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Villardi HGD, Nascimento MM, Pessoa FLP, Santos AÁB, Mascarenhas LAB, Andrade LPC, de Andrade JB. Experimental study, simulation and technical-economic feasibility of an interesterification plant for hydrocarbons synthesis by using plastics and frying oil waste. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10240. [PMID: 38702364 PMCID: PMC11068870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This work presents the experimental assessment of a 20 mL batch reactor's efficacy in converting plastic and oil residues into biofuels. The reactor, designed for ease of use, is heated using a metallic system. The experiments explore plastic solubilization at various temperatures and residence times, employing a mixture of distilled water and ethylene glycol as the solvent. Initial findings reveal that plastic solubilization requires a temperature of 350 °C with an ethylene glycol mole fraction of 0.35, whereas 250 °C suffices with a mole fraction of 0.58. Additionally, the study includes a process simulation of a plant utilizing a double fluidized bed gasifier and an economic evaluation of the interesterification/pyrolysis plant. Simulation results support project feasibility, estimating a total investment cost of approximately $12.99 million and annual operating expenses of around $17.98 million, with a projected payback period of about 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madson M Nascimento
- Centro Universitário SENAI-CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845-Piatã, Salvador, BA, 41650-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente-INCT E&A, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente-CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luiz P Pessoa
- Centro Universitário SENAI-CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845-Piatã, Salvador, BA, 41650-010, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Computer Modeling and Industrial Technology, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Alex Álisson B Santos
- Centro Universitário SENAI-CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845-Piatã, Salvador, BA, 41650-010, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Computer Modeling and Industrial Technology, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jailson B de Andrade
- Centro Universitário SENAI-CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845-Piatã, Salvador, BA, 41650-010, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente-INCT E&A, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil.
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Energia e Ambiente-CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil.
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Hwang J, Aum J, Lee SJ, Mun JM, Kim SW, Chung MY, Kim IH, Kim BH. Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B as an sn-1,3 regiospecific biocatalyst for the interesterification of triacylglycerols with fatty acid ethyl esters. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:159-170. [PMID: 38186626 PMCID: PMC10767010 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is regarded as non-regiospecific. This study aimed to investigate the regiospecificity of CALB in the solvent-free interesterification of high-oleic sunflower oil with stearic acid ethyl ester for 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleoylglycerol (SOS)-rich fat preparation using a packed bed reactor. The content ratio of 1,2-distearoyl-3-oleoylglycerol (SSO) to SOS (denoted by SSO/SOS content) obtained using Lipozyme 435 (a commercially immobilized CALB; 0-4.1%), at residence times (1-32 min) was similar to that obtained using Lipozyme RM IM (0-3.0%), but lower than that obtained using Lipozyme TL IM (6.0-39.4%). When immobilized on Lewatit VP OC 1600, Lipozyme CALB had an SSO/SOS content of 0-10.4%, which was greater than that of Palatase 20,000 L (0-1.1%) but was lower than that of Lipozyme TL 100 L (8.8-97.7%). Our findings suggest that immobilized CALB shows distinct sn-1,3 regiospecificity in the interesterification of triacylglycerol with fatty acid ethyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310 Korea
| | - Jiae Aum
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310 Korea
| | - Seong Jae Lee
- Research Center, Ottogi Corporation, Gyeonggi, 14060 Korea
| | - Jeong Min Mun
- Research Center, Ottogi Corporation, Gyeonggi, 14060 Korea
| | - Seung Wook Kim
- Research Center, Ottogi Corporation, Gyeonggi, 14060 Korea
| | - Min-Yu Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangseo University, Seoul, 07661 Korea
| | - In-Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Korea
| | - Byung Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, 04310 Korea
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Dong S, Zhou Y, Sun S, Chen X. Preparation of a novel healthy tiger nut oil-based margarine fat with low trans and saturated fatty acids. Food Chem 2023; 427:136731. [PMID: 37392631 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study sought to develop a novel healthy margarine fat with low levels of trans and saturated fatty acids in order to promote healthier alternatives. In this work, tiger nut oil was first used as a raw material to prepare margarine fat. The effects of mass ratio, reaction temperature, catalyst dosage, and time on the interesterification reaction were investigated and optimized. The results showed that, the margarine fat with ≤40% saturated fatty acids was achieved using a 6:4 mass ratio of tiger nut oil to palm stearin. The ideal interesterification parameters were 80 °C, 0.36% (w/w) catalyst dosage, and 32 min. Compared with physical blends, the interesterified oil had lower solid fat content (3.71% at 35 °C), lower slip melting point (33.5 °C), and lower levels of tri-saturated triacylglycerols (1.27%). This investigation provides important information for the utilization of tiger nut oil in healthy margarine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaihao Dong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Yanxia Zhou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Oilseed Deep Processing, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
| | - Shangde Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Oilseed Deep Processing, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Oilseed Deep Processing, Henan University of Technology, Lianhua Road 100, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, PR China
