effects could not be identified. Material-invariant pre-stimulus subsequent memory effects were also identified in several neocortical regions as well as in the hippocampus. Whereas the loci of the neocortical effects suggest that they reflect the benefit to encoding that accrues from engagement of cognitive control processes, their magnitude was negatively correlated across subjects with associative recognition performance and positively related to false alarm rate. Conversely, the hippocampal effects also predicted unique variance in associative memory and were negatively related to hit rate. It is suggested that the neocortical pre-stimulus effects may reflect encoding processes that increase familiarity of single items, whereas the hippocampal pre-stimulus effects are proposed to reflect either the encoding of task-irrelevant features or the retrieval of task-relevant information associated with the pre-stimulus cues. Overall, the results provide evidence that pre-stimulus processes may be deleterious, rather than beneficial, to associative encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard James Addante
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
| | - Marianne de Chastelaine
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Michael D Rugg
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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Leding JK. Need for cognition is related to the rejection (but not the acceptance) of false memories. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 126:1-10. [PMID: 23505954 DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.126.1.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Need for cognition (NFC) and rates of false recognition were studied in the context of the memory conjunction paradigm. Past research has shown that NFC is related to false recognition and false recall (Graham, 2007; Leding, 2011) in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, with high-NFC people experiencing more false memories. The present study extended this research to determine whether the findings of high-NFC people experiencing higher levels of false memories could be extended to other false memory paradigms. The present study also examined rates of high-confidence rejections of lures and recollection rejection responses. It was found that there were no significant differences for high- and low-NFC people in false recognition but that high-NFC people were more likely to use high-confidence rejections and have recollection rejection responses when they did reject lures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana K Leding
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Abstract
The relationship between working memory capacity (WMC) and false memories in the memory conjunction paradigm was explored. Previous research using other paradigms has shown that individuals high in WMC are not as likely to experience false memories as low-WMC individuals, the explanation being that high-WMC individuals are better able to engage in source monitoring. In the memory conjunction paradigm participants are presented at study with parent words (e.g., eyeglasses, whiplash). At test, in addition to being presented with targets and foils, participants are presented with lures that are composed of previously studied features (e.g., eyelash). It was found that high-WMC individuals had lower levels of false recognition than low-WMC individuals. Furthermore, recall-to-reject responses were analysed (e.g., "I know I didn't see eyelash because I remember seeing eyeglasses") and it was found that high-WMC individuals were more likely to utilise this memory editing strategy, providing direct evidence that one reason that high-WMC individuals are not as prone to false memories is because they are better able to engage in source monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana K Leding
- Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Schmid J, Herholz SC, Brandt M, Buchner A. Recall-to-reject: The effect of category cues on false recognition. Memory 2011; 18:863-82. [PMID: 21108106 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2010.517756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Four experiments examined the effect of category cueing on recall-to-reject, one of the central memory-editing mechanisms thought to prevent the occurrence of false memories. When category names were used as retrieval cues, the typically observed false recognition effect was eliminated for semantically associated distractors (Experiment 1a) and, moreover, a reduction in the absolute level of the false alarm rate was found for phonologically associated distractors (Experiment 2a). In addition to the old/new-recognition data, analyses using multinomial models support the interpretation that category cueing was successful in increasing the probability of recall-to-reject (Experiments 1b and 2b). The results are in line with dual-process theories of recognition memory and provide further evidence for recall-to-reject in single item recognition. They demonstrate its potential to reduce false recognition even when explicit instructions are not given. In addition, the results demonstrate that the paradigm can give rise to side effects that oppose recall-to-reject. A simultaneous familiarity increase can explain why many studies failed to find evidence for recall-to-reject in terms of false alarm rates.
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Greenberg DL, Verfaellie M. Effects of fixed- and varied-context repetition on associative recognition in amnesia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2010; 16:596-602. [PMID: 20374672 PMCID: PMC2891129 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617710000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of fixed- and varied-context repetition on associative recognition in amnesia. Controls and amnesic participants were presented with a set of three-word phrases. Each was presented three times. In the varied-context condition, the verb changed with each presentation; in the fixed-context condition, it remained constant. At test, participants performed an associative-recognition task in which they were shown pairs of words from the study phase and asked to distinguish between intact and recombined pairs. For corrected recognition (hits - false alarms), controls performed better in the varied-context than in the fixed-context repetition condition, whereas amnesic participants' performance did not differ between conditions. Similarly, controls had lower false-alarm rates in the varied-context condition, but there was no significant effect of condition for the amnesic participants. Thus, varied-context repetition does not improve amnesic participants' performance on a recollection-dependent associative-recognition task, possibly because the amnesic participants were unable to take advantage of the additional cues that the varied-context encoding condition provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Greenberg
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02130, USA.
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