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Sameei P, Fatehfar S, Abdollahzadeh N, Chodari L, Saboory E, Roshan-Milani S. The effects of forced exercise and zinc supplementation during pregnancy on prenatally stress-induced behavioral and neurobiological consequences in adolescent female rat offspring. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22411. [PMID: 37607889 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal manipulations can lead to neurobehavioral changes in the offspring. In this study, individual and combined effects of forced exercise and zinc supplementation during pregnancy on prenatally restraint stress (PRS)-induced behavioral impairments, neuro-inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress have been investigated in adolescent female rat offspring. Pregnant rats were divided into five groups: control; restraint stress (RS); RS + exercise stress (RS + ES), RS + zinc supplementation (RS + Zn); and RS + ES + Zn. All the pregnant rats (except control) were exposed to RS from gestational days 15 to 19. Pregnant rats in ES groups were subjected to forced treadmill exercise (30 min/daily), and in Zn groups to zinc sulfate (30 mg/kg/orally), throughout the pregnancy. At postnatal days 25-27, anxiety-like and stress-coping behaviors were recorded, and the gene expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the concentration of total antioxidant capacity were measured in the prefrontal cortex. PRS significantly enhanced anxiety, generated passive coping behaviors, increased IL-1β and TNF-α expression, and decreased the antioxidant capacity. ES potentiated while zinc reversed PRS-induced behavioral impairments. Prenatal zinc also restored the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity but had no effect on additive responses imposed by the combination of RS and ES. Suppression of PRS-induced behavioral and neurobiological impairments by zinc suggests the probable clinical importance of zinc on PRS-induced changes on child temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Sameei
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sina Fatehfar
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Naseh Abdollahzadeh
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila Chodari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Shiva Roshan-Milani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Medeiros LDS, Rodrigues PDS, Santos DNL, Silva-Sampaio AC, Kirsten TB, Suffredini IB, Coque ADC, da Silva RA, Bernardi MM. Prenatal restraint stress downregulates the hypothalamic kisspeptidergic system transcripts genes, reduces the estrogen plasma levels, delayed the onset of puberty, and reduced the sexual behavior intensity in female rats. Physiol Behav 2023; 260:114055. [PMID: 36563733 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the possible relationships between the expression of the Kiss1 and Gpr54 gene expressions and the pituitary-gonadal hormones with the female onset of puberty and sexual behavior. The Kiss1 and Gpr54 gene expressions were examined because they are critical to controlling the hypothalamic activation of GnRH neurons and, in turn, the pituitary-gonadal hormones related to the early onset of puberty and sexual behavior. Further, it was evaluated that the pituitary and gonadal hormones involved in the vaginal opening and the expression of sexual behavior. METHODS Pregnant rats exposed to PRS from gestation days 17 to 20 were evaluated for maternal and open-field behaviors. The maternal behavior was analyzed because it may alter brain sexual organization affecting the pups development. It was observed in female pups the physical and development and, in adult age, the open-field behavior, the anxiety-like behavior, the estrous cycle, the sexual behavior, the serum FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone levels, and the gene expression of kisspeptin protein (Kiss1) and Gpr54 in the hypothalamus. RESULTS the maternal and open-field behaviors were unaffected. In the F1 generation, PRS reduced weight at weaning, delayed the day of the vaginal opening and reduced the intensity of lordosis, the estrogen levels, and the Kiss1 and Gpr54 gene expression. These effects were attributed to hypothalamic kisspeptidergic system downregulation of transcripts genes and the reduced estrogen levels affected by the PRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren da Silva Medeiros
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Paula da Silva Rodrigues
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Daniel Nascimento Lago Santos
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Silva-Sampaio
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Thiago Berti Kirsten
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Ivana Barbosa Suffredini
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Laboratório de Extração, Universidade Paulista - UNIP, Av. Paulista, 900, São Paulo, SP 01310-100, Brazil
| | - Alex de Camargo Coque
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Augusto da Silva
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil; School of Dentistry, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Taubaté, Rua dos Operários, 9, Taubaté, SP 12020-340, Brazil
| | - Maria Martha Bernardi
- Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil.