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4
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Kataoka S, Kawamoto S, Tsumura K, Ishikawa K. Comparison of enzymatic activities of lipases from Burkholderia plantarii and Burkholderia cepacia. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:309. [PMID: 37594555 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) are enzymes used in the oils and fats industries to modify the physicochemical properties of triacylglycerol (TAG). Lipase-catalyzed interesterification at high temperatures is an effective method for modifying the physicochemical properties of TAG. The lipase from Burkholderia plantarii (BpL) exhibits excellent catalytic activity for non-regiospecific interesterification at high temperatures, with depressed lipase hydrolytic activity. The detailed catalytic mechanism for reactions involving catalytic residues has not been elucidated because of the lack of a conventional method for estimating interesterification activity. We used our original water-in-oil emulsion system to estimate the interesterification activity of lipases. BpL showed 10% hydrolytic and 140% interesterification activities compared to the lipase from Burkholderia cepacia, which has a high sequence homology with BpL. By comparing the sequence and crystal structure data of the lipases, we clarified that two amino acids near the active center are one of the factors controlling the hydrolytic and interesterification activities of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Kataoka
- Research Institute for Creating the Future, Fuji Oil Holdings Inc., 4-3 Kinunodai, Tsukubamirai-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2497, Japan
| | - Sayuri Kawamoto
- Research Institute for Creating the Future, Fuji Oil Holdings Inc., 4-3 Kinunodai, Tsukubamirai-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2497, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Tsumura
- Research Institute for Creating the Future, Fuji Oil Holdings Inc., 4-3 Kinunodai, Tsukubamirai-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2497, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Ishikawa
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Medium-chain triglycerides contain medium-chain fatty acid esterified to the glycerol backbone. These MCFA have a shorter chain length and are quickly metabolized in the body serving as an immediate energy source. They are known to have good physiological as well as functional characteristics which help in treating various health disorders. Naturally, they are found in coconut oil, milk fat, and palm kernel oil, and they are synthetically produced by esterification and interesterification reactions. Due to their numerous health benefits, MCT is used as a functional or nutraceutical oil in various food and pharmaceutical formulations. To increase their nutraceutical benefits and food applications MCFA can be used along with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the synthesis of structured lipids. This review aims to provide information about triglycerides of MCFA, structure, metabolism, properties, synthetic routes, intensified synthesis approaches, health benefits, application, and safety of use of MCT in the diet.
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Zhao J, Ma M, Yan X, Zhang G, Xia J, Zeng Z, Yu P, Deng Q, Gong D. Green synthesis of polydopamine functionalized magnetic mesoporous biochar for lipase immobilization and its application in interesterification for novel structured lipids production. Food Chem 2022; 379:132148. [PMID: 35074745 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the polydopamine functionalized magnetic mesoporous biochar (MPCB-DA) was prepared for immobilization of Bacillus licheniformis lipase via covalent immobilization. Under optimized immobilization conditions, the maximum immobilization yield, efficiency and immobilized lipase amount were found to be 45%, 54% and 36.9 mg/g, respectively. The immobilized lipase, MPCB-DA-Lipase showed good thermal stability and alkali resistance. The MPCB-DA-Lipase retained 56% initial activity after 10 reuse cycles, with more than 85% relative activity after 70 days' storage at 4 or 25 °C. The MPCB-DA-Lipase was efficiently applied in the interesterification of Cinnamomum camphora seed kernel oil and perilla seed oil, with maximum interesterification efficiency of 46%. The produced structured lipids belong to the S2U and U2S triacylglycerols, a novel medium-and long-chain triacylglycerol. These results demonstrated that the MPCB-DA-Lipase may be used as an efficient biocatalyst in lipid processing applications of food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Maomao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xianghui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jiaheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zheling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Ping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Deming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; New Zealand Institute of Natural Medicine Research, 8 Ha Crescent, Auckland 2104, New Zealand
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Zhang Z, Xie X, Lee WJ, Zhao G, Li C, Wang Y. The effects of interesterification on the physicochemical properties of Pangasius bocourti oil and its fractions. Food Chem 2022; 371:131177. [PMID: 34563968 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Soft and solid fats which were fractionated from Pangasius bocourti oil (PBO), namely, Pangasius bocourti olein (PBOL) and Pangasius bocourti stearin (PBST), respectively, were introduced as new base oils for plastic fats. The physicochemical properties of PBO and its fractions were modified after interesterification. Enzymatic interesterification (EIE) reduced the sn-2 palmitic acid content attributed to the occurrence of acyl migration. The PBO solid fat content (SFC) at 20-40 °C increased after chemical interesterification whereas under similar range of temperature, the SFC of PBST decreased after EIE and a steep melting curve was obtained. The effect of interesterification on the crystal polymorphisms was less prominent whereby the initial and interesterified samples exhibited similar crystal forms. The solid state of PBOL was improved after interesterification but post-hardening was observed. Free fatty acids were produced via partial hydrolysis during EIE which contributed to the reduced oxidative stability in the EIE fats.
