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Arkhipov DV, Lomin SN, Romanov GA. A Model of the Full-Length Cytokinin Receptor: New Insights and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:73. [PMID: 38203244 PMCID: PMC10779265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CK) are one of the most important classes of phytohormones that regulate a wide range of processes in plants. A CK receptor, a sensor hybrid histidine kinase, was discovered more than 20 years ago, but the structural basis for its signaling is still a challenge for plant biologists. To date, only two fragments of the CK receptor structure, the sensory module and the receiver domain, were experimentally resolved. Some other regions were built up by molecular modeling based on structures of proteins homologous to CK receptors. However, in the long term, these data have proven insufficient for solving the structure of the full-sized CK receptor. The functional unit of CK receptor is the receptor dimer. In this article, a molecular structure of the dimeric form of the full-length CK receptor based on AlphaFold Multimer and ColabFold modeling is presented for the first time. Structural changes of the receptor upon interacting with phosphotransfer protein are visualized. According to mathematical simulation and available data, both types of dimeric receptor complexes with hormones, either half- or fully liganded, appear to be active in triggering signals. In addition, the prospects of using this and similar models to address remaining fundamental problems of CK signaling were outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Georgy A. Romanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (D.V.A.); (S.N.L.)
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2
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Differential Proteomics of Helicobacter pylori Isolates from Gastritis, Ulcer, and Cancer Patients: First Study from Northwest Pakistan. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58091168. [PMID: 36143845 PMCID: PMC9500814 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Helicobacter pylori is a human-stomach-dwelling organism that causes many gastric illnesses, including gastritis, ulcer, and gastric cancer. The purpose of the study was to perform differential proteomic analysis on H. pylori isolates from gastritis, ulcer, and gastric cancer patients. Materials and Methods: H. pylori was isolated from antrum and fundus biopsies obtained from patients who visited the Department of Gastroenterology. Using nano-LC-QTOF MS/MS analysis, differentially regulated proteins were identified through proteome profiling of pooled samples of H. pylori isolated from gastritis, ulcer, and gastric cancer patients. Antigenic scores and cellular localization of proteins were determined using additional prediction tools. Results: A total of 14 significantly regulated proteins were identified in H. pylori isolated from patients with either gastritis, ulcer, or gastric cancer. Comparative analysis of groups revealed that in the case of cancer vs. gastritis, six proteins were overexpressed, out of which two proteins, including hydrogenase maturation factor (hypA) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (ndk) involved in bacterial colonization, were only upregulated in isolates from cancer patients. Similarly, in cancer vs. ulcer, a total of nine proteins were expressed. Sec-independent protein translocase protein (tatB), involved in protein translocation, and pseudaminic acid synthase I (pseI), involved in the synthesis of functional flagella, were upregulated in cancer, while hypA and ndk were downregulated. In ulcer vs. gastritis, eight proteins were expressed. In this group, tatB was overexpressed. A reduction in thioredoxin peroxidase (bacterioferritin co-migratory protein (bcp)) was observed in ulcer vs. gastritis and cancer vs. ulcer. Conclusion: Our study suggested three discrete protein signatures, hypA, tatB, and bcp, with differential expression in gastritis, ulcer, and cancer. Protein expression profiles of H. pylori isolated from patients with these gastric diseases will help to understand the virulence and pathogenesis of H. pylori.