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Yao D, Lu Y, Li L, Wang S, Mu Y, Ding C, Zhao J, Liu M, Xu M, Wu H, Dou C, Zhu Z, Li H. Prolactin and glucocorticoid receptors in the prefrontal cortex are associated with anxiety-like behavior in prenatally stressed adolescent offspring rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13231. [PMID: 36683309 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS) causes anxiety in mothers and their offspring and chewing is a commonly observed behavior during maternal stress. Prolactin (PRL) is an anti-anxiety factor that suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Here, we studied the roles of PRL, corticosterone (CORT), and their receptors in PS-induced anxiety-like behavior in dams and their offspring. We further investigated whether chewing during maternal stress could prevent PS-induced harmful consequences. Pregnant rats were randomly divided into PS, PS + chewing, and control groups. Anxiety-like behaviors of dams and their adolescent offspring were assessed using the open field test and elevated plus maze. Serum levels of PRL and CORT were measured by ELISA. Expression of mRNA and protein of PRLR and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Compared to the control rats, dams and their female offspring, but not male offspring, in the PS group showed increased anxiety-like behaviors. The PS-affected rats had a lower serum PRL level and increased PRLR expression in the PFC. In contrast, these rats had a higher serum CORT level and decreased GR expression in the PFC. Chewing ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors and counteracted stress-induced changes in serum PRL and CORT, as well as the expression of their receptors in the PFC. Conclusion: PS-induced anxiety-like behavior is associated with changes in the serum levels of PRL and CORT and expression of their receptors in the PFC. Moreover, chewing blunts the hormonal and receptor changes and may serve as an effective stress-coping method for preventing PS-induced anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yao
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Central Laboratory, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Li Li
- Central Laboratory, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingjun Mu
- Central Laboratory, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Chenxi Ding
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Mingzhe Liu
- Central Laboratory, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Meina Xu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haoyue Wu
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengyin Dou
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- Maternal and Infant Health Research Institute, Northwest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Neonatology, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
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Reemst K, Ruigrok SR, Bleker L, Naninck EFG, Ernst T, Kotah JM, Lucassen PJ, Roseboom TJ, Pollux BJA, de Rooij SR, Korosi A. Sex-dependence and comorbidities of the early-life adversity induced mental and metabolic disease risks: Where are we at? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104627. [PMID: 35339483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Early-life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for developing later-life mental and metabolic disorders. However, if and to what extent ELA contributes to the comorbidity and sex-dependent prevalence/presentation of these disorders remains unclear. We here comprehensively review and integrate human and rodent ELA (pre- and postnatal) studies examining mental or metabolic health in both sexes and discuss the role of the placenta and maternal milk, key in transferring maternal effects to the offspring. We conclude that ELA impacts mental and metabolic health with sex-specific presentations that depend on timing of exposure, and that human and rodent studies largely converge in their findings. ELA is more often reported to impact cognitive and externalizing domains in males, internalizing behaviors in both sexes and concerning the metabolic dimension, adiposity in females and insulin sensitivity in males. Thus, ELA seems to be involved in the origin of the comorbidity and sex-specific prevalence/presentation of some of the most common disorders in our society. Therefore, ELA-induced disease states deserve specific preventive and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Reemst
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvie R Ruigrok
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Bleker
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva F G Naninck
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tiffany Ernst
- Wageningen University, Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology &Evolutionary Biology Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janssen M Kotah
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa J Roseboom
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Wageningen University, Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology &Evolutionary Biology Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne R de Rooij