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Cui R, Xu L, Lan D, Yang B, Wang Y. A novel sn-1,3 specific lipase from Janibacter sp. as catalysts for the high-yield synthesis of long-medium-long type structured triacylglycerols. Food Chem 2021; 366:130523. [PMID: 34303206 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Our study offers a novel sn-1,3 specific lipase MAJ1 from marine member Janibacter sp. strain HTCC2649 for preparing long-medium-long (LML) type structured triacylglycerols (TAGs). Firstly, the resin ECR1030 was selected as a suitable support for the immobilization of lipase MAJ1. An efficient synthesis of LML-type structured TAGs by the immobilized lipase MAJ1-catalyzed interesterification of methyl palmitate and tricaprylin was studied in a solvent-free system. The reaction conditions, including substrate molar ratio, temperature and enzyme loading, were optimized. Under the optimum conditions (immobilized lipase MAJ1 of 45 U/g, substrate molar ratio of 4:1, temperature of 35 °C, reaction time of 24 h), the structured TAGs with double long chains (DLCST) were obtained in a yield of 44.3 mol%. Secondly, multi-dimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics (MDMS-SL) was employed to quantify each TAG positional isomer in DLCST. The content of 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-capryloyl-sn-glycerol in DLCST was 97.6% determined by the MDMS-SL technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiguo Cui
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Long Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dongming Lan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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de Oliveira PD, da Silva DA, Pires WP, Bezerra CV, da Silva LHM, da Cruz Rodrigues AM. Enzymatic interesterification effect on the physicochemical and technological properties of cupuassu seed fat and inaja pulp oil blends. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110384. [PMID: 34112430 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of enzymatic interesterification process in blends with different proportions (w:w) of cupuassu fat and inaja oil (80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60). The interesterification reaction was carried out at 65 °C, agitation at 150 rpm, and enzyme concentration of 5% (w/w), for 6 h. Acidity index, melting point, consistency and solid fat content of the blends were characterized before and after the interesterification process. Fatty acid content was characterized in cupuassu fat and inaja oil and, nutritional quality indexes of atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) were calculated. Enzymatic interesterification promoted a decrease in acidity (<0.6%) and changes in the blends' properties, making them suitable for food product preparation. All esterified blends (cupuassu seed fat:inaja pulp oil) presented suitable consistency properties, plasticity and spreadability to be used for the preparation of functional, table and soft table types of margarine and used in food preparation such as special fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Danilo de Oliveira
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Dayala Albuquerque da Silva
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Werbeth Pereira Pires
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Carolina Vieira Bezerra
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Luiza Helena Meller da Silva
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Manoel da Cruz Rodrigues
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
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Miyamoto JÉ, Reginato A, Portovedo M, Dos Santos RM, Stahl MA, Le Stunff H, Latorraca MQ, de Barros Reis MA, Arantes VC, Doneda DL, Ignacio-Souza LM, Torsoni AS, Grimaldi R, Ribeiro APB, Torsoni MA, Milanski M. Interesterified palm oil impairs glucose homeostasis and induces deleterious effects in liver of Swiss mice. Metabolism 2020; 112:154350. [PMID: 32910938 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interesterified fats have largely replaced the partially hydrogenated oils which are the main dietary source of trans fat in industrialized food. This process promotes a random rearrangement of the native fatty acids and the results are different triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules without generating trans isomers. The role of interesterified fats in metabolism remains unclear. We evaluated metabolic parameters, glucose homeostasis and inflammatory markers in mice fed with normocaloric and normolipidic diets or hypercaloric and high-fat diet enriched with interesterified palm oil. METHODS Male Swiss mice were randomly divided into four experimental groups and submitted to either normolipidic palm oil diet (PO), normolipidic interesterified palm oil diet (IPO), palm oil high-fat diet (POHF) or interesterified palm oil high-fat diet (IPOHF) during an 8 weeks period. RESULTS When compared to the PO group, IPO group presented higher body mass, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, evidence of insulin resistance and greater production of glucose in basal state during pyruvate in situ assay. We also observed higher protein content of hepatic PEPCK and increased cytokine mRNA expression in the IPO group when compared to PO. Interestingly, IPO group showed similar parameters to POHF and IPOHF groups. CONCLUSION The results indicate that substitution of palm oil for interesterified palm oil even on normocaloric and normolipidic diet could negatively modulate metabolic parameters and glucose homeostasis as well as cytokine gene expression in the liver and white adipose tissue. This data support concerns about the effects of interesterified fats on health and could promote further discussions about the safety of the utilization of this unnatural fat by food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Érica Miyamoto
