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De Luca A, Capuana E, Carbone C, Raimondi L, Carfì Pavia F, Brucato V, La Carrubba V, Giavaresi G. Three-dimensional (3D) polylactic acid gradient scaffold to study the behavior of osteosarcoma cells under dynamic conditions. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:841-851. [PMID: 38185851 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This study adopts an in vitro method to recapitulate the behavior of Saos-2 cells, using a system composed of a perfusion bioreactor and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold fabricated using the low-cost thermally-induced phase separation (TIPS) technique. Four distinct scaffold morphologies with different pore sizes were fabricated, characterized by Scanning electron microscopy and micro-CT analysis and tested with osteosarcoma cells under static and dynamic environments to identify the best morphology for cellular growth. In order to accomplish this purpose, cell growth and matrix deposition of the Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell line were assessed using Picogreen and OsteoImage assays. The obtained data allowed us to identify the morphology that better promotes Saos-2 cellular activity in static and dynamic conditions. These findings provided valuable insights into scaffold design and fabrication strategies, emphasizing the importance of the dynamic culture to recreate an appropriate 3D osteosarcoma model. Remarkably, the gradient scaffold exhibits promise for osteosarcoma applications, offering the potential for targeted tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela De Luca
- Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Capuana
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Camilla Carbone
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lavinia Raimondi
- Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Brucato
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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2
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Urdeitx P, Mousavi SJ, Avril S, Doweidar MH. Computational modeling of multiple myeloma interactions with resident bone marrow cells. Comput Biol Med 2023; 153:106458. [PMID: 36599211 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of multiple myeloma with bone marrow resident cells plays a key role in tumor progression and the development of drug resistance. The tumor cell response involves contact-mediated and paracrine interactions. The heterogeneity of myeloma cells and bone marrow cells makes it difficult to reproduce this environment in in-vitro experiments. The use of in-silico established tools can help to understand these complex problems. In this article, we present a computational model based on the finite element method to define the interactions of multiple myeloma cells with resident bone marrow cells. This model includes cell migration, which is controlled by stress-strain equilibrium, and cell processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. A series of computational experiments were performed to validate the proposed model. Cell proliferation by the growth factor IGF-1 is studied for different concentrations ranging from 0-10 ng/mL. Cell motility is studied for different concentrations of VEGF and fibronectin in the range of 0-100 ng/mL. Finally, cells were simulated under a combination of IGF-1 and VEGF stimuli whose concentrations are considered to be dependent on the cancer-associated fibroblasts in the extracellular matrix. Results show a good agreement with previous in-vitro results. Multiple myeloma growth and migration are shown to correlate linearly to the IGF-1 stimuli. These stimuli are coupled with the mechanical environment, which also improves cell growth. Moreover, cell migration depends on the fiber and VEGF concentration in the extracellular matrix. Finally, our computational model shows myeloma cells trigger mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts, in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Urdeitx
- School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain
| | - S Jamaleddin Mousavi
- Mines Saint-Étienne, University of Lyon, University of Jean Monnet, INSERM, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France
| | - Stephane Avril
- Mines Saint-Étienne, University of Lyon, University of Jean Monnet, INSERM, Saint-Etienne, 42023, France; Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures, TU Wien-Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, 1040, Austria
| | - Mohamed H Doweidar
- School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50018, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, 50018, Spain.
