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Wang J, Han L, Wang D, Sun Y, Huang J, Shahidi F. Stability and stabilization of omega-3 oils: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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2
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Floris B, Galloni P, Conte V, Sabuzi F. Tailored Functionalization of Natural Phenols to Improve Biological Activity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1325. [PMID: 34572538 PMCID: PMC8467377 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenols are widespread in nature, being the major components of several plants and essential oils. Natural phenols' anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, pharmacological and nutritional properties are, nowadays, well established. Hence, given their peculiar biological role, numerous studies are currently ongoing to overcome their limitations, as well as to enhance their activity. In this review, the functionalization of selected natural phenols is critically examined, mainly highlighting their improved bioactivity after the proper chemical transformations. In particular, functionalization of the most abundant naturally occurring monophenols, diphenols, lipidic phenols, phenolic acids, polyphenols and curcumin derivatives is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Floris
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
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3
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Zhang S, Hyatt JR, Akoh CC. Solvent-free enzymatic synthesis of 1,2-dipalmitoylgalloylglycerol: Characterization and optimization of reaction condition. Food Chem 2020; 344:128604. [PMID: 33243556 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel diacylglycerol-based galloyl structured lipid, 1,2-dipalmitoylgalloylglycerol (DPGG), was synthesized using the enzymatic transesterification of propyl gallate (PG) and tripalmitin under solvent-free condition. An immobilized and commercially available food-grade Candida antarctica lipase B, Lipozyme® 435, was used as the biocatalyst. The reaction variables that affect the yield of DPGG were optimized using a 33 full factorial design. At 70 °C, DPGG was obtained at a yield of 33.0 ± 2.0% with PG conversion at 44.8 ± 1.8% when the following condition was used: 25 substrate molar ratio of tripalmitin to PG, 120 h reaction time, and 25% enzyme load relative to the total substrate weight. The structure of reaction product was elucidated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electrospray ionization high-resolution accurate-mass tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-HRAM-MS/MS), and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The effects of different lipases and galloyl donors/acceptors on the transesterification were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Joseph R Hyatt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Casimir C Akoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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4
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Development and Optimization of Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Phospholipids Containing 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic Acid by Response Surface Methodology. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interesterification reaction of egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) with ethyl ester of 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (E3,4DMCA) catalyzed by Novozym 435 in hexane as a reaction medium was shown to be an effective method for the synthesis of corresponding structured O-methylated phenophospholipids. The effects of substrate molar ratios, time of the reaction and enzyme load on the process of incorporation of 3,4DMCA into PC were evaluated by using the experimental factorial design of three factors and three levels. The results showed that a substrate molar ratio is a crucial variable for the maximization of the synthesis of 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoylated phospholipids. Under optimized parameters of 1/10 substrate molar ratio PC/E3,4DMCA, enzyme load 30% (w/w), hexane as a medium and incubation time of 3 days, the incorporation of aromatic acid into phospholipid fraction reached 21 mol%. The modified phosphatidylcholine (3,4DMCA-PC) and modified lysophosphatidylcholine (3,4DMCA-LPC) were obtained in isolated yields of 3.5% and 27.5% (w/w), respectively. The developed method of phosphatidylcholine interesterification is the first described in the literature dealing with 3,4DMCA and allows us to obtain new O-methylated phenophospholipids with potential applications as food additives or nutraceuticals with pro-health activity.
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Rychlicka M, Maciejewska G, Niezgoda N, Gliszczyńska A. Production of feruloylated lysophospholipids via a one-step enzymatic interesterification. Food Chem 2020; 323:126802. [PMID: 32311619 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of ferulic acid (FA) into egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) in a lipase-catalyzed acidolysis and interesterification process was studied using four commercially available immobilized lipases as catalysts and two acyl donors: ferulic acid (FA) and ethyl ferulate (EF). Novozym 435 and a binary solvent system of toluene/chloroform 9:1 (v/v) were found to be the most suitable biocatalyst and medium, respectively, and significantly increased the incorporation of FA into the phospholipid fraction. Subsequently response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design were employed to evaluate the effects of substrate molar ratio, enzyme loading and time of the reaction on the process of interesterification. The selected optimized parameters were established as PC/EF molar ratio 1/15, enzyme load 30% (w/w) and incubation time 6 days. The process of interesterification at the optimized parameters carried out on a large scale afforded feruloylated lysophosphatidylcholine (FLPC) in high isolated yield of 62% (w/w).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rychlicka
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Gabriela Maciejewska
- Central Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Natalia Niezgoda
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Gliszczyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
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Scale-up and inhibitory studies on productivity of lipase from Acinetobacter radioresistens PR8. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:150-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Chemo-enzymatic Synthesis, Derivatizations, and Polymerizations of Renewable Phenolic Monomers Derived from Ferulic Acid and Biobased Polyols: An Access to Sustainable Copolyesters, Poly(ester-urethane)s, and Poly(ester-alkenamer)s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1192.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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8
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Optimization of the Hydrolysis of Safflower Oil for the Production of Linoleic Acid, Used as Flavor Precursor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2015; 2015:594238. [PMID: 26904663 PMCID: PMC4745565 DOI: 10.1155/2015/594238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Commercial lipases, from porcine pancreas (PPL), Candida rugosa (CRL), and Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM), were investigated in terms of their efficiency for the hydrolysis of safflower oil (SO) for the liberation of free linoleic acid (LA), used as a flavor precursor. Although PPL, under the optimized conditions, showed a high degree of hydrolysis (91.6%), its low tolerance towards higher substrate concentrations could limit its use for SO hydrolysis. In comparison to the other investigated lipases, Lipozyme TL IM required higher amount of enzyme and an additional 3 h of reaction time to achieve its maximum degree of SO hydrolysis (90.2%). On the basis of the experimental findings, CRL was selected as the most appropriate biocatalyst, with 84.1% degree of hydrolysis. The chromatographic analyses showed that the CRL-hydrolyzed SO is composed mainly of free LA.