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andressa Reginato
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariana Portovedo
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Raísa Magno Dos Santos
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Sud, University Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | - Diego Luiz Doneda
- Physiology Laboratory, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Leticia Martins Ignacio-Souza
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Renato Grimaldi
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.
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11
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Wong WY, Lim S, Pang YL, Shuit SH, Chen WH, Lee KT. Synthesis of renewable heterogeneous acid catalyst from oil palm empty fruit bunch for glycerol-free biodiesel production. Sci Total Environ 2020; 727:138534. [PMID: 32334218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Interest in biodiesel research has escalated over the years due to dwindling fossil fuel reserves. The implementation of a carbon-based solid acid catalyst in biodiesel production eradicates the separation problems associated with homogeneous catalysis. However, its application in the glycerol-free interesterification process for biodiesel production is still rarely being studied in the literature. In this study, novel environmentally benign catalysts were prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) derived activated carbon (AC) which is sustainable and low cost via direct sulfonation using concentrated sulfuric acid. The effects of synthesizing variables such as carbonization and sulfonation temperatures with different holding times towards the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield in interesterification reaction with oleic acid and methyl acetate were investigated in detail. It was found that the optimum carbonization temperature and duration together with sulfonation temperature and duration were 600 °C, 3 h, 100 °C and 6 h, respectively. The catalyst possessed an amorphous structure with a high total acid density of 9.0 mmol NaOH g-1 due to the well-developed porous framework structure of the carbon support. Under these optimum conditions, the OPEFB derived solid acid catalyst recorded an excellent catalytic activity of 50.5% methyl oleate yield at 100 °C after 8 h with 50:1 methyl acetate to oleic acid molar ratio and 10 wt% catalyst dosage. The heterogeneous acid catalyst derived from OPEFB had shown promising properties that made them highly suitable for cost-effective and environmental-friendly glycerol-free biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ying Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Steven Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Yean-Ling Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Hoong Shuit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Keat-Teong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Seri Ampangan, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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12
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Rychlicka M, Maciejewska G, Niezgoda N, Gliszczyńska A. Production of feruloylated lysophospholipids via a one-step enzymatic interesterification. Food Chem 2020; 323:126802. [PMID: 32311619 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of ferulic acid (FA) into egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) in a lipase-catalyzed acidolysis and interesterification process was studied using four commercially available immobilized lipases as catalysts and two acyl donors: ferulic acid (FA) and ethyl ferulate (EF). Novozym 435 and a binary solvent system of toluene/chloroform 9:1 (v/v) were found to be the most suitable biocatalyst and medium, respectively, and significantly increased the incorporation of FA into the phospholipid fraction. Subsequently response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design were employed to evaluate the effects of substrate molar ratio, enzyme loading and time of the reaction on the process of interesterification. The selected optimized parameters were established as PC/EF molar ratio 1/15, enzyme load 30% (w/w) and incubation time 6 days. The process of interesterification at the optimized parameters carried out on a large scale afforded feruloylated lysophosphatidylcholine (FLPC) in high isolated yield of 62% (w/w).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rychlicka