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3
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Gao W, Xiao L, Wang J, Mu Y, Mendhi J, Gao W, Li Z, Yarlagadda P, Wu R, Xiao Y. The hollow porous sphere cell carrier for the dynamic 3D cell culture. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2022; 28:610-622. [PMID: 36127859 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale mammalian cell culture is essential in stem cell-based therapy, the production of the vaccine, and the manufacturing of therapeutic protein drugs. Due to the adherent growth characteristic of most mammalian cell types, the combination of cell carrier and bioreactor is a common choice in large-scale mammalian cell culture. Cell carriers are usually developed by polymer crosslinking, lithography, and emulsion drops; however, all these methods are difficult to control the uniformed porous structure and porous interior design. Therefore, unable to optimize the dynamic culture condition for cell proliferation, matrix production, and cell differentiation. Here we use fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing technology to fabricate hollow porous spheres (HPS), based on which a novel dynamic 3D culture system has been established. In the meantime, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to study liquid flow behaviour in HPS. A dynamic cell seeding was developed and refined using the 3D culture system, which increased 32% (roughly) seeding efficiency compared to the traditional static cell seeding method. The cell proliferation analysis demonstrated that HPSs could speed up cell growth in dynamic cell culture. The HPS with a honeycomb-like structure showed the highest inner pore velocity (CFD analysis) and achieved the fastest cell proliferation and the highest cell viability. Overall, our study, for the first time, developed a 3D printed HPS cell culture device with a uniformed porous structure, which can effectively facilitate cell adhesion and proliferation in the dynamic cultural environment, thereby could be considered an ideal carrier candidate for the manufacturing of cells and cell-based products. Furthermore, this study provides a novel 3D dynamic culture system that can be further applied in cell culture and research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Gao
- Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 4059;
| | - Lan Xiao
- nstitute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Queensland, Australia, 526-05, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Queensland, Australia, 4059;
| | - Jiaqiu Wang
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Yuqing Mu
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | | | - Wendong Gao
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Prasad Yarlagadda
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Robert Wu
- Chinese academy of Science, shanghai, China;
| | - Yin Xiao
- Queensland University of Technology, Institrute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Australia, 4059.,Australia;
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4
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Fattahi E, Taheri S, Schilling AF, Becker T, Pörtner R. Generation and evaluation of input values for computational analysis of transport processes within tissue cultures. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:681-698. [PMID: 36348656 PMCID: PMC9635004 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Techniques for tissue culture have seen significant advances during the last decades and novel 3D cell culture systems have become available. To control their high complexity, experimental techniques and their Digital Twins (modelling and computational tools) are combined to link different variables to process conditions and critical process parameters. This allows a rapid evaluation of the expected product quality. However, the use of mathematical simulation and Digital Twins is critically dependent on the precise description of the problem and correct input parameters. Errors here can lead to dramatically wrong conclusions. The intention of this review is to provide an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art and remaining challenges with respect to generating input values for computational analysis of mass and momentum transport processes within tissue cultures. It gives an overview on relevant aspects of transport processes in tissue cultures as well as modelling and computational tools to tackle these problems. Further focus is on techniques used for the determination of cell‐specific parameters and characterization of culture systems, including sensors for on‐line determination of relevant parameters. In conclusion, tissue culture techniques are well‐established, and modelling tools are technically mature. New sensor technologies are on the way, especially for organ chips. The greatest remaining challenge seems to be the proper addressing and handling of input parameters required for mathematical models. Following Good Modelling Practice approaches when setting up and validating computational models is, therefore, essential to get to better estimations of the interesting complex processes inside organotypic tissue cultures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Fattahi
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology TUM School of Life Sciences Technische Universität München Freising Germany
| | - Shahed Taheri
- Department of Trauma Surgery Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Arndt F. Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology TUM School of Life Sciences Technische Universität München Freising Germany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
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5
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Archer BJ, Mack JJ, Acosta S, Nakasone R, Dahoud F, Youssef K, Goldstein A, Goldsman A, Held MC, Wiese M, Blumich B, Wessling M, Emondts M, Klankermayer J, Iruela-Arispe ML, Bouchard LS. Mapping Cell Viability Quantitatively and Independently From Cell Density in 3D Gels Noninvasively. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:2940-2947. [PMID: 33531296 PMCID: PMC8326301 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3056526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In biomanufacturing there is a need for quantitative methods to map cell viability and density inside 3D bioreactors to assess health and proliferation over time. Recently, noninvasive MRI readouts of cell density have been achieved. However, the ratio of live to dead cells was not varied. Herein we present an approach for measuring the viability of cells embedded in a hydrogel independently from cell density to map cell number and health. METHODS Independent quantification of cell viability and density was achieved by calibrating the 1H magnetization transfer- (MT) and diffusion-weighted NMR signals to samples of known cell density and viability using a multivariate approach. Maps of cell viability and density were generated by weighting NMR images by these parameters post-calibration. RESULTS Using this method, the limits of detection (LODs) of total cell density and viable cell density were found to be 3.88 ×108 cells · mL -1· Hz -1/2 and 2.36 ×109 viable cells · mL -1· Hz -1/2 respectively. CONCLUSION This mapping technique provides a noninvasive means of visualizing cell viability and number density within optically opaque bioreactors. SIGNIFICANCE We anticipate that such nondestructive readouts will provide valuable feedback for monitoring and controlling cell populations in bioreactors.