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3
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Li M, Zhang J, Bai Q, Fang L, Song H, Cao Y. Non-homologous End Joining-Mediated Insertional Mutagenesis Reveals a Novel Target for Enhancing Fatty Alcohols Production in Yarrowia lipolytica. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:898884. [PMID: 35547152 PMCID: PMC9082995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.898884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated integration is effective in generating random mutagenesis to identify beneficial gene targets in the whole genome, which can significantly promote the performance of the strains. Here, a novel target leading to higher protein synthesis was identified by NHEJ-mediated integration that seriously improved fatty alcohols biosynthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica. One batch of strains transformed with fatty acyl-CoA reductase gene (FAR) showed significant differences (up to 70.53-fold) in fatty alcohol production. Whole-genome sequencing of the high-yield strain demonstrated that a new target YALI0_A00913g ("A1 gene") was disrupted by NHEJ-mediated integration of partial carrier DNA, and reverse engineering of the A1 gene disruption (YlΔA1-FAR) recovered the fatty alcohol overproduction phenotype. Transcriptome analysis of YlΔA1-FAR strain revealed A1 disruption led to strengthened protein synthesis process that was confirmed by sfGFP gene expression, which may account for enhanced cell viability and improved biosynthesis of fatty alcohols. This study identified a novel target that facilitated synthesis capacity and provided new insights into unlocking biosynthetic potential for future genetic engineering in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxu Li
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinlai Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyan Bai
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixia Fang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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4
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Kupriyanova EV, Sinetova MA, Leusenko AV, Voronkov AS, Los DA. A leader peptide of the extracellular cyanobacterial carbonic anhydrase ensures the efficient secretion of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2021; 344:11-23. [PMID: 34921977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Several forms of EcaA protein, correspondent to the extracellular α-class carbonic anhydrase (CA) of cyanobacterium Crocosphaera subtropica ATCC 51142 were expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant proteins with no leader peptide (EcaA and its fusion with thioredoxin or glutathione S-transferase) were allocated inside cells in a full-length form; these cells did not display any extracellular CA activity. Soluble proteins (including that of periplasmic space) of E. coli cells that expressed both ЕсаА equipped with its native leader peptide (L-EcaA) as well as L-EcaA fused with thioredoxin or glutathione S-transferase at N-terminus, mainly contained the processed EcaA. The appearance of mature ЕсаА in outer layers of E. coli cells expressed leader peptide-containing forms of recombinant proteins, has been directly confirmed by immunofluorescent microscopy. Those cells also displayed high extracellular CA activity. In addition, the mature EcaA protein was detected in the culture medium. This suggests that cyanobacterial signal peptide is recognized by the secretory machinery and by the leader peptidase of E. coli even as a part of a fusion protein. The efficiency of EcaA leader peptide was comparable to that of PelB and TorA signal peptides, commonly used for biotechnological production of extracellular recombinant proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Kupriyanova
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia.
| | - Maria A Sinetova
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Anna V Leusenko
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Alexander S Voronkov
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Los
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
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5
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Davis MM, Lamichhane R, Bruce BD. Elucidating Protein Translocon Dynamics with Single-Molecule Precision. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:569-583. [PMID: 33865650 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Translocons are protein assemblies that facilitate the targeting and transport of proteins into and across biological membranes. Our understanding of these systems has been advanced using genetics, biochemistry, and structural biology. Despite these classic advances, until recently we have still largely lacked a detailed understanding of how translocons recognize and facilitate protein translocation. With the advent and improvements of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) single-particle analysis and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, the details of how translocons function are finally emerging. Here, we introduce these methods and evaluate their importance in understanding translocon structure, function, and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rajan Lamichhane
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Barry D Bruce
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Graduate Program in Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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6