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Gabriela Maciejewska
- Central Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Natalia Niezgoda
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Gliszczyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
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Kashyap SS, Gogate PR, Joshi SM. Ultrasound assisted synthesis of biodiesel from karanja oil by interesterification: Intensification studies and optimization using RSM. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 50:36-45. [PMID: 30174250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work deals with the optimization of interesterification of karanja oil using response surface methodology (RSM) analysis with intensification studies based on the use of ultrasound. Esterification of karanja oil was performed as a pretreatment under fixed optimum conditions of molar ratio of 1:10, catalyst loading of 3.5% and temperature of 60 °C to reduce the acid value from initial of 10.5 mg of KOH/g to 1.8 mg of KOH/g. The pretreated oil was used for interesterification where the process parameters considered for optimization were time (X1), catalyst loading (X2), reactant ratio (X3) and duty cycle (X4), each varied at three levels. The maximum yield of FAME achieved using optimum parameters as time of 35 min, catalyst loading of 1 wt%, reactant ratio of 1:9 (mol:mol) and duty cycle of 60% was 91.56% (on the basis of theoretical ester formation). The effect of reaction temperature was also studied keeping other parameters constant at optimum conditions and it was observed that yield increases continuously with an increase in the temperature over the entire range of temperature. It was also demonstrated that ultrasound assisted interesterification approach gives less requirement of methyl acetate and catalyst as compared to the conventional approach. It was also observed that higher yield was obtained in the presence of ultrasound (91%) as compared to the conventional approach (60%). Kinetic studies established that second order rate equation fits the obtained data well. A mathematical model in RSM was also successfully developed which can be used to make predictions about the expected conversion. Overall the work demonstrated the intensification benefits of using ultrasound and established the optimum conditions for maximum benefits using RSM analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham S Kashyap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Parag R Gogate
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Saurabh M Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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14
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Mahjoob R, Mohammadi Nafchi A, Omidbakhsh Amiri E, Farmani J. An investigation on the physicochemical characterization of interesterified blends of fully hydrogenated palm olein and soybean oil. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:343-352. [PMID: 30263757 PMCID: PMC6049649 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effect of interesterification (using sodium methoxide) on physicochemical characteristics of fully hydrogenated palm olein (FHPO)/soybean oil blends (10 ratios) was investigated. Interesterification changed free fatty acid content, decreased oil stability index, solid fat content (SFC) and slip melting point (SMP), and does not affected the peroxide value. With the increase of FHPO ratio, oil stability index, SFC and SMP increased in both the interesterified and non-interesterified blends. Fats with higher FHPO ratio had narrower plastic range, as well. Compared to the initial blends, interesterified fats had wider plastic ranges at lower temperatures. Both the non-interesterified and interesterified blends showed monotectic behavior. The Gompertz function could describe SFC curve (as a function of temperature, saturated fatty acid (SFA) content or both) and SMP (as a function of SFA) of the interesterified fats with high R2 and low mean absolute error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Mahjoob
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Mohammadi Nafchi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Elahe Omidbakhsh Amiri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, PO Box 578, Sari, Iran
| | - Jamshid Farmani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, PO Box 578, Sari, Iran
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Abstract
In this chapter, some examples of laboratory protocols to produce functional structured lipids, namely, human milk fat substitutes, dietetic triacylglycerols, and interesterified fat blends with improved nutritional and rheological properties, catalyzed either by immobilized commercial or noncommercial lipase preparations, are presented. In addition to batch synthesis, the continuous production in packed- or fluidized-bed bioreactors is addressed, as well as the evaluation of operational stability of the biocatalysts used (either in batch reuses or in continuous mode).