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Gruczynska E, Przybylski R, Aladedunye F. Performance of structured lipids incorporating selected phenolic and ascorbic acids. Food Chem 2015; 173:778-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Sørensen ADM, Durand E, Laguerre M, Bayrasy C, Lecomte J, Villeneuve P, Jacobsen C. Antioxidant properties and efficacies of synthesized alkyl caffeates, ferulates, and coumarates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:12553-62. [PMID: 25457614 DOI: 10.1021/jf500588s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic, ferulic, and coumaric acids were lipophilized with saturated fatty alcohols (C1-C20). The antioxidant properties of these hydroxycinnamic acids and their alkyl esters were evaluated in various assays. Furthermore, the antioxidant efficiency of the compounds was evaluated in a simple o/w microemulsion using the conjugated autoxidizable triene (CAT) assay. All evaluated phenolipids had radical scavenging, reducing power, and metal chelating properties. Only caffeic acid and caffeates were able to form a complex with iron via their catechol group in the phenolic ring. In the o/w emulsion, the medium chain phenolipids of the three homologues series were most efficient. The antioxidant properties and efficacies were dependent upon functional groups substituted to the ring structure and were in the following order: caffeic acid and caffeates > ferulic acid and ferulates > coumaric acid and coumarates. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the test system has an impact on the antioxidative properties measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Dorit Moltke Sørensen
- Division of Industrial Food Research, National Food Institute (DTU Food), Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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11
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Alu'datt MH, Rababah T, Ereifej K, Gammoh S, Alhamad MN, Mhaidat N, Kubow S, Johargy A, Alnaiemi OJ. Investigation of natural lipid-phenolic interactions on biological properties of virgin olive oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11967-11975. [PMID: 25389645 DOI: 10.1021/jf504557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is limited knowledge regarding the impact of naturally occurring lipid-phenolic interactions on the biological properties of phenolics in virgin olive oil. Free and bound phenolics were isolated via sequential methanolic extraction at 30 and 60 °C, and were identified and quantified using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and gas chromatography. Decreased oleic acid concentrations and increased concentrations of palmitoleic acid, stearic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were observed in virgin olive oil after removal of free and bound lipid phenolic compounds. The presence of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and tyrosol bound to glycerides was determined via LC-MS/MS, which indicates natural lipid-phenolic interactions in virgin olive oil. Both free and lipid bound phenolic extracts exerted antiproliferative activities against the CRC1 and CRC5 colorectal cancer cell lines. The present work indicates that naturally occurring lipid-phenolic interactions can affect the biological properties of phenolics in virgin olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad H Alu'datt
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology , P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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12
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Pion F, Reano AF, Ducrot PH, Allais F. Chemo-enzymatic preparation of new bio-based bis- and trisphenols: new versatile building blocks for polymer chemistry. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41247d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Ciftci D, Saldaña MD. Enzymatic synthesis of phenolic lipids using flaxseed oil and ferulic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide media. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Sorour N, Karboune S, Saint-Louis R, Kermasha S. Enzymatic synthesis of phenolic lipids in solvent-free medium using flaxseed oil and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Aziz S, Dutilleul P, Kermasha S. Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of krill oil and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid in solvent-free medium using response surface methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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16
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Preservation of polyunsaturated fatty acyl glycerides via intramolecular antioxidant coupling. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:530-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Sorour N, Karboune S, Saint-Louis R, Kermasha S. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of structured phenolic lipids in solvent-free system using flaxseed oil and selected phenolic acids as substrates. J Biotechnol 2012; 158:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Sørensen ADM, Nielsen NS, Yang Z, Xu X, Jacobsen C. Lipophilization of dihydrocaffeic acid affects its antioxidative properties in fish-oil-enriched emulsions. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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López-Munguía A, Hernández-Romero Y, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Miranda-Molina A, Regla I, Martínez A, Castillo E. Phenylpropanoid glycoside analogues: enzymatic synthesis, antioxidant activity and theoretical study of their free radical scavenger mechanism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20115. [PMID: 21674039 PMCID: PMC3108595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs) are natural compounds present in several medicinal plants that have high antioxidant power and diverse biological activities. Because of their low content in plants (less than 5% w/w), several chemical synthetic routes to produce PPGs have been developed, but their synthesis is a time consuming process and the achieved yields are often low. In this study, an alternative and efficient two-step biosynthetic route to obtain natural PPG analogues is reported for the first time. Two galactosides were initially synthesized from vanillyl alcohol and homovanillyl alcohol by a transgalactosylation reaction catalyzed by Kluyveromyces lactis β-galactosidase in saturated lactose solutions with a 30%-35% yield. To synthesize PPGs, the galactoconjugates were esterified with saturated and unsaturated hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives using Candida antarctica Lipase B (CaL-B) as a biocatalyst with 40%-60% yields. The scavenging ability of the phenolic raw materials, intermediates and PPGs was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) method. It was found that the biosynthesized PPGs had higher scavenging abilities when compared to ascorbic acid, the reference compound, while their antioxidant activities were found similar to that of natural PPGs. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to determine that the PPGs antioxidant mechanism proceeds through a sequential proton loss single electron transfer (SPLET). The enzymatic process reported in this study is an efficient and versatile route to obtain PPGs from different phenylpropanoid acids, sugars and phenolic alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín López-Munguía
- Departamento Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Yanet Hernández-Romero
- Departamento Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, México Distrito Federal (DF), México
| | - Alfonso Miranda-Molina
- Departamento Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ignacio Regla
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla del 5 de mayo y Fuerte de Loreto, México Distrito Federal (DF), México
| | - Ana Martínez
- Departamento de Materia Condensada y Criogenia, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México Distrito Federal (DF), México
- * E-mail: (EC); (AM)
| | - Edmundo Castillo
- Departamento Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * E-mail: (EC); (AM)
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Feddern V, Yang Z, Xu X, Badiale-Furlong E, de Souza-Soares LA. Synthesis of Octyl Dihydrocaffeate and Its Transesterification with Tricaprylin Catalyzed by Candida antarctica Lipase. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie200034y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- EMBRAPA, BR 153, Km 110, Concórdia 89700-000, Brazil
| | - Xuebing Xu
- EMBRAPA, BR 153, Km 110, Concórdia 89700-000, Brazil
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Yang Z, Feddern V, Glasius M, Guo Z, Xu X. Improved enzymatic production of phenolated acylglycerols through alkyl phenolate intermediates. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 33:673-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Sørensen ADM, Nielsen NS, Decker EA, Let MB, Xu X, Jacobsen C. The Efficacy of Compounds with Different Polarities as Antioxidants in Emulsions with Omega-3 Lipids. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Karam R, Karboune S, St-Louis R, Kermasha S. Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of fish liver oil with dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in organic solvent media. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Radical Scavenging Activity of Lipophilized Products from Transesterification of Flaxseed Oil with Cinnamic Acid or Ferulic Acid. Lipids 2009; 44:807-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-009-3334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Enzymatic synthesis and characterization of novel feruloylated lipids in selected organic media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Radical scavenging activity of lipophilized products from lipase-catalyzed transesterification of triolein with cinnamic and ferulic acids. Lipids 2008; 44:145-52. [PMID: 18855035 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of triolein with cinnamic and ferulic acids using an immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (E.C. 3.1.1.3) was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the lipophilized products as model systems for enhanced protection of unsaturated oil. The lipophilized products were identified using ESI-MS. Free radical scavenging activity was determined using the DPPH radical method. The polarity of the solvents proved important in determining the radical scavenging activity of the substrates. Ferulic acid showed much higher radical scavenging activity than cinnamic acid, which has limited activity. The esterification of cinnamic acid and ferulic acid with triolein resulted in significant increase and decrease in the radical scavenging activity, respectively. These opposite effects were due to the effect of addition of electron-donating alkyl groups on the predominant mechanism of reaction (hydrogen atom transfer or electron transfer) of a species with DPPH. The effect of esterification of cinnamic acid was confirmed using ethyl cinnamate which greatly enhances the radical scavenging activity. Although, compared to the lipophilized cinnamic acid product, the activity was lower. The radical scavenging activity of the main component isolated from lipophilized cinnamic acid product using solid phase extraction, monocinnamoyl dioleoyl glycerol, was as good as the unseparated mixture of lipophilized product. Based on the ratio of a substrate to DPPH concentration, lipophilized ferulic acid was a much more efficient radical scavenger than lipophilized cinnamic acid.
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