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Preisler SS, Wiuf AD, Friis M, Kjaergaard L, Hurd M, Becares ER, Nurup CN, Bjoerkskov FB, Szathmáry Z, Gourdon PE, Calloe K, Klaerke DA, Gotfryd K, Pedersen PA. Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a superior host for overproduction of prokaryotic integral membrane proteins. Curr Res Struct Biol 2021; 3:51-71. [PMID: 34235486 PMCID: PMC8244417 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) constitute ~30% of all proteins encoded by the genome of any organism and Escherichia coli remains the first-choice host for recombinant production of prokaryotic IMPs. However, the expression levels of prokaryotic IMPs delivered by this bacterium are often low and overproduced targets often accumulate in inclusion bodies. The targets are therefore often discarded to avoid an additional and inconvenient refolding step in the purification protocol. Here we compared expression of five prokaryotic (bacterial and archaeal) IMP families in E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate that our S. cerevisiae-based production platform is superior in expression of four investigated IMPs, overall being able to deliver high quantities of active target proteins. Surprisingly, in case of the family of zinc transporters (Zrt/Irt-like proteins, ZIPs), S. cerevisiae rescued protein expression that was undetectable in E. coli. We also demonstrate the effect of localization of the fusion tag on expression yield and sample quality in detergent micelles. Lastly, we present a road map to achieve the most efficient expression of prokaryotic IMPs in our yeast platform. Our findings demonstrate the great potential of S. cerevisiae as host for high-throughput recombinant overproduction of bacterial and archaeal IMPs for downstream biophysical characterization. S. cerevisiae is superior to E. coli in expressing correctly folded and active IMPs. S. cerevisiae completely rescues the expression of the family of zinc transporters. Localization of the fusion tag affects expression yields and protein quality. We provide a roadmap to efficient expression of prokaryotic IMPs in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spruce Preisler
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, OE, Denmark
| | - Anders Drabaek Wiuf
- Membrane Protein Structural Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Maersk Tower 7-9, DK 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Marc Friis
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, OE, Denmark
| | - Lasse Kjaergaard
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, OE, Denmark
| | - Molly Hurd
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Dyrlaegevej 100, Frederiksberg, DK, 1870, Denmark
| | - Eva Ramos Becares
- Membrane Protein Structural Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Maersk Tower 7-9, DK 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Casper Normann Nurup
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, OE, Denmark
| | | | - Zsófia Szathmáry
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, OE, Denmark
| | - Pontus Emanuel Gourdon
- Membrane Protein Structural Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Maersk Tower 7-9, DK 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Calloe
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Dyrlaegevej 100, Frederiksberg, DK, 1870, Denmark
| | - Dan A Klaerke
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Dyrlaegevej 100, Frederiksberg, DK, 1870, Denmark
| | - Kamil Gotfryd
- Membrane Protein Structural Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Maersk Tower 7-9, DK 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Per Amstrup Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100, Copenhagen, OE, Denmark
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7
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Bhardwaj M, Leli NM, Koumenis C, Amaravadi RK. Regulation of autophagy by canonical and non-canonical ER stress responses. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 66:116-128. [PMID: 31838023 PMCID: PMC7325862 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells encounter numerous stresses that pose a threat to their survival. Tumor microenviroment stresses that perturb protein homeostasis can produce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which can be counterbalanced by triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR) which is considered the canonical ER stress response. The UPR is characterized by three major proteins that lead to specific changes in transcriptional and translational programs in stressed cells. Activation of the UPR can induce apoptosis, but also can induce cytoprotective programs such as autophagy. There is increasing appreciation for the role that UPR-induced autophagy plays in supporting tumorigenesis and cancer therapy resistance. More recently several new pathways that connect cell stresses, components of the UPR and autophagy have been reported, which together can be viewed as non-canonical ER stress responses. Here we review recent findings on the molecular mechanisms by which canonical and non-canonical ER stress responses can activate cytoprotective autophagy and contribute to tumor growth and therapy resistance. Autophagy has been identified as a druggable pathway, however the components of autophagy (ATG genes) have proven difficult to drug. It may be the case that targeting the UPR or non-canonical ER stress programs can more effectively block cytoprotective autophagy to enhance cancer therapy. A deeper understanding of these pathways could provide new therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nektaria Maria Leli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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8
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Serdiuk T, Steudle A, Mari SA, Manioglu S, Kaback HR, Kuhn A, Müller DJ. Insertion and folding pathways of single membrane proteins guided by translocases and insertases. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau6824. [PMID: 30801000 PMCID: PMC6385520 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau6824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Biogenesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes requires the insertion of α-helical proteins into cellular membranes for which they use universally conserved cellular machineries. In bacterial inner membranes, insertion is facilitated by YidC insertase and SecYEG translocon working individually or cooperatively. How insertase and translocon fold a polypeptide into the native protein in the membrane is largely unknown. We apply single-molecule force spectroscopy assays to investigate the insertion and folding process of single lactose permease (LacY) precursors assisted by YidC and SecYEG. Both YidC and SecYEG initiate folding of the completely unfolded polypeptide by inserting a single structural segment. YidC then inserts the remaining segments in random order, whereas SecYEG inserts them sequentially. Each type of insertion process proceeds until LacY folding is complete. When YidC and SecYEG cooperate, the folding pathway of the membrane protein is dominated by the translocase. We propose that both of the fundamentally different pathways along which YidC and SecYEG insert and fold a polypeptide are essential components of membrane protein biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Serdiuk