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6
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Mirani B, Stefanek E, Godau B, Hossein Dabiri SM, Akbari M. Microfluidic 3D Printing of a Photo-Cross-Linkable Bioink Using Insights from Computational Modeling. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3269-3280. [PMID: 34142796 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of photo-cross-linkable hydrogel precursors has attracted great interest in various tissue engineering and drug screening applications, as the biochemical and biophysical properties of the resultant hydrogel structures can be tuned spatiotemporally to provide cells with physiologically relevant microenvironments. In particular, these bioinks benefit from great biofunctional versatility that can be designed to direct cells toward a desired behavior. Despite significant progress in the field, the 3D printing of cell-laden photo-cross-linkable bioinks with low polymer concentrations has remained a challenge, as rapidly stabilizing these bioinks and transforming them to hydrogel filaments is hindered by their low viscosity. Additionally, reaching an optimized print condition has often been challenging due to the large number of print parameters involved in 3D bioprinting setups. Therefore, computational modeling has occasionally been employed to understand the impact of various print parameters and reduce the time and resources required to determine these effects in experimental settings. Here, we report a novel 3D bioprinting strategy for fabricating hydrogel fibrous structures of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) with superior control over polymer concentration, particularly in a relatively low range from ∼1% (w/v) to 6% (w/v), using a microfluidic printhead. The printhead features a coaxial core-sheath flow, coupled with a photo-cross-linking system, allowing for the in situ cross-linking of GelMA and the generation of hydrogel filaments. A computational model was developed to determine the optimal ranges of process parameters and inform about the diffusive and fluid dynamic behavior of the coaxial flow. The cytocompatibility of the biofabrication system was determined via bioprinting cell-laden bioinks containing U87-MG cells. Notably, the established pipeline from computational modeling to bioprinting has great potential to be applied to a wide range of photo-cross-linkable bioinks to generate living tissues with various material and cellular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Mirani
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Evan Stefanek
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Brent Godau
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hossein Dabiri
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.,Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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7
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Urdeitx P, Doweidar MH. Enhanced Piezoelectric Fibered Extracellular Matrix to Promote Cardiomyocyte Maturation and Tissue Formation: A 3D Computational Model. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020135. [PMID: 33572184 PMCID: PMC7914718 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical and electrical stimuli play a key role in tissue formation, guiding cell processes such as cell migration, differentiation, maturation, and apoptosis. Monitoring and controlling these stimuli on in vitro experiments is not straightforward due to the coupling of these different stimuli. In addition, active and reciprocal cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions are essential to be considered during formation of complex tissue such as myocardial tissue. In this sense, computational models can offer new perspectives and key information on the cell microenvironment. Thus, we present a new computational 3D model, based on the Finite Element Method, where a complex extracellular matrix with piezoelectric properties interacts with cardiac muscle cells during the first steps of tissue formation. This model includes collective behavior and cell processes such as cell migration, maturation, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The model has employed to study the initial stages of in vitro cardiac aggregate formation, considering cell-cell junctions, under different extracellular matrix configurations. Three different cases have been purposed to evaluate cell behavior in fibered, mechanically stimulated fibered, and mechanically stimulated piezoelectric fibered extra-cellular matrix. In this last case, the cells are guided by the coupling of mechanical and electrical stimuli. Accordingly, the obtained results show the formation of more elongated groups and enhancement in cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Urdeitx
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mohamed H. Doweidar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering and Architecture (EINA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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8
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Burova I, Wall I, Shipley RJ. Mathematical and computational models for bone tissue engineering in bioreactor systems. J Tissue Eng 2019; 10:2041731419827922. [PMID: 30834100 PMCID: PMC6391543 DOI: 10.1177/2041731419827922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into cellular engineered bone grafts offers a promising solution to problems associated with the currently used auto- and allografts. Bioreactor systems can facilitate the development of functional cellular bone grafts by augmenting mass transport through media convection and shear flow-induced mechanical stimulation. Developing successful and reproducible protocols for growing bone tissue in vitro is dependent on tuning the bioreactor operating conditions to the specific cell type and graft design. This process, largely reliant on a trial-and-error approach, is challenging, time-consuming and expensive. Modelling can streamline the process by providing further insight into the effect of the bioreactor environment on the cell culture, and by identifying a beneficial range of operational settings to stimulate tissue production. Models can explore the impact of changing flow speeds, scaffold properties, and nutrient and growth factor concentrations. Aiming to act as an introductory reference for bone tissue engineers looking to direct their experimental work, this article presents a comprehensive framework of mathematical models on various aspects of bioreactor bone cultures and overviews modelling case studies from literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Burova
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Ivan Wall
- Aston Medical Research Institute and School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Rebecca J Shipley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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9
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Abstract
Micro and nanotechnology can potentially revolutionize drug delivery systems. Novel microfluidic systems have been employed for the cell culture applications and drug delivery by micro and nanocarriers. Cells in the microchannels are under static and dynamic flow perfusion of culture media that provides nutrition and removes waste from the cells. This exerts hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces on the cells. These forces can considerably affect the functions of the living cells. In this paper, we simulated the flow of air, culture medium, and the particle transport and deposition in the microchannels under different angles of connection inlet. It was found that the shear stress induced by the medium culture flow is not so high to damage the cells and that it is roughly uniform in the cell culture section (CCS). However, the local shear stresses in the other parts of the microchip differ by changing the angles of the connection inlet. The results showed that the particle deposition was a function of the particle size, the properties of the fluid, and the flow rate. At a lower air flow rate, both small and large particles deposited in the entrance region and none of them reached the CCS. Once the airflow rate increased, the drag of the flow could overcome the diffusion of the small particles and deliver them to the CCS so that more than 88% of the 100 nm and 98% of the 200 nm particles deposited in the CCS. However, larger particles with average diameters in micrometers could not reach the CCS by the airflow even at high flow rate. In contrast, our findings indicated that both small and large particles could be delivered to the CCS by liquid flow. Our experimental data confirm that microparticles (with diameters of 5 and 20 μm) suspended in a liquid can reach the CCS at a well-adjusted flow rate. Consequently, a liquid carrier is suggested to transport large particles through microchannels. As a powerful tool, these numerical simulations provide a nearly complete understanding of the flow field and particle patterns in microchips which can significantly lower the trial and error in the experiment tests and accordingly save researchers considerable cost and time for drug delivery to the cell in the microchip by micro/nanocarriers.