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Chen Y, Du M, Kang N, Guan X, Liang B, Chen Z, Zhang J. Prenatal Morphine Exposure Differentially Alters Addictive and Emotional Behavior in Adolescent and Adult Rats in a Sex-Specific Manner. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2317-2332. [PMID: 35661962 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of prenatal opioid exposure in adult animals has been widely studied, but little is known about the effects of prenatal opioid on adolescents. Most of the risk behaviors associated with drug abuse are initiated during adolescence. The developmental state of the adolescent brain makes it vulnerable to initiate drug use and susceptible to drug-induced brain changes. In this study, pregnant rats were subcutaneously injected with an increasing dose of morphine (5 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) for 9 days since the gestation day 11. The effects of prenatal morphine (PNM) on learning and memory, anxiety- and depressive- like behavior, morphine induced conditioned place preference (CPP) as well as locomotor sensitization were tested in both adolescent and adult rats. The results showed that: (1) PNM decreased anxiety-like behavior in both adolescent and adult female rats, but not males; (2) PNM decreased depressive-like behavior in adolescent but increased depressive -like behavior in adult females; (3) PNM increased low dose morphine induced locomotor sensitization in females; (4) PNM decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the prefrontal cortex but decreased dopamine D1 receptor expression in the nucleus-accumbens (NAc) in female rats. These results suggested that PNM altered the emotional and addictive behavior mainly in female rats, with female rats being less anxiety and depressive during adolescence, but more depressive in adult, and more sensitive to low dose morphine induced locomotor activity sensitization, which might be mediated in part by the differential expression of the TH, dopamine D1 receptors in the female brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, #727 South Jingming Road, 650550, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Miaomiao Du
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, #727 South Jingming Road, 650550, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Na Kang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, #727 South Jingming Road, 650550, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, #727 South Jingming Road, 650550, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bixue Liang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, #727 South Jingming Road, 650550, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuangfei Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, #727 South Jingming Road, 650550, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jichuan Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, #727 South Jingming Road, 650550, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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6
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Nakhjiri E, Roqanian S, Zangbar HS, Seyedi Vafaee M, Mohammadnejad D, Ahmadian S, Zamanzadeh S, Ehsani E, Shahabi P, Shahpasand K. Spinal Cord Injury Causes Prominent Tau Pathology Associated with Brain Post-Injury Sequela. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4197-4208. [PMID: 35501632 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in significant neurological impairment and functional and cognitive deficits. It is well established that SCI results in focal neurodegeneration that gradually spreads to other cord areas. On the other hand, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is strongly associated with tau protein pathology and neurodegeneration that can spread in areas throughout the brain. Tau is a microtubule-associated protein abundant in neurons and whose abnormalities result in neuronal cell death. While SCI and TBI have been extensively studied, there is limited research on the relationship between SCI and brain tau pathology. As a result, in this study, we examined tau pathology in spinal cord and brain samples obtained from severe SCI mouse models at various time points. The effects of severe SCI on locomotor function, spatial memory, anxiety/risk-taking behavior were investigated. Immunostaining and immunoblotting confirmed a progressive increase in tau pathology in the spinal cord and brain areas. Moreover, we used electron microscopy to examine brain samples and observed disrupted mitochondria and microtubule structure following SCI. SCI resulted in motor dysfunction, memory impairment, and abnormal risk-taking behavior. Notably, eliminating pathogenic cis P-tau via systemic administration of appropriate monoclonal antibodies restored SCI's pathological and functional consequences. Thus, our findings suggest that SCI causes severe tauopathy that spreads to brain areas, indicating brain dysfunction. Additionally, tau immunotherapy with an anti-cis P-tau antibody could suppress pathogenic outcomes in SCI mouse models, with significant clinical implications for SCI patients. SCI induces profound pathogenic cis p-tau, which diffuses into the brain through CSF, resulting in brain neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Nakhjiri
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shaqayeq Roqanian
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Selva Zamanzadeh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ehsani
- Department of Biology, Roudehen Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
| | - Parviz Shahabi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Koorosh Shahpasand