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)–Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Steudle
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefania A. Mari
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)–Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Selen Manioglu
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)–Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - H. Ronald Kaback
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Kuhn
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)–Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Kupriyanova EV, Sinetova MA, Bedbenov VS, Pronina NA, Los DA. Putative extracellular α-class carbonic anhydrase, EcaA, of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is an active enzyme: a sequel to an old story. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:576-586. [PMID: 29485398 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) EcaA of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 was previously characterized as a putative extracellular α-class CA, however, its activity was never verified. Here we show that EcaA possesses specific CA activity, which is inhibited by ethoxyzolamide. An active EcaA was expressed in heterologous bacterial system, which supports the formation of disulfide bonds, as a full-length protein (EcaA+L) and as a mature protein that lacks a leader peptide (EcaA-L). EcaA-L exhibited higher specific activity compared to EcaA+L. The recombinant EcaA, expressed in a bacterial system that does not support optimal disulfide bond formation, exhibited extremely low activity. This activity, however, could be enhanced by the thiol-oxidizing agent, diamide; while a disulfide bond-reducing agent, dithiothreitol, further inactivated the enzyme. Intact E. coli cells that overexpress EcaA+L possess a small amount of processed protein, EcaA-L, whereas the bulk of the full-length protein resides in the cytosol. This may indicate poor recognition of the EcaA leader peptide by protein export systems. S. elongatus possessed a relatively low level of ecaA mRNA, which varied insignificantly in response to changes in CO2 supply. However, the presence of protein in the cells is not obvious. This points to the physiological insignificance of EcaA in S. elongatus, at least under the applied experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Kupriyanova
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Maria A Sinetova
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Bedbenov
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Natalia A Pronina
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Los
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation, Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya street 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
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10
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Serdiuk T, Balasubramaniam D, Sugihara J, Mari SA, Kaback HR, Müller DJ. YidC assists the stepwise and stochastic folding of membrane proteins. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:911-917. [PMID: 27595331 PMCID: PMC5069129 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
How chaperones, insertases and translocases facilitate insertion and folding of complex cytoplasmic proteins into cellular membranes is not fully understood. Here we utilize single-molecule force spectroscopy to observe YidC, a transmembrane chaperone and insertase, sculpting the folding trajectory of the polytopic α-helical membrane protein lactose permease (LacY). In the absence of YidC, unfolded LacY inserts individual structural segments into the membrane; however, misfolding dominates the process so that folding cannot be completed. YidC prevents LacY from misfolding by stabilizing the unfolded state from which LacY inserts structural segments stepwise into the membrane until folding is completed. During stepwise insertion, YidC and the membrane together stabilize the transient folds. Remarkably, the order of insertion of structural segments is stochastic, indicating that LacY can fold along variable pathways toward the native structure. Since YidC is essential in membrane protein biogenesis and LacY is a model for the major facilitator superfamily, our observations have general relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Serdiuk
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Junichi Sugihara
- Department of Physiology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Stefania A. Mari
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H. Ronald Kaback
- Department of Physiology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Daniel J. Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Rampitsch C, Günel A, Beimcik E, Mauthe W. Proteome of monoclonal antibody-purified haustoria fromPuccinia triticinaRace-1. Proteomics 2015; 15:1307-15. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Rampitsch
- Agriculture and Agrifood Canada; Cereal Research Centre; Morden MB Canada
| | - Aslıhan Günel
- Department of Chemistry; Ahi Evran University; Kırşehir Turkey
| | - Eva Beimcik
- Agriculture and Agrifood Canada; Cereal Research Centre; Morden MB Canada
| | - Wayne Mauthe
- Agriculture and Agrifood Canada; Cereal Research Centre; Morden MB Canada
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12
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Zhu L, Kaback HR, Dalbey RE. YidC protein, a molecular chaperone for LacY protein folding via the SecYEG protein machinery. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28180-94. [PMID: 23928306 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand how YidC and SecYEG function together in membrane protein topogenesis, insertion and folding of the lactose permease of Escherichia coli (LacY), a 12-transmembrane helix protein LacY that catalyzes symport of a galactoside and an H(+), was studied. Although both the SecYEG machinery and signal recognition particle are required for insertion of LacY into the membrane, YidC is not required for translocation of the six periplasmic loops in LacY. Rather, YidC acts as a chaperone, facilitating LacY folding. Upon YidC depletion, the conformation of LacY is perturbed, as judged by monoclonal antibody binding studies and by in vivo cross-linking between introduced Cys pairs. Disulfide cross-linking also demonstrates that YidC interacts with multiple transmembrane segments of LacY during membrane biogenesis. Moreover, YidC is strictly required for insertion of M13 procoat protein fused into the middle cytoplasmic loop of LacY. In contrast, the loops preceding and following the inserted procoat domain are dependent on SecYEG for insertion. These studies demonstrate close cooperation between the two complexes in membrane biogenesis and that YidC functions primarily as a foldase for LacY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhu