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10
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Ravichandran A, Liu Y, Teoh SH. Review: bioreactor design towards generation of relevant engineered tissues: focus on clinical translation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e7-e22. [PMID: 28374578 DOI: 10.1002/term.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, studies that utilize 3D scaffolds for generating voluminous tissues are mostly confined in the realm of in vitro research and preclinical animal model testing. Bioreactors offer an excellent platform to grow and develop 3D tissues by providing conditions that mimic their native microenvironment. Aligning the bioreactor development process with a focus on patient care will aid in the faster translation of the bioreactor technology to clinics. In this review, we discuss the various factors involved in the design of clinically relevant bioreactors in relation to their respective applications. We explore the functional relevance of tissue grafts generated by bioreactors that have been designed to provide physiologically relevant mechanical cues on the growing tissue. The review discusses the recent trends in non-invasive sensing of the bioreactor culture conditions. It provides an insight to the current technological advancements that enable in situ, non-invasive, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the tissue grafts grown in a bioreactor system. We summarize the emerging trends in commercial bioreactor design followed by a short discussion on the aspects that hamper the 'push' of bioreactor systems into the commercial market as well as 'pull' factors for stakeholders to embrace and adopt widespread utility of bioreactors in the clinical setting. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilandeshwari Ravichandran
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Yuchun Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.,Academic Clinical Program (Research), National Dental Centre of Singapore, 5 Second Hospital Ave Singapore, 168938, Singapore
| | - Swee-Hin Teoh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, 70 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
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11
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Sacco R, Causin P, Lelli C, Raimondi MT. A poroelastic mixture model of mechanobiological processes in biomass growth: theory and application to tissue engineering. MECCANICA 2017; 52:3273-3297. [PMID: 32009677 PMCID: PMC6959421 DOI: 10.1007/s11012-017-0638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this article we propose a novel mathematical description of biomass growth that combines poroelastic theory of mixtures and cellular population models. The formulation, potentially applicable to general mechanobiological processes, is here used to study the engineered cultivation in bioreactors of articular chondrocytes, a process of Regenerative Medicine characterized by a complex interaction among spatial scales (from nanometers to centimeters), temporal scales (from seconds to weeks) and biophysical phenomena (fluid-controlled nutrient transport, delivery and consumption; mechanical deformation of a multiphase porous medium). The principal contribution of this research is the inclusion of the concept of cellular "force isotropy" as one of the main factors influencing cellular activity. In this description, the induced cytoskeletal tensional states trigger signalling transduction cascades regulating functional cell behavior. This mechanims is modeled by a parameter which estimates the influence of local force isotropy by the norm of the deviatoric part of the total stress tensor. According to the value of the estimator, isotropic mechanical conditions are assumed to be the promoting factor of extracellular matrix production whereas anisotropic conditions are assumed to promote cell proliferation. The resulting mathematical formulation is a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations comprising: conservation laws for mass and linear momentum of the growing biomass; advection-diffusion-reaction laws for nutrient (oxygen) transport, delivery and consumption; and kinetic laws for cellular population dynamics. To develop a reliable computational tool for the simulation of the engineered tissue growth process the nonlinear differential problem is numerically solved by: (1) temporal semidiscretization; (2) linearization via a fixed-point map; and (3) finite element spatial approximation. The biophysical accuracy of the mechanobiological model is assessed in the analysis of a simplified 1D geometrical setting. Simulation results show that: (1) isotropic/anisotropic conditions are strongly influenced by both maximum cell specific growth rate and mechanical boundary conditions enforced at the interface between the biomass construct and the interstitial fluid; (2) experimentally measured features of cultivated articular chondrocytes, such as the early proliferation phase and the delayed extracellular matrix production, are well described by the computed spatial and temporal evolutions of cellular populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Sacco
- Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Causin
- Dipartimento di Matematica “F. Enriques”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Lelli
- Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Present Address: Via IV Novembre, 80, 51030 Marliana (PT), Italy
| | - Manuela T. Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
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12
