1
|
Dvir M, Nagar M. Dehumanization of stigmatized targets of ostracism. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38285877 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2024.2307577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The study explored people's reactions to observing the ostracism of stigmatized targets. Participants (n = 198) who observed ostracism experienced need threat regardless of the target's identity. Participants regarded included addicts more positively than ostracized addicts, especially on traits that are considered unique to humans. As for dehumanization, subtle measures demonstrate that ostracized targets are perceived as less human. In contrast, our original measure of blatant dehumanization suggests that targets of ostracism are perceived as more human. The study stresses the inconsistency between dehumanization measurements and the need to specify what each measure taps into and how each contributes to the theory.
Collapse
|
2
|
Falzon D, Carver H, Masterton W, Wallace B, Sumnall H, Measham F, Craik V, Gittins R, Aston EV, Watson K, Hunter C, Priyadarshi S, Parkes T. Planning and implementing community-based drug checking services in Scotland: a qualitative exploration using the consolidated framework for implementation research. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2024; 19:7. [PMID: 38233933 PMCID: PMC10795311 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug checking services (DCS) provide harm reduction support and advice to individuals based on chemical analysis of submitted substances of concern. Whilst there are currently no DCS in Scotland, community-based services are being planned in three cities. METHODS In this paper, we report qualitative findings based on interviews with 43 participants, focused on perceptions of DCS and their implementation. Participants were relevant professionals, those with experience of drug use, and family members of those with experience of drug use. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used to inform data collection and analysis. We report findings under nine constructs/themes across the five CFIR domains. RESULTS Participants noted the importance of DCS being implemented in low-threshold, trusted services with a harm reduction ethos, and outlined a range of further service design considerations such as speed of testing, and information provided through the analysis process. In relation to the 'inner setting', a key finding related to the potential value of leveraging existing resources in order to expand both reach and effectiveness of drug trend communication. The approach of local and national police to DCS, and the attitudes of the public and local community, were described as important external factors which could influence the success (or otherwise) of implementation. Bringing together a range of stakeholders in dialogue and developing tailored communication strategies were seen as ways to build support for DCS. Overall, we found high levels of support and perceived need for DCS amongst all stakeholder groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings present initial implementation considerations for Scotland which could be further explored as DCS are operationalised. Further, our focus on implementation contexts is relevant to research on DCS more generally, given the minimal consideration of such issues in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Falzon
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK.
| | - Hannah Carver
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK
| | - Wendy Masterton
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK
| | - Bruce Wallace
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, BCV8P 5C2, Victoria, Canada
| | - Harry Sumnall
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, L2 2QP, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fiona Measham
- Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZR, Liverpool, UK
- The Loop, Registered Charity, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Elizabeth V Aston
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, EH11 4BN, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kira Watson
- Scottish Ambulance Service, EH12 9EB, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carole Hunter
- Alcohol and Drug Services, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, G51 1DP, Glasgow, UK
| | - Saket Priyadarshi
- Alcohol and Drug Services, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, G51 1DP, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tessa Parkes
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stephenson A, Calvo-Friedman A, Altshuler L, Zabar S, Hanley K. Educational training to improve opioid overdose response among health center staff: a quality improvement initiative. Harm Reduct J 2023; 20:83. [PMID: 37391790 PMCID: PMC10311901 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There were seven opioid overdoses in this New York City (NYC) federally qualified health center from December 2018 through February 2019, reflecting the rising rate of overdose deaths in NYC overall at the time. In response to these overdoses, we sought to increase the readiness of health center staff to recognize and respond to opioid overdoses and decrease stigmatizing attitudes around opioid use disorder (OUD). METHODS An hour-long training focusing on opioid overdose response was administered to clinical and non-clinical staff of all levels at the health center. This training included didactic education on topics such as the overdose epidemic, stigma around OUD, and opioid overdose response, as well as discussion. A structured assessment was administered immediately before and following the training to evaluate change in knowledge and attitudes. Additionally, participants completed a feedback survey immediately after the training to assess acceptability. Paired t-tests and analysis of variance tests were used to assess changes in pre- and post-test scores. RESULTS Over 76% of the health center staff participated in the training (N = 310). There were large and significant increases in mean knowledge and attitudinal scores from pre- to post-test (p < .001 and p < .001, respectively). While there was no significant effect of profession on attitudinal change scores, profession did have a significant effect on knowledge change scores, with administrative staff, non-clinical support staff, other healthcare staff, and therapists learning significantly more than providers (p < .001). The training had high acceptability among participants from diverse departments and levels. CONCLUSIONS An interactive educational training increased staff's knowledge and readiness to respond to an overdose as well as improved attitudes toward individuals living with OUD. TRIAL REGISTRATION This project was undertaken as a quality improvement initiative at the health center and as such was not formally supervised by the Institutional Review Board per their policies. Further, per the guidelines of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, registration is not necessary for clinical trials whose sole purpose is to assess an intervention's effect on providers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Stephenson
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Gotham Health, Gouverneur, 227 Madison St., New York, NY, 10002, USA
- West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Alessandra Calvo-Friedman
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Gotham Health, Gouverneur, 227 Madison St., New York, NY, 10002, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Altshuler
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sondra Zabar
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Gotham Health, Gouverneur, 227 Madison St., New York, NY, 10002, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen Hanley
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Gotham Health, Gouverneur, 227 Madison St., New York, NY, 10002, USA.