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
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Bashiri G, Perkowski EF, Turner AP, Feltcher ME, Braunstein M, Baker EN. Tat-dependent translocation of an F420-binding protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45003. [PMID: 23110042 PMCID: PMC3478262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
F(420) is a unique cofactor present in a restricted range of microorganisms, including mycobacteria. It has been proposed that F(420) has an important role in the oxidoreductive reactions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, possibly associated with anaerobic survival and persistence. The protein encoded by Rv0132c has a predicted N-terminal signal sequence and is annotated as an F(420)-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Here we show that Rv0132c protein does not have the annotated activity. It does, however, co-purify with F(420) during expression experiments in M. smegmatis. We also show that the Rv0132c-F(420) complex is a substrate for the Tat pathway, which mediates translocation of the complex across the cytoplasmic membrane, where Rv0132c is anchored to the cell envelope. This is the first report of any F(420)-binding protein being a substrate for the Tat pathway and of the presence of F(420) outside of the cytosol in any F(420)-producing microorganism. The Rv0132c protein and its Tat export sequence are essentially invariant in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Taken together, these results show that current understanding of F(420) biology in mycobacteria should be expanded to include activities occurring in the extra-cytoplasmic cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghader Bashiri
- School of Biological Sciences,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ellen F. Perkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United State of America
| | - Adrian P. Turner
- Microscopy and Graphics Unit, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Meghan E. Feltcher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United State of America
| | - Miriam Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United State of America
| | - Edward N. Baker
- School of Biological Sciences,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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Szirák K, Keserű J, Biró S, Schmelczer I, Barabás G, Penyige A. Disruption of SCO5461 gene coding for a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase enzyme produces a conditional pleiotropic phenotype affecting morphological differentiation and antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor. J Microbiol 2012; 50:409-18. [PMID: 22752904 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-1440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The SCO5461 gene of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) codes for an ADP-ribosyltransferase enzyme that is predicted to be a transmembrane protein with an extracellular catalytic domain. PCR-targeted disruption of the gene resulted in a mutant that differentiated normally on complex SFM medium; however, morphological differentiation in minimal medium was significantly delayed and this phenotype was even more pronounced on osmotically enhanced minimal medium. The mutant did not sporulate when it was grown on R5 medium, however the normal morphological differentiation was restored when the strain was cultivated beside the wild-type S. coelicolor M145 strain. Comparison of the pattern of ADP-ribosylated proteins showed a difference between the mutant and the wild type, fewer modified proteins were present in the cellular crude extract of the mutant strain. These results support our previous suggestions that protein ADP-ribosylation is involved in the regulation of differentiation and antibiotic production and secretion in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szirák
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, H-4032, Hungary
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15
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Stability and function of the Sec61 translocation complex depends on the Sss1p tail-anchor sequence. Biochem J 2011; 436:291-303. [PMID: 21355855 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sss1p, an essential component of the heterotrimeric Sec61 complex in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), is a tail-anchored protein whose precise mechanism of action is largely unknown. Tail-anchored proteins are involved in many cellular processes and are characterized by a single transmembrane sequence at or near the C-terminus. The Sec61 complex is the molecular machine through which secretory and membrane proteins translocate into and across the ER membrane. To understand the function of the tail anchor of Sss1p, we introduced mutations into the tail-anchor sequence and analysed the resulting yeast phenotypes. Point mutations in the C-terminal hydrophobic core of the tail anchor of Sss1p were identified that allowed Sss1p assembly into Sec61 complexes, but resulted in diminished growth, defects in co- and post-translational translocation, inefficient ribosome binding to Sec61 complexes, reduction in the stability of both heterotrimeric Sec61 and heptameric Sec complexes and a complete breakdown of ER structure. The underlying defect caused by the mutations involves loss of a stabilizing function of the Sss1p tail-anchor sequence for both the heterotrimeric Sec61 and the heptameric Sec complexes. These results indicate that by stabilizing multiprotein membrane complexes, the hydrophobic core of a tail-anchor sequence can be more than a simple membrane anchor.