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Shakhawath Hossain M, Bergstrom DJ, Chen XB. A mathematical model and computational framework for three-dimensional chondrocyte cell growth in a porous tissue scaffold placed inside a bi-directional flow perfusion bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2601-10. [PMID: 26061385 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro chondrocyte cell culture for cartilage tissue regeneration in a perfusion bioreactor is a complex process. Mathematical modeling and computational simulation can provide important insights into the culture process, which would be helpful for selecting culture conditions to improve the quality of the developed tissue constructs. However, simulation of the cell culture process is a challenging task due to the complicated interaction between the cells and local fluid flow and nutrient transport inside the complex porous scaffolds. In this study, a mathematical model and computational framework has been developed to simulate the three-dimensional (3D) cell growth in a porous scaffold placed inside a bi-directional flow perfusion bioreactor. The model was developed by taking into account the two-way coupling between the cell growth and local flow field and associated glucose concentration, and then used to perform a resolved-scale simulation based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The simulation predicts the local shear stress, glucose concentration, and 3D cell growth inside the porous scaffold for a period of 30 days of cell culture. The predicted cell growth rate was in good overall agreement with the experimental results available in the literature. This study demonstrates that the bi-directional flow perfusion culture system can enhance the homogeneity of the cell growth inside the scaffold. The model and computational framework developed is capable of providing significant insight into the culture process, thus providing a powerful tool for the design and optimization of the cell culture process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shakhawath Hossain
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - D J Bergstrom
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - X B Chen
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
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13
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Scaglione S, Ceseracciu L, Aiello M, Coluccino L, Ferrazzo F, Giannoni P, Quarto R. A novel scaffold geometry for chondral applications: theoretical model and in vivo validation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:2107-19. [PMID: 25073412 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical model of the 3D scaffold internal architecture has been implemented with the aim to predict the effects of some geometrical parameters on total porosity, Young modulus, buckling resistance and permeability of the graft. This model has been adopted to produce porous poly-caprolacton based grafts for chondral tissue engineering applications, best tuning mechanical and functional features of the scaffolds. Material prototypes were produced with an internal geometry with parallel oriented cylindrical pores of 200 μm of radius (r) and an interpore distance/pores radius (d/r) ratio of 1. The scaffolds have been then extensively characterized; progenitor cells were then used to test their capability to support cartilaginous matrix deposition in an ectopic model. Scaffold prototypes fulfill both the chemical-physical requirements, in terms of Young's modulus and permeability, and the functional needs, such as surface area per volume and total porosity, for an enhanced cellular colonization and matrix deposition. Moreover, the grafts showed interesting chondrogenic potential in vivo, besides offering adequate mechanical performances in vitro, thus becoming a promising candidate for chondral tissues repair. Finally, a very good agreement was found between the prediction of the theoretical model and the experimental data. Many assumption of this theoretical model, hereby applied to cartilage, may be transposed to other tissue engineering applications, such as bone substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Scaglione
- IEIIT-Research National Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, Genoa, 16149, Italy.
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15
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Hossain MS, Chen XB, Bergstrom DJ. Investigation of the in vitro culture process for skeletal-tissue-engineered constructs using computational fluid dynamics and experimental methods. J Biomech Eng 2014; 134:121003. [PMID: 23363205 DOI: 10.1115/1.4007952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro culture process via bioreactors is critical to create tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) to repair or replace the damaged tissues/organs in various engineered applications. In the past, the TEC culture process was typically treated as a black box and performed on the basis of trial and error. Recently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has demonstrated its potential to analyze the fluid flow inside and around the TECs, therefore, being able to provide insight into the culture process, such as information on the velocity field and shear stress distribution that can significantly affect such cellular activities as cell viability and proliferation during the culture process. This paper briefly reviews the CFD and experimental methods used to investigate the in vitro culture process of skeletal-type TECs in bioreactors, where mechanical deformation of the TEC can be ignored. Specifically, this paper presents CFD modeling approaches for the analysis of the velocity and shear stress fields, mass transfer, and cell growth during the culture process and also describes various particle image velocimetry (PIV) based experimental methods to measure the velocity and shear stress in the in vitro culture process. Some key issues and challenges are also identified and discussed along with recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shakhawath Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada.