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effects of media representations of drug related deaths on public stigma and support for harm reduction. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 111:103909. [PMID: 36399962 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug related deaths (DRD) are at historically high levels in the United Kingdom (UK), but some approaches that have the potential to reduce risk of mortality remain controversial. Public support makes an important contribution to drug policy development but there are high levels of public stigma towards people who use drugs (PWUD), and this is partly shaped by media representations. We investigated whether depiction of the characteristics of decedents represented in news articles about DRD was associated with differences in stigmatising attitudes and support for harm reduction policy. METHODS We undertook a cross-sectional online study with a randomised design, conducted with a nationally representative sample (UK). Participants (N = 1280) were randomly presented with one of eight simulated news stories that reported on a DRD that differed with respect to drug (ecstasy or heroin), and the gender (male or female) and age (younger or older) of the decedent. Data were analysed using MANOVA. RESULTS Data were obtained for 1248 participants (51.0% female; mean age 45.7±15.4). Stigma was higher towards depictions of male, older, and heroin deaths (all p < .001). Harm reduction support was higher in those participants seeing older compared to younger subjects (p = .035), and the older ecstasy decedent compared to younger decedent (p = .029). CONCLUSION Presentation of some types of DRD are associated with higher public stigma towards the decedent than others. Those groups developing agenda-setting activities designed to reduce stigma or foster public support for harm reduction policies should consider the different ways in which audiences may respond to the depiction and framing of DRD in news media.
Collapse
|
5
|
Purtle J, Bowler S, Boughter-Dornfeld M, Nelson KL, Gollust SE. Newspaper Coverage of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Toxic Stress in the United States, 2014-2020: Consequences, Causes, and Solutions. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:313-323. [PMID: 34269132 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211029407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
News media can shape public opinion about child adversity and influence the translation of research into public policy. Research about adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and toxic stress has increased dramatically in recent years, but little is known about how these concepts are covered in news media. We reviewed how newspapers in the United States have portrayed the consequences of, causes of, and solutions to address ACEs and toxic stress, examined trends in newspaper coverage, and assessed differences in coverage of ACEs versus toxic stress. Quantitative content analysis was conducted of 746 newspaper articles mentioning "adverse childhood experience(s)" and/or "toxic stress" published in 25 U.S. newspapers between January 1, 2014, and May 30, 2020. κ statistics of interrater reliability were calculated, and variables with κ ≥ .60 were retained for quantitative analysis. We found that newspaper coverage of ACEs and toxic stress increased dramatically between 2014 and 2018 and then sharply declined. Only 13.3% of articles mentioned both ACEs and toxic stress. There were many statistically significant (p < .05) differences in the causes, consequences, and solutions identified in articles focused on ACEs versus toxic stress. Coverage of both concepts predominantly focused on consequences for individuals, not society. However, 54.6% of articles identified a structural cause of ACEs and/or toxic stress. Increased volume in newspaper coverage about ACEs and toxic stress could increase public awareness about the relationship between childhood adversity and adult outcomes. There is a need to portray ACEs and toxic stress as complementary concepts more coherently in news media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Purtle
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, 6527Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Bowler
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Maura Boughter-Dornfeld
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, 6527Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine L Nelson
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, 6527Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E Gollust
- Division of Health Policy and Management, 43353University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morris J, Moss A, Albery I, Heather N. The "alcoholic other": Harmful drinkers resist problem recognition to manage identity threat. Addict Behav 2022; 124:107093. [PMID: 34500234 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Harmful drinkers represent an important Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) group in public health terms, accounting for significant health and social costs. However, harmful drinkers are characterized by low problem recognition; they tend to construct their drinking identity as positive and problem-free, actively setting themselves apart from the stigmatised 'alcoholic other'. As such, harmful drinkers rarely engage in treatment and represent an important opportunity for lower threshold interventions and self-change. The present study sought to explore AUD problem framing and stigma effects on problem recognition. METHODS Harmful drinkers without perceived addiction experience recruited online (n = 244, 54% male, 46% female, 96% British) were randomised to one of six conditions comprising beliefs about alcohol problems (control, continuum, binary disease model) and stigma (stigma, non-stigma), and completed measures relating to problem recognition. RESULTS As predicted, results found that harmful drinkers exposed to binary disease model beliefs and stigmatising language had significantly lower problem recognition than those in other conditions. However, no support was found for the prediction that continuum beliefs would be associated with higher problem recognition. Results suggest that the interaction of binary disease model beliefs and stigma prompted alcoholic label avoidance. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that problem framing has important consequences for harmful drinkers. Implications for behaviour change amongst harmful drinkers through mechanisms of problem framing and identity are discussed.
Collapse
|