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16
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Lee YY, Tang TK, Phuah ET, Karim NAA, Alitheen NBM, Tan CP, Razak ISA, Lai OM. Structural difference of palm based Medium- and Long-Chain Triacylglycerol (MLCT) further reduces body fat accumulation in DIO C57BL/6J mice when consumed in low fat diet for a mid-term period. Food Res Int 2017; 103:200-207. [PMID: 29389606 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Medium-and-Long Chain Triacylglycerol (MLCT) is a type of structured lipid that is made up of medium chain, MCFA (C8-C12) and long chain, LCFA (C16-C22) fatty acid. Studies claimed that consumption of MLCT has the potential in reducing visceral fat accumulation as compared to long chain triacylglycerol, LCT. This is mainly attributed to the rapid metabolism of MCFA as compared to LCFA. Our study was designed to compare the anti-obesity effects of a enzymatically interesterified MLCT (E-MLCT) with physical blend of palm kernel and palm oil (B-PKOPO) having similar fatty acid composition and a commercial MLCT (C-MLCT) made of rapeseed/soybean oil on Diet Induced Obesity (DIO) C57BL/6J mice for a period of four months in low fat, LF (7%) and high fat, HF (30%) diet. The main aim was to determine if the anti-obesity effect of MLCT was contributed solely by its triacylglycerol structure alone or its fatty acid composition or both. Out of the three types of MLCT, mice fed with Low Fat, LF (7%) E-MLCT had significantly (P<0.05) lower body weight gain (by ~30%), body fat accumulation (by ~37%) and hormone leptin level as compared to both the LF B-PKOPO and LF C-MLCT. Histological examination further revealed that dietary intake of E-MLCT inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation. Besides, analysis of serum profile also demonstrated that consumption of E-MLCT was better in regulating blood glucose compared to B-PKOPO and C-MLCT. Nevertheless, both B-PKO-PO and E-MLCT which contained higher level of myristic acid was found to be hypercholesterolemic compared to C-MLCT. In summary, our finding showed that triacylglycerol structure, fatty acid composition and fat dosage play a pivotal role in regulating visceral fat accumulation. Consumption of E-MLCT in low fat diet led to a significantly lesser body fat accumulation. It was postulated that the MLM/MLL/LMM/MML/LLM types of triacylglycerol and C8-C12 medium chain fatty acids were the main factors that contributed to the visceral fat suppressing effect of MLCT. Despite being able to reduce body fat, the so called healthful functional oil E-MLCT when taken in high amount do resulted in fat accumulation. In summary, E-MLCT when taken in moderation can be used to manage obesity issue. However, consumption of E-MLCT may lead to higher total cholesterol and LDL level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Ying Lee
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia; School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Teck-Kim Tang
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Eng-Tong Phuah
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia; Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900 Bandar Barat, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azwani Abdul Karim
- Sime Darby Research Sdn Bhd, R&D Carey Island-Upstream, Lot 2664 Jln Pulau Carey, 42960 Carey Island, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Mohamed Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Chin-Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Intan Shameha Abdul Razak
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Oi-Ming Lai
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
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17
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Bokhari A, Yusup S, Chuah LF, Klemeš JJ, Asif S, Ali B, Akbar MM, Kamil RNM. Pilot scale intensification of rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) oil via chemical interesterification using hydrodynamic cavitation technology. Bioresour Technol 2017; 242:272-282. [PMID: 28341378 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical interesterification of rubber seed oil has been investigated for four different designed orifice devices in a pilot scale hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) system. Upstream pressure within 1-3.5bar induced cavities to intensify the process. An optimal orifice plate geometry was considered as plate with 1mm dia hole having 21 holes at 3bar inlet pressure. The optimisation results of interesterification were revealed by response surface methodology; methyl acetate to oil molar ratio of 14:1, catalyst amount of 0.75wt.% and reaction time of 20min at 50°C. HC is compared to mechanical stirring (MS) at optimised values. The reaction rate constant and the frequency factor of HC were 3.4-fold shorter and 3.2-fold higher than MS. The interesterified product was characterised by following EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 international standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Bokhari
- Biomass Processing Laboratory, Centre of Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Suzana Yusup
- Biomass Processing Laboratory, Centre of Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Lai Fatt Chuah
- Marine Department Malaysia Northern Region, 11700 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
- Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Szentkirályi utca 28, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Saira Asif
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Basit Ali
- Biomass Processing Laboratory, Centre of Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Majid Majeed Akbar