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Shao S, Li J, Chen S, Dong Y, Wang S, Zhu Z, Xie L, Li H. Sex-dependent expression of N-cadherin-GluA1 pathway-related molecules in the prefrontal cortex mediates anxiety-like behavior in male offspring following prenatal stress. Stress 2021; 24:612-620. [PMID: 34184955 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2021.1942829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS) affects neurodevelopment and increases the risk for anxiety in adolescence in male offspring, but the mechanism is still unclear. N-Cadherin regulates the expression of AMPA receptors (AMPARs), which mediate anxiety by modulating network excitability in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Our results revealed that in adolescent male, but not female, offspring rats, PS induced anxiety-like behavior, as assessed by the open field test (OFT). Furthermore, N-cadherin and AMPAR subunit GluA1 were colocalized in the PFC, and the expression of the N-cadherin and the GluA1 decreased following PS exposure in male offspring rats. We also found that the AMPAR agonist CX546 did not alleviate anxiety-like behavior in adolescent male offspring rats; however, it increased the expression of GluA1 in the PFC but did not alter the expression of N-cadherin. In conclusion, our study suggested that the N-cadherin-GluA1 pathway in the PFC mediates anxiety-like behavior in adolescent male offspring rats and that N-cadherin might be required for sex differences in the effect of PS on adolescent offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Shao
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengquan Chen
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - YanKai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Maternal and Infant Health Research Institute and Medical College, Northwestern University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Maternal and Infant Health Research Institute and Medical College, Northwestern University, Xi'an, China
| | - Longshan Xie
- Department of Functional Neuroscience, The First People's Hospital of Foshan (The Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University), Foshan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Roshan-Milani S, Seyyedabadi B, Saboory E, Parsamanesh N, Mehranfard N. Prenatal stress and increased susceptibility to anxiety-like behaviors: role of neuroinflammation and balance between GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission. Stress 2021; 24:481-495. [PMID: 34180763 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2021.1942828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity during the prenatal period allows neurons to regenerate anatomically and functionally for re-programming the brain development. During this critical period of fetal programming, the fetus phenotype can change in accordance with environmental stimuli such as stress exposure. Prenatal stress (PS) can exert important effects on brain development and result in permanent alterations with long-lasting consequences on the physiology and behavior of the offspring later in life. Neuroinflammation, as well as GABAergic and glutamatergic dysfunctions, has been implicated as potential mediators of behavioral consequences of PS. Hyperexcitation, due to enhanced excitatory transmission or reduced inhibitory transmission, can promote anxiety. Alterations of the GABAergic and/or glutamatergic signaling during fetal development lead to a severe excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in neuronal circuits, a condition that may account for PS-precipitated anxiety-like behaviors. This review summarizes experimental evidence linking PS to an elevated risk to anxiety-like behaviors and interprets the role of the neuroinflammation and alterations of the brain GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission in this phenomenon. We hypothesize this is an imbalance in GABAergic and glutamatergic circuits (as a direct or indirect consequence of neuroinflammation), which at least partially contributes to PS-precipitated anxiety-like behaviors and primes the brain to be vulnerable to anxiety disorders. Therefore, pharmacological interventions with anti-inflammatory activities and with regulatory effects on the excitatory/inhibitory balance can be attributed to the novel therapeutic target for anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Roshan-Milani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Saboory
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Negin Parsamanesh
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Mehranfard
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Lu Q, Hu S. Sex differences of oxytocin and vasopressin in social behaviors. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:65-88. [PMID: 34225950 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) are known to mediate social cognition and behaviors in a sex-dependent manner. This chapter reviews the sex-dependent influence of OT and VP on social behaviors, focusing on (1) partner preference and sexual orientation, (2) memory modulation, (3) emotion regulation, and (4) trust-related behaviors. Most studies suggest that OT promotes familiar (opposite-sex) partner preference, strengthens memory, relieves anxiety, and increases trust. However, VP-regulated social cognition has been studied less than OT. VP facilitates familiar (opposite-sex) partner preference, enhances memory, induces anxiety, and influences happiness/anger perception. Detailed sex differences of these effects are reviewed. There is a male preponderance in the use of animal models and many study results are too complex to draw firm conclusions. Clarifying the complex interplay between the OT/VP system and sex hormones in the regulation of social behaviors is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Abstract
This paper is the fortieth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2017 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY, 11367, United States.