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16
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Gross J, Bhattacharya D. Uniting sex and eukaryote origins in an emerging oxygenic world. Biol Direct 2010; 5:53. [PMID: 20731852 PMCID: PMC2933680 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-5-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Theories about eukaryote origins (eukaryogenesis) need to provide unified explanations for the emergence of diverse complex features that define this lineage. Models that propose a prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition are gridlocked between the opposing "phagocytosis first" and "mitochondria as seed" paradigms, neither of which fully explain the origins of eukaryote cell complexity. Sex (outcrossing with meiosis) is an example of an elaborate trait not yet satisfactorily addressed in theories about eukaryogenesis. The ancestral nature of meiosis and its dependence on eukaryote cell biology suggest that the emergence of sex and eukaryogenesis were simultaneous and synergic and may be explained by a common selective pressure. Presentation of the hypothesis We propose that a local rise in oxygen levels, due to cyanobacterial photosynthesis in ancient Archean microenvironments, was highly toxic to the surrounding biota. This selective pressure drove the transformation of an archaeal (archaebacterial) lineage into the first eukaryotes. Key is that oxygen might have acted in synergy with environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation and/or desiccation that resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The emergence of eukaryote features such as the endomembrane system and acquisition of the mitochondrion are posited as strategies to cope with a metabolic crisis in the cell plasma membrane and the accumulation of ROS, respectively. Selective pressure for efficient repair of ROS/UV-damaged DNA drove the evolution of sex, which required cell-cell fusions, cytoskeleton-mediated chromosome movement, and emergence of the nuclear envelope. Our model implies that evolution of sex and eukaryogenesis were inseparable processes. Testing the hypothesis Several types of data can be used to test our hypothesis. These include paleontological predictions, simulation of ancient oxygenic microenvironments, and cell biological experiments with Archaea exposed to ROS and UV stresses. Studies of archaeal conjugation, prokaryotic DNA recombination, and the universality of nuclear-mediated meiotic activities might corroborate the hypothesis that sex and the nucleus evolved to support DNA repair. Implications of the hypothesis Oxygen tolerance emerges as an important principle to investigate eukaryogenesis. The evolution of eukaryotic complexity might be best understood as a synergic process between key evolutionary innovations, of which meiosis (sex) played a central role. Reviewers This manuscript was reviewed by Eugene V. Koonin, Anthony M. Poole, and Gáspár Jékely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson Gross
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, 08901, USA
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Medema MH, Zhou M, van Hijum SAFT, Gloerich J, Wessels HJCT, Siezen RJ, Strous M. A predicted physicochemically distinct sub-proteome associated with the intracellular organelle of the anammox bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:299. [PMID: 20459862 PMCID: PMC2881027 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria perform a key step in global nitrogen cycling. These bacteria make use of an organelle to oxidize ammonia anaerobically to nitrogen (N2) and so contribute approximately 50% of the nitrogen in the atmosphere. It is currently unknown which proteins constitute the organellar proteome and how anammox bacteria are able to specifically target organellar and cell-envelope proteins to their correct final destinations. Experimental approaches are complicated by the absence of pure cultures and genetic accessibility. However, the genome of the anammox bacterium Candidatus "Kuenenia stuttgartiensis" has recently been sequenced. Here, we make use of these genome data to predict the organellar sub-proteome and address the molecular basis of protein sorting in anammox bacteria. RESULTS Two training sets representing organellar (30 proteins) and cell envelope (59 proteins) proteins were constructed based on previous experimental evidence and comparative genomics. Random forest (RF) classifiers trained on these two sets could differentiate between organellar and cell envelope proteins with ~89% accuracy using 400 features consisting of frequencies of two adjacent amino acid combinations. A physicochemically distinct organellar sub-proteome containing 562 proteins was predicted with the best RF classifier. This set included almost all catabolic and respiratory factors encoded in the genome. Apparently, the cytoplasmic membrane performs no catabolic functions. We predict that the Tat-translocation system is located exclusively in the organellar membrane, whereas the Sec-translocation system is located on both the organellar and cytoplasmic membranes. Canonical signal peptides were predicted and validated experimentally, but a specific (N- or C-terminal) signal that could be used for protein targeting to the organelle remained elusive. CONCLUSIONS A physicochemically distinct organellar sub-proteome was predicted from the genome of the anammox bacterium K. stuttgartiensis. This result provides strong in silico support for the existing experimental evidence for the existence of an organelle in this bacterium, and is an important step forward in unravelling a geochemically relevant case of cytoplasmic differentiation in bacteria. The predicted dual location of the Sec-translocation system and the apparent absence of a specific N- or C-terminal signal in the organellar proteins suggests that additional chaperones may be necessary that act on an as-yet unknown property of the targeted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix H Medema
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Origins and evolution of cotranslational transport to the ER. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 607:52-60. [PMID: 17977458 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74021-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
All living organisms possess the ability to translocate proteins across biological membranes. This is a fundamental necessity since proteins function in different locations yet are synthesized in one compartment only, the cytosol. Even though different transport systems exist, the pathway that is dominantly used to translocate secretory and membrane proteins is known as the cotranslational transport pathway. It evolved only once and is in its core conserved throughout all kingdoms of life. The process is characterized by a well understood sequence of events: first, an N-terminal signal sequence of a nascent polypeptide is recognized on the ribosome by the signal recognition particle (SRP), then the SRP-ribosome complex is targeted to the membrane via the SRP receptor. Next, the nascent chain is transferred from SRP to the protein conducting channel, through which it is cotranslationally threaded. All the essential components of the system have been identified. Recent structural and biochemical studies have unveiled some of the intricate regulatory circuitry of the process. These studies also shed light on the accessory components unique to eukaryotes, pointing to early events in eukaryotic evolution.