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16
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Computational study of culture conditions and nutrient supply in a hollow membrane sheet bioreactor for large-scale bone tissue engineering. J Artif Organs 2013; 17:69-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10047-013-0732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Vetsch JR, Müller R, Hofmann S. The evolution of simulation techniques for dynamic bone tissue engineering in bioreactors. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:903-17. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda Rita Vetsch
- Institute for Biomechanics; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ); Switzerland
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ); Switzerland
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Institute for Biomechanics; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETHZ); Switzerland
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18
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Kaul H, Cui Z, Ventikos Y. A multi-paradigm modeling framework to simulate dynamic reciprocity in a bioreactor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59671. [PMID: 23555740 PMCID: PMC3612085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous technology advances, bioreactors are still mostly utilized as functional black-boxes where trial and error eventually leads to the desirable cellular outcome. Investigators have applied various computational approaches to understand the impact the internal dynamics of such devices has on overall cell growth, but such models cannot provide a comprehensive perspective regarding the system dynamics, due to limitations inherent to the underlying approaches. In this study, a novel multi-paradigm modeling platform capable of simulating the dynamic bidirectional relationship between cells and their microenvironment is presented. Designing the modeling platform entailed combining and coupling fully an agent-based modeling platform with a transport phenomena computational modeling framework. To demonstrate capability, the platform was used to study the impact of bioreactor parameters on the overall cell population behavior and vice versa. In order to achieve this, virtual bioreactors were constructed and seeded. The virtual cells, guided by a set of rules involving the simulated mass transport inside the bioreactor, as well as cell-related probabilistic parameters, were capable of displaying an array of behaviors such as proliferation, migration, chemotaxis and apoptosis. In this way the platform was shown to capture not only the impact of bioreactor transport processes on cellular behavior but also the influence that cellular activity wields on that very same local mass transport, thereby influencing overall cell growth. The platform was validated by simulating cellular chemotaxis in a virtual direct visualization chamber and comparing the simulation with its experimental analogue. The results presented in this paper are in agreement with published models of similar flavor. The modeling platform can be used as a concept selection tool to optimize bioreactor design specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kaul
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhanfeng Cui
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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19
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Spencer T, Hidalgo-Bastida L, Cartmell S, Halliday I, Care C. In silico multi-scale model of transport and dynamic seeding in a bone tissue engineering perfusion bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:1221-30. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Causin P, Sacco R, Verri M. A multiscale approach in the computational modeling of the biophysical environment in artificial cartilage tissue regeneration. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2012; 12:763-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-012-0440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Application of computational fluid dynamics in tissue engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 114:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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One-Dimensional Migration of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells on Synthetic Materials: Experimental and Numerical Characterization. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012; 65:21-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Raimondi MT, Causin P, Laganà M, Zunino P, Sacco R. Multiphysics Computational Modeling in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/8415_2011_112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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24
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HE JIANKANG, LI DICHEN, LIU YAXIONG, LI XIAO, XU SHANGLONG, LU BINGHENG. COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS. J MECH MED BIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519411004046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic cellular environment plays an important role in translating engineered tissue constructs into clinically useful grafts. However, the cellular fluid dynamic environment inside bioreactor systems is highly complex and it is normally impractical to experimentally characterize the local flow patterns at the cellular scale. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been recognized as an invaluable and reliable alternative to investigate the complex relationship between hydrodynamic environments and the regeneration of engineered tissues at both the macroscopic and microscopic scales. This review describes the applications of CFD simulations to probe the hydrodynamic environment parameters (e.g., flow rate, shear stress, etc.) and the corresponding experimental validations. We highlight the use of CFD to optimize bioreactor design and scaffold architectures for improved ex-vivo hydrodynamic environments. It is envisioned that CFD could be used to customize specific hydrodynamic cellular environments to meet the unique requirements of different cell types in combination with advanced manufacturing techniques and finally facilitate the maturation of tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- JIANKANG HE
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - DICHEN LI
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - YAXIONG LIU
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - XIAO LI
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - SHANGLONG XU
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - BINGHENG LU
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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25