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11
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Moura CA, Oliveira MC, Costa LF, Tiago PRF, Holanda VAD, Lima RH, Cagni FC, Lobão-Soares B, Bolaños-Jiménez F, Gavioli EC. Prenatal restraint stress impairs recognition memory in adult male and female offspring. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2020; 32:1-6. [PMID: 31992385 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2020.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that prenatal exposure to stress impairs the development of the offspring brain and facilitates the emergence of mental illness. This study aims to describe the impact of prenatal restraint stress on cognition and exploration to an unfamiliar environment at adulthood in an outbred strain of mice. METHODS Late pregnant mice were exposed to restraint stress and adult offspring (60 days of age) behaviours were assessed in the object recognition task and open field test. FINDINGS Prenatal stress (PNS) impaired new object recognition in male and female mice. Importantly, the learning deficits in female PNS mice were linked to their estrous cycle. Actually, PNS females in metestrus/diestrus but not in proestrus/estrus phases displayed recognition deficits compared to controls. Concerning locomotion in an unfamiliar environment, male but not female PNS mice displayed significant increase, but showed no differences in the distance travelled within the centre zone of the arena. CONCLUSION Present findings support the view that maternal restraint-stress during late pregnancy impairs recognition memory in both male and female offspring, and in females, this cognitive deficit is dependent on the estrous cycle phase. Ultimately, these data reinforce that PNS is an aetiological component of psychiatric disorders associated with memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa A Moura
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Matheus C Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Layse F Costa
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Pamella R F Tiago
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Victor A D Holanda
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ramon H Lima
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Cagni
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lobão-Soares
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Elaine C Gavioli
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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12
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Franks AL, Berry KJ, DeFranco DB. Prenatal drug exposure and neurodevelopmental programming of glucocorticoid signalling. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12786. [PMID: 31469457 PMCID: PMC6982551 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal neurodevelopment is dependent on precise functioning of multiple signalling pathways in the brain, including those mobilised by glucocorticoids (GC) and endocannabinoids (eCBs). Prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse, including opioids, alcohol, cocaine and cannabis, has been shown to not only impact GC signalling, but also alter functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Such exposures can have long-lasting neurobehavioural consequences, including alterations in the stress response in the offspring. Furthermore, cannabis contains cannabinoids that signal via the eCB pathway, which is linked to some components of GC signalling in the adult brain. Given that GCs are frequently used in pregnancy to prevent complications of prematurity, and also that rates of cannabis use in pregnancy are increasing, the likelihood of foetal co-exposure to these compounds is high and may have additional implications for long-term neurodevelopment. Here, we present a discussion of GC signalling and the HPA axis, as well as the effects of prenatal drug exposure on these pathways and the stress response, and we explore the interactions between GC and EC signalling in the developing brain and potential for neurodevelopmental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Franks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly J Berry
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donald B DeFranco
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Zhang H, He W, Huang Y, Zeng Z, Yang X, Huang H, Wen J, Cao Y, Sun H. Hippocampal metabolic alteration in rat exhibited susceptibility to prenatal stress. J Affect Disord 2019; 259:458-467. [PMID: 31611004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have shown that prenatal stress (PS) can cause emotional and behavioral abnormalities including depression and depressive-like behaviors in offspring. However, the mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of depression remains largely unknown. In recent years, small metabolic molecules have played an increasingly important role in explaining the pathogenesis of depression. Thus, we detected hippocampal metabolic alteration in rat of depression caused by PS. METHODS To explore the potential molecular markers and pathways that link the metabolic to the pathogenesis of depression, we monitored changes in hippocampus metabolites during the development of depressive-like behaviors in rats exposed to PS via UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS approach. Sucrose preference test (SPT) was used to screen out the susceptibility rats exposed to PS, open field test (OFT), forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were used to verify the validity of animal model of depression. RESULTS A total of 38 differential metabolites were detected in the susceptibility rats exposed to PS compared with that in controls. Most of these differential metabolites were related to Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, Central carbon metabolism in cancer, Arginine biosynthesis, Choline metabolism in cancer, ABC transporters, Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism pathways. In addition, the results of Spearman correlation analysis indicated that L-aspartate, N-Acetylaspartylglutamate, choline and betaine aldehyde were most associated with depressive-like behaviors. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that hippocampal metabolites in the Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism pathways may play a crucial role in the depressive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, PR China
| | - Wei He
- Shaanxi Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, PR China
| | - Yinong Huang
- Shaanxi Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, PR China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, PR China
| | - Xiangdi Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, PR China
| | - Huimei Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, PR China
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, PR China
| | - Yanjun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710069, PR China
| | - Hongli Sun
- Shaanxi Institute of Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710003, PR China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 86-710061, PR China.