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ruzaimah Nik M Kamil
- Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
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18
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Subhedar PB, Gogate PR. Ultrasound assisted intensification of biodiesel production using enzymatic interesterification. Ultrason Sonochem 2016; 29:67-75. [PMID: 26584986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound assisted intensification of synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using methyl acetate and immobilized lipase obtained from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TLIM) as a catalyst has been investigated in the present work. The reaction has also been investigated using the conventional approach based on stirring so as to establish the beneficial effects obtained due to the use of ultrasound. Effect of operating conditions such as reactant molar ratio (oil and methyl acetate), temperature and enzyme loading on the yield of biodiesel has been investigated. Optimum conditions for the conventional approach (without ultrasound) were established as reactant molar ratio of 1:12 (oil:methyl acetate), enzyme loading of 6% (w/v), temperature of 40 °C and reaction time of 24 h and under these conditions, 90.1% biodiesel yield was obtained. The optimum conditions for the ultrasound assisted approach were oil to methyl acetate molar ratio of 1:9, enzyme loading of 3% (w/v), and reaction time of 3 h and the biodiesel yield obtained under these conditions was 96.1%. Use of ultrasound resulted in significant reduction in the reaction time with higher yields and lower requirement of the enzyme loading. The obtained results have clearly established that ultrasound assisted interesterification was a fast and efficient approach for biodiesel production giving significant benefits, which can help in reducing the costs of production. Reusability studies for the enzyme were also performed but it was observed that reuse of the catalyst under the optimum experimental condition resulted in reduced enzyme activity and biodiesel yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti B Subhedar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Parag R Gogate
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India.
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Razack SA, Duraiarasan S. Response surface methodology assisted biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using encapsulated mixed enzyme. Waste Manag 2016; 47:98-104. [PMID: 26248487 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the recent scenario, consumption of petroleum fuels has increased to greater height which has led to deforestation and decline in fossil fuels. In order to tackle the perilous situation, alternative fuel has to be generated. Biofuels play a vital role in substituting the diesel fuels as they are renewable and ecofriendly. Biodiesel, often referred to as green fuel, could be a potential replacement as it could be synthesized from varied substrates, advantageous being the microalgae in several ways. The present investigation was dealt with the interesterification of waste cooking oil using immobilised lipase from mixed cultures for biodiesel production. In order to standardize the production for a scale up process, the parameters necessary for interesterification had been optimized using the statistical tool, Central Composite Design - Response Surface Methodology. The optimal conditions required to generate biodiesel were 2 g enzyme load, 1:12 oil to methyl acetate ratio, 60 h reaction time and 35 °C temperature, yielding a maximum of 93.61% biodiesel. The immobilised lipase beads remain stable without any changes in their function and structure even after 20 cycles which made this study, less cost intensive. In conclusion, the study revealed that the cooking oil, a residue of many dining centers, left as waste product, can be used as a potential raw material for the production of ecofriendly and cost effective biofuel, the biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirajunnisa Abdul Razack
- Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu 608002, India.
| | - Surendhiran Duraiarasan
- Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu 608002, India.
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Surendhiran D, Sirajunnisa AR, Vijay M. An alternative method for production of microalgal biodiesel using novel Bacillus lipase. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:715-25. [PMID: 28324526 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, enzymatic interesterification is carried out using encapsulated lipase as biocatalyst with methyl acetate as acyl acceptor in a solvent-free system. Lipase, isolated from a marine bacterial isolate, Bacillus sp.S23 (KF220659.1) was immobilized in sodium alginate beads. This investigation elaborated on the effects of various parameters, namely enzyme loading, temperature, water, molar ratio, reaction time and agitation for interesterification. The study resulted in the following optimal conditions: 1.5 g immobilized lipase, 1:12 molar ratio of oil to methyl acetate, 35 °C, 8 % water, 60 h reaction time, 250 rpm of agitation. With the standardized condition, the maximum conversion efficiency was 95.68 %. The immobilized beads, even after ten cycles of repeated usage showed high stability in the presence of methyl acetate and no loss of lipase activity. The microalgal biodiesel composition was analyzed using gas chromatography. The current study was efficient in using immobilized lipase for the interesterification process, since the method was cost-effective and eco-friendly, no solvent was involved and the enzyme was encapsulated in a natural polymer.