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Zhang H, Dai S, Bi J, Liu KK. Biomimetic three-dimensional microenvironment for controlling stem cell fate. Interface Focus 2011; 1:792-803. [PMID: 23050083 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2011.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is an emerging technique which is being translated into treatment of degenerated tissues. However, the success of translation relies on the stem cell lineage commitment in the degenerated regions of interest. This commitment is precisely controlled by the stem cell microenvironment. Engineering a biomimetic three-dimensional microenvironment enables a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of governing stem cell fate. We review the individual microenvironment components, including soluble factors, extracellular matrix, cell-cell interaction and mechanical stimulation. The perspectives in creating the biomimetic microenvironments are discussed with emerging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia 5005 , Australia
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26
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Truscello S, Schrooten J, Van Oosterwyck H. A Computational Tool for the Upscaling of Regular Scaffolds During In Vitro Perfusion Culture. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:619-30. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Truscello
- Division of Biomechanics and Engineering Design, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Division of Biomechanics and Engineering Design, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Computational modeling for the optimization of a cardiogenic 3D bioprocess of encapsulated embryonic stem cells. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2011; 11:261-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-011-0308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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29
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Sacco R, Causin P, Zunino P, Raimondi MT. A multiphysics/multiscale 2D numerical simulation of scaffold-based cartilage regeneration under interstitial perfusion in a bioreactor. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2010; 10:577-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-010-0257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Curcio E, Macchiarini P, De Bartolo L. Oxygen mass transfer in a human tissue-engineered trachea. Biomaterials 2010; 31:5131-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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31
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32
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Multilevel Experimental and Modelling Techniques for Bioartificial Scaffolds and Matrices. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY IN NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03535-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Flaibani M, Magrofuoco E, Elvassore N. Computational Modeling of Cell Growth Heterogeneity in a Perfused 3D Scaffold. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie900418g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Flaibani
- Department of Chemical Engineering Principles and Practice, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 9, I-35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Enrico Magrofuoco
- Department of Chemical Engineering Principles and Practice, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 9, I-35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Department of Chemical Engineering Principles and Practice, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 9, I-35131 Padua, Italy
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34
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Chung CA, Lin TH, Chen SD, Huang HI. Hybrid cellular automaton modeling of nutrient modulated cell growth in tissue engineering constructs. J Theor Biol 2009; 262:267-78. [PMID: 19808041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mathematic models help interpret experimental results and accelerate tissue engineering developments. We develop in this paper a hybrid cellular automata model that combines the differential nutrient transport equation to investigate the nutrient limited cell construct development for cartilage tissue engineering. Individual cell behaviors of migration, contact inhibition and cell collision, coupled with the cell proliferation regulated by oxygen concentration were carefully studied. Simplified two-dimensional simulations were performed. Using this model, we investigated the influence of cell migration speed on the overall cell growth within in vitro cell scaffolds. It was found that intense cell motility can enhance initial cell growth rates. However, since cell growth is also significantly modulated by the nutrient contents, intense cell motility with conventional uniform cell seeding method may lead to declined cell growth in the final time because concentrated cell population has been growing around the scaffold periphery to block the nutrient transport from outside culture media. Therefore, homogeneous cell seeding may not be a good way of gaining large and uniform cell densities for the final results. We then compared cell growth in scaffolds with various seeding modes, and proposed a seeding mode with cells initially residing in the middle area of the scaffold that may efficiently reduce the nutrient blockage and result in a better cell amount and uniform cell distribution for tissue engineering construct developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan, ROC.
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35
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Wendt D, Riboldi SA, Cioffi M, Martin I. Potential and bottlenecks of bioreactors in 3D cell culture and tissue manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2009; 21:3352-67. [PMID: 20882502 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200802748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, we have witnessed an increased recognition of the importance of 3D culture models to study various aspects of cell physiology and pathology, as well as to engineer implantable tissues. As compared to well-established 2D cell-culture systems, cell/tissue culture within 3D porous biomaterials has introduced new scientific and technical challenges associated with complex transport phenomena, physical forces, and cell-microenvironment interactions. While bioreactor-based 3D model systems have begun to play a crucial role in addressing fundamental scientific questions, numerous hurdles currently impede the most efficient utilization of these systems. We describe how computational modeling and innovative sensor technologies, in conjunction with well-defined and controlled bioreactor-based 3D culture systems, will be key to gain further insight into cell behavior and the complexity of tissue development. These model systems will lay a solid foundation to further develop, optimize, and effectively streamline the essential bioprocesses to safely and reproducibly produce appropriately scaled tissue grafts for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wendt
- Department of Surgery and Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
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36