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14
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Azizi N, Roshan-Milani S, MahmoodKhani M, Saboory E, Gholinejad Z, Abdollahzadeh N, Sayyadi H, Chodari L. Parental pre-conception stress status and risk for anxiety in rat offspring: specific and sex-dependent maternal and paternal effects. Stress 2019; 22:619-631. [PMID: 31131701 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1619075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stressful events have long-lasting consequences on behavioral responses of offspring. While the effects of gestational and maternal stress have been extensively studied on psychological alterations in the progeny, little is known about effects of each parent's pre-conception life events on emotional responses in offspring. Here, the effect of maternal and/or paternal pre-conception stress was investigated on anxiogenic responses of offspring. Male and female adult rats were subjected to predatory stress (contactless exposure to a cat for 1 + 1 h per day) for 50 (male, n: 12) and 15 (female, n: 24) consecutive days; controls were not exposed. After the stress procedure, the control and stressed rats were mated to create four types of breeding pairs: control female/control male, stressed female/control male, control female/stressed male, and stressed female/stressed male. On postnatal days 30-31, the offspring were tested on the elevated plus maze and plasma corticosterone concentration was measured. Half of the pups were exposed to acute predatory stress before the elevated plus maze test. In most subgroups, corticosterone and anxiety-like behaviors in the offspring with both or only one parent exposed to pre-gestational stress increased compared to their control counterparts. However, under acute stress conditions, a different sex-dependent pattern of anxiety responses emerged. The combined effects of maternal and paternal stress were not additive. Hence, individual offspring behaviors can be influenced by the former life stress experiences of either parent. Incorporation of genetic and epigenetic aspects in development of neurobehavioral abnormalities and reprograming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may contribute to this phenomenon. Lay summary Early life stress (including during pregnancy) is known to have long-lasting effects on offspring, including emotional behaviors. Whether individual anxiety behaviors can be influenced by stress experiences of each parent even before a pregnancy is less well-understood. Our findings from this study on rats exposed to predator stress before mating suggest that maternal or paternal adult life events prior to pregnancy can lead to maladaptive behavior in their offspring later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Azizi
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
- b Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Shiva Roshan-Milani
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
- c Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Maryam MahmoodKhani
- b Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
- c Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
- c Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Zafar Gholinejad
- d Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Naseh Abdollahzadeh
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Hojjat Sayyadi
- c Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Leila Chodari
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
- c Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
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15
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Nejatbakhsh M, Saboory E, Bagheri M. Effect of prenatal stress on ɑ5 GABA A receptor subunit gene expression in hippocampus and pilocarpine induced seizure in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 68:66-71. [PMID: 29758348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The GABAergic synapses go through structural and functional maturation during early brain development. Maternal stress alters GABAergic synapses in developing brain, which are associated with the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders in adults. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of prenatal restraint stress (PS) on pilocarpine-induced seizure and ɑ5 subunit of γ-amino butyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor expression in hippocampus. Pregnant Wistar rats were subjected to PS at gestational days 15-17 and the pups were examined for susceptibility to seizure and ɑ5 subunit of GABAA receptor expression in hippocampus at postnatal days 14 and 21 (P14 and PND 21). Quantitative real-time PCR was used for evaluating the gene expression in the pups. Pilocarpine was injected intraperitoneally into the pups and seizure behaviors were recorded. The results showed that ɑ5 subunit mRNA expression significantly increased in hippocampus at both the P14 and P21 in the stressed rats. However, ɑ5 subunit level was greater at the P21 than at the P14 in both the groups. Latency of first tonic-clonic seizure significantly decreased in the PS group compared to the control pups. Number and duration of tonic-clonic seizures increased in the PS rats compared to the controls. PS led to an increase in total score of seizure at the P14 and P21. It can be concluded that PS increases the seizure susceptibility and GABAA receptor ɑ5 subunit gene expression in offspring; it is likely that the mechanism of increased seizure susceptibility by PS, at least in part, can increase the GABAA receptor ɑ5 subunit gene expression in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Nejatbakhsh