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Salem M, Silverstein J, Rexroad CE, Yao J. Effect of starvation on global gene expression and proteolysis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). BMC Genomics 2007; 8:328. [PMID: 17880706 PMCID: PMC2040161 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fast, efficiently growing animals have increased protein synthesis and/or reduced protein degradation relative to slow, inefficiently growing animals. Consequently, minimizing the energetic cost of protein turnover is a strategic goal for enhancing animal growth. Characterization of gene expression profiles associated with protein turnover would allow us to identify genes that could potentially be used as molecular biomarkers to select for germplasm with improved protein accretion. Results We evaluated changes in hepatic global gene expression in response to 3-week starvation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Microarray analysis revealed a coordinated, down-regulated expression of protein biosynthesis genes in starved fish. In addition, the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism/transport, aerobic respiration, blood functions and immune response were decreased in response to starvation. However, the microarray approach did not show a significant increase of gene expression in protein catabolic pathways. Further studies, using real-time PCR and enzyme activity assays, were performed to investigate the expression of genes involved in the major proteolytic pathways including calpains, the multi-catalytic proteasome and cathepsins. Starvation reduced mRNA expression of the calpain inhibitor, calpastatin long isoform (CAST-L), with a subsequent increase in the calpain catalytic activity. In addition, starvation caused a slight but significant increase in 20S proteasome activity without affecting mRNA levels of the proteasome genes. Neither the mRNA levels nor the activities of cathepsin D and L were affected by starvation. Conclusion These results suggest a significant role of calpain and 20S proteasome pathways in protein mobilization as a source of energy during fasting and a potential association of the CAST-L gene with fish protein accretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jeff Silverstein
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | - Caird E Rexroad
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | - Jianbo Yao
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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20
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Tuteja R. Unraveling the components of protein translocation pathway in human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 467:249-60. [PMID: 17919451 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The targeting and translocation of proteins is an essentially required and conserved process in all the living organisms. This complex process involves multiple steps and requires a variety of factors before the protein reaches its final destination. The major components of translocation machinery are signal recognition particle (SRP) and secretory (Sec) complex. These are composed of highly conserved components. SRP contains SRP RNA and other polypeptides such as SRP9, SRP14, SRP19 and SRP54. Sec complex is composed of Sec61alphabetagamma, Sec62 and Sec63. In this review using bioinformatics approach we have shown that the P. falciparum genome contains the homologues for all of these and other factors such as SRP receptor, and TRAM (translocation associated membrane protein), which are required for post- and co-translational protein translocation. We have also shown the various steps of translocation in a hypothetical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Tuteja
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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21
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Staats CC, Boldo J, Broetto L, Vainstein M, Schrank A. Comparative genome analysis of proteases, oligopeptide uptake and secretion systems in Mycoplasma spp. Genet Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572007000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
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Abstract
The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway is responsible for the export of folded proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria. Substrates for the Tat pathway include redox enzymes requiring cofactor insertion in the cytoplasm, multimeric proteins that have to assemble into a complex prior to export, certain membrane proteins, and proteins whose folding is incompatible with Sec export. These proteins are involved in a diverse range of cellular activities including anaerobic metabolism, cell envelope biogenesis, metal acquisition and detoxification, and virulence. The Escherichia coli translocase consists of the TatA, TatB, and TatC proteins, but little is known about the precise sequence of events that leads to protein translocation, the energetic requirements, or the mechanism that prevents the export of misfolded proteins. Owing to the unique characteristics of the pathway, it holds promise for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Lee
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-0231, USA.