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Asnaghi MA, Jungebluth P, Raimondi MT, Dickinson SC, Rees LEN, Go T, Cogan TA, Dodson A, Parnigotto PP, Hollander AP, Birchall MA, Conconi MT, Macchiarini P, Mantero S. A double-chamber rotating bioreactor for the development of tissue-engineered hollow organs: from concept to clinical trial. Biomaterials 2009; 30:5260-9. [PMID: 19647867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell and tissue engineering are now being translated into clinical organ replacement, offering alternatives to fight morbidity, organ shortages and ethico-social problems associated with allotransplantation. Central to the recent first successful use of stem cells to create an organ replacement in man was our development of a bioreactor environment. Critical design features were the abilities to drive the growth of two different cell types, to support 3D maturation, to maintain biomechanical and biological properties and to provide appropriate hydrodynamic stimuli and adequate mass transport. An analytical model was developed and applied to predict oxygen profiles in the bioreactor-cultured organ construct and in the culture media, comparing representative culture configurations and operating conditions. Autologous respiratory epithelial cells and mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs, then differentiated into chondrocytes) were isolated, characterized and expanded. Both cell types were seeded and cultured onto a decellularized human donor tracheal matrix within the bioreactor. One year post-operatively, graft and patient are healthy, and biopsies confirm angiogenesis, viable epithelial cells and chondrocytes. Our rotating double-chamber bioreactor permits the efficient repopulation of a decellularized human matrix, a concept that can be applied clinically, as demonstrated by the successful tracheal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adelaide Asnaghi
- Department of Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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37
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Shipley R, Jones G, Dyson R, Sengers B, Bailey C, Catt C, Please C, Malda J. Design criteria for a printed tissue engineering construct: A mathematical homogenization approach. J Theor Biol 2009; 259:489-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Sengers BG, Please CP, Taylor M, Oreffo ROC. Experimental-computational evaluation of human bone marrow stromal cell spreading on trabecular bone structures. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 37:1165-76. [PMID: 19296221 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The clinical application of macro-porous scaffolds for bone regeneration is significantly affected by the problem of insufficient cell colonization. Given the wide variety of different scaffold structures used for tissue engineering it is essential to derive relationships for cell colonization independent of scaffold architecture. To study cell population spreading on 3D structures decoupled from nutrient limitations, an in vitro culture system was developed consisting of thin slices of human trabecular bone seeded with Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells, combined with dedicated microCT imaging and computational modeling of cell population spreading. Only the first phase of in vitro scaffold colonization was addressed, in which cells migrate and proliferate up to the stage when the surface of the bone is covered as a monolayer, a critical prerequisite for further tissue formation. The results confirm the model's ability to represent experimentally observed cell population spreading. The key advantage of the computational model was that by incorporating complex 3D structure, cell behavior can be characterized quantitatively in terms of intrinsic migration parameters, which could potentially be used for predictions on different macro-porous scaffolds subject to additional experimental validation. This type of modeling will prove useful in predicting cell colonization and improving strategies for skeletal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Sengers
- Bone & Joint Research Group, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 887, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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39
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Bilgen B, Uygun K, Bueno EM, Sucosky P, Barabino GA. Tissue Growth Modeling in a Wavy-Walled Bioreactor. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:761-71. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Bilgen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Korkut Uygun
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ericka M. Bueno
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philippe Sucosky
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gilda A. Barabino
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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40
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Cantini M, Fiore GB, Redaelli A, Soncini M. Numerical Fluid-Dynamic Optimization of Microchannel-Provided Porous Scaffolds for the Co-Culture of Adherent and Non-Adherent Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:615-23. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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41
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Bioreactor Studies and Computational Fluid Dynamics. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Consolo F, Fiore GB, Truscello S, Caronna M, Morbiducci U, Montevecchi FM, Redaelli A. A Computational Model for the Optimization of Transport Phenomena in a Rotating Hollow-Fiber Bioreactor for Artificial Liver. Tissue Eng Part A 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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43
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Hutmacher DW, Singh H. Computational fluid dynamics for improved bioreactor design and 3D culture. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:166-72. [PMID: 18261813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The complex relationship between the hydrodynamic environment and surrounding tissues directly impacts on the design and production of clinically useful grafts and implants. Tissue engineers have generally seen bioreactors as 'black boxes' within which tissue engineering constructs (TECs) are cultured. It is accepted that a more detailed description of fluid mechanics and nutrient transport within process equipment can be achieved by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. This review discusses applications of CFD for tissue engineering-related bioreactors -- fluid flow processes have direct implications on cellular responses such as attachment, migration and proliferation. We conclude that CFD should be seen as an invaluable tool for analyzing and visualizing the impact of fluidic forces and stresses on cells and TECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Chair Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.
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Galbusera F, Cioffi M, Raimondi MT. An in silico bioreactor for simulating laboratory experiments in tissue engineering. Biomed Microdevices 2008; 10:547-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-008-9164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bioreactors in Tissue Engineering: Scientific Challenges and Clinical Perspectives. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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