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Morteza Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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16
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Sheikhi S, Saboory E, Farjah GH. Correlation of nerve fibers in corpus callosum and number of neurons in cerebral cortex: an innovative mathematical model. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:995-1002. [PMID: 29619891 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1458725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/aim: It is estimated that 109 bits/s information are processed in the human brain. The transmission of this huge amount of information requires all connections in the brain to be highly accurate and have order. The current study attempted to present a new aspect of order and proportion in the ultra-structure of the human brain and to calculate the degree of neural interdependence between the two hemispheres. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this model, intensity of interdependence of the brain to hemispheres is estimated to be equal to the mathematical proportion of number of neurons in cerebral cortex divided by 2 (number of hemispheres), divided by number of nerve fibers in the human corpus callosum. RESULTS The calculated number is equal to 30-50 and it indicates that for every 30-50 neurons between the two hemispheres, there is a neural interconnecting bridge. CONCLUSIONS This connection indicates that the brain's function output follows a mathematical relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Sheikhi
- a Neurophysiology Research Center , Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- a Neurophysiology Research Center , Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Gholam Hosein Farjah
- b Department of Anatomy, Faculty of medicine , Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia Iran
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17
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Mahmoodkhani M, Saboory E, Roshan-Milani S, Azizi N, Karimipour M, Rasmi Y, Gholinejad Z. Pregestational stress attenuated fertility rate in dams and increased seizure susceptibility in offspring. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 79:174-179. [PMID: 29306090 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have found that stress during pregnancy is linked to an increased incidence of epileptic behaviors and reproductive disorders. However, few works have investigated the effect of pregestational stress on seizure susceptibility in the offspring. We investigated the effect of pregestational stress on epileptic behaviors in the offspring as well as fertility rate in dams. The male and female rats were randomly divided into four groups to form a combination of control and stressed groups for each sex. The rats were subjected to predatory stress (exposed to a cat) twice per day for 50 (male) and 15 (female) consecutive days. At the end of the stress procedure, the rats were coupled as follows: both male and female control (MC-FC), male stressed/female control (MS-FC), male control/female stressed (MC-FS), and both male and female stressed (MS-FS). Then, the puppies born from these groups were counted and evaluated for pentylentetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure. There was no significant difference between the male and female pups in each identical group in terms of litter size and epileptic behaviors, except duration of tail rigidity and duration of immobility. The total score of seizure increased in all the stressed groups, but more severely in the MS-FS group. However, the onset of the first epileptic behavior and tonic-clonic seizure significantly decreased in the stressed groups. Moreover, fertility rate significantly decreased in the stressed groups compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference in terms of litter size between the groups. These data revealed the impact of pregestational stress during spermatogenesis and oogenesis on fertility rate in dams and epileptic behaviors in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mahmoodkhani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Shiva Roshan-Milani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Negar Azizi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Karimipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Yosef Rasmi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zafar Gholinejad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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