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23
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Dröge MJ, Boersma YL, Braun PG, Buining RJ, Julsing MK, Selles KGA, van Dijl JM, Quax WJ. Phage display of an intracellular carboxylesterase of Bacillus subtilis: comparison of Sec and Tat pathway export capabilities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4589-95. [PMID: 16820448 PMCID: PMC1489362 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02750-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the phage display technology, a protein can be displayed at the surface of bacteriophages as a fusion to one of the phage coat proteins. Here we describe development of this method for fusion of an intracellular carboxylesterase of Bacillus subtilis to the phage minor coat protein g3p. The carboxylesterase gene was cloned in the g3p-based phagemid pCANTAB 5E upstream of the sequence encoding phage g3p and downstream of a signal peptide-encoding sequence. The phage-bound carboxylesterase was correctly folded and fully enzymatically active, as determined from hydrolysis of the naproxen methyl ester with Km values of 0.15 mM and 0.22 mM for the soluble and phage-displayed carboxylesterases, respectively. The signal peptide directs the encoded fusion protein to the cell membrane of Escherichia coli, where phage particles are assembled. In this study, we assessed the effects of several signal peptides, both Sec dependent and Tat dependent, on the translocation of the carboxylesterase in order to optimize the phage display of this enzyme normally restricted to the cytoplasm. Functional display of Bacillus carboxylesterase NA could be achieved when Sec-dependent signal peptides were used. Although a Tat-dependent signal peptide could direct carboxylesterase translocation across the inner membrane of E. coli, proper assembly into phage particles did not seem to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melloney J Dröge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University Center of Pharmacy, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Salem M, Kenney PB, Rexroad CE, Yao J. Microarray gene expression analysis in atrophying rainbow trout muscle: a unique nonmammalian muscle degradation model. Physiol Genomics 2006; 28:33-45. [PMID: 16882886 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00114.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy is a physiological response to diverse physiological and pathological conditions that trigger muscle deterioration through specific cellular mechanisms. Despite different signals, the biochemical changes in atrophying muscle share many common cascades. Muscle deterioration as a physiological response to the energetic demands of fish vitellogenesis represents a unique model for studying the mechanisms of muscle degradation in non-mammalian animals. A salmonid microarray, containing 16,006 cDNAs, was used to study the transcriptome response to atrophy of fast-switch muscles from gravid rainbow trout compared with sterile fish. Eighty-two unique transcripts were upregulated and 120 transcripts were downregulated in atrophying muscles. Transcripts having gene ontology identifiers were grouped according to their functions. Muscle deterioration was associated with elevated expression of genes involved in the catheptic and collagenase proteolytic pathways; the aerobic production, buffering, and utilization of ATP; and growth arrest; whereas atrophying muscle showed downregulation of genes encoding a serine proteinase inhibitor, enzymes of anaerobic respiration, muscle proteins as well as genes required for RNA and protein biosynthesis/processing. Therefore, gene transcription of the trout muscle atrophy changed in a manner similar to mammalian muscle atrophy. These changes result in an arrest of normal cell growth, protein degradation, and decreased glycolytic cellular respiration that is characteristic of the fast-switch muscle. For the first time, other changes/mechanisms unique to fish were discussed including genes associated with muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Division of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA
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Slamovits CH, Burri L, Keeling PJ. Characterization of a divergent Sec61beta gene in microsporidia. J Mol Biol 2006; 359:1196-202. [PMID: 16650859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The general secretory (Sec) pathway is the main mechanism for protein secretion and insertion into endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, the complete genome of the highly specialized microsporidian parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi appears to lack a gene for Sec61beta, one of three universally conserved proteins that form the core of the Sec translocon. We have identified a putative, highly divergent homologue of Sec61beta in the genome of another microsporidian, Antonospora locustae, and used this to identify a previously unrecognized Sec61beta in E. cuniculi. The identity of these genes is supported by evidence from secondary structure prediction and gene order conservation. Their functional conservation is confirmed by expressing both microsporidian homologues in yeast, where they are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and rescue a yeast Sec61beta deletion mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio H Slamovits
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
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