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Lee YY, Tang TK, Phuah ET, Karim NA, Alwi SM, Lai OM. Palm-based medium-and-long-chain triacylglycerol (P-MLCT): production via enzymatic interesterification and optimization using response surface methodology (RSM). J Food Sci Technol 2015; 52:685-96. [PMID: 25694677 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Structured lipid such as medium-and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) is claimed to be able to suppress body fat accumulation and be used to manage obesity. Response surface methodology (RSM) with four factors and three levels (+1,0,-1) faced centered composite design (FCCD) was employed for optimization of the enzymatic interesterification conditions of palm-based MLCT (P-MLCT) production. The effect of the four variables namely: substrate ratio palm kernel oil: palm oil, PKO:PO (40:60-100:0 w/w), temperature (50-70 °C), reaction time (0.5-7.5 h) and enzyme load (5-15 % w/w) on the P-MLCT yield (%) and by products (%) produced were investigated. The responses were determined via acylglycerol composition obtained from high performance liquid chromatography. Well-fitted models were successfully established for both responses: P-MLCT yield (R (2) = 0.9979) and by-products (R (2) = 0.9892). The P-MLCT yield was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by substrate ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature but not enzyme load (P > 0.05). Substrate ratio PKO: PO (100:0 w/w) gave the highest yield of P-MLCT (61 %). Nonetheless, substrate ratio of PKO: PO (90:10w/w) was chosen to improve the fatty acid composition of the P-MLCT. The optimized conditions for substrate ratio PKO: PO (90:10 w/w) was 7.26 h, 50 °C and 5 % (w/w) Lipozyme TLIM lipase, which managed to give 60 % yields of P-MLCT. Up scaled results in stirred tank batch reactor gave similar yields as lab scale. A 20 % increase in P-MLCT yield was obtained via RSM. The effect of enzymatic interesterification on the physicochemical properties of PKO:PO (90:10 w/w) were also studied. Thermoprofile showed that the P-MLCT oil melted below body temperature of 37 °C.
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Jenab E, Temelli F, Curtis JM. Lipase-catalysed interesterification between canola oil and fully hydrogenated canola oil in contact with supercritical carbon dioxide. Food Chem 2013; 141:2220-8. [PMID: 23870951 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The processing parameters in enzymatic reactions using CO2-expanded (CX) lipids have strong effects on the physical properties of liquid phase, degree of interesterification, and physicochemical properties of the final reaction products. CX-canola oil and fully hydrogenated canola oil (FHCO) were interesterified using Lipozyme TL IM in a high pressure stirred batch reactor. The effects of immobilised enzyme load, pressure, substrate ratio and reaction time on the formation of mixed triacylglycerols (TG) from trisaturated and triunsaturated TG were investigated. The optimal immobilised enzyme load, pressure, substrate ratio and time for the degree of interesterification to reach the highest equilibrium state were 6% (w/v) of initial substrates, 10 MPa, blend with 30% (w/w) of FHCO and 2h, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the initial blend and interesterified products with different FHCO ratios obtained at optimal reaction conditions were determined in terms of TG composition, thermal behaviour and solid fat content (SFC). The amounts of saturated and triunsaturated TG decreased while the amounts of mixed TG increased as a result of interesterification. Thus, the interesterified product had a lower melting point, and broader melting and plasticity ranges compared to the initial blends. These findings are important for better understanding of CX-lipid reactions and for optimal formulation of base-stocks of margarine and confectionary fats to meet industry demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Jenab
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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Dhaka V, Gulia N, Ahlawat KS, Khatkar BS. Trans fats-sources, health risks and alternative approach - A review. J Food Sci Technol 2011; 48:534-41. [PMID: 23572785 PMCID: PMC3551118 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-010-0225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Trans fatty acids have the presence of one or more double bonds in the trans configuration instead of the usual cis configuration. They are desired by Vanaspati industry as they impart firmness to margarines and plasticity as well as emulsion stability to shortenings. Research has proved the direct connection of trans fatty acids with cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer, shortening of pregnancy period, risks of preeclampsia, disorders of nervous system and vision in infants, colon cancer, diabetes, obesity and allergy. In light of these new findings trans fatty intake should be zero and new technology of hydrogenation of oils is to be developed which produce zero trans fatty acids at the same time preserve the desirable properties contributed by trans fatty acids to the hydrogenated oils. Presently in India there is no system to monitor and regulate the amount of trans fats in processed foods and hence a stringent food law is immediately required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Dhaka
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India 125001
| | - Neelam Gulia
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India 125001
| | - Kulveer Singh Ahlawat
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India 125001
| | - Bhupender Singh Khatkar
- Department of Food Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India 125001
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