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Cui R, Li J, Jiang Y, Sun H, Tan Y, Duan L, Wu M. Trajectory optimisation with musculoskeletal integration features for fracture reduction orthopaedic robot. Int J Med Robot 2022; 18:e2372. [DOI: 10.1002/rcs.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cui
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science and Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation Device and Detection Technology Ministry of Education, Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Automation Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old‐Age Disability and Key Laboratory of Neuro‐functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids Beijing China
| | - Yongkang Jiang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Science Shenzhen China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science and Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation Device and Detection Technology Ministry of Education, Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Yinglun Tan
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science and Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation Device and Detection Technology Ministry of Education, Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Lunhui Duan
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science and Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation Device and Detection Technology Ministry of Education, Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Mengkun Wu
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science and Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation Device and Detection Technology Ministry of Education, Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
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Håkansson J, Jiang W, Xue Q, Zheng X, Ding M, Agarwal AA, Elemans CPH. Aerodynamics and motor control of ultrasonic vocalizations for social communication in mice and rats. BMC Biol 2022; 20:3. [PMID: 34996429 PMCID: PMC8742360 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are crucial to their social communication and a widely used translational tool for linking gene mutations to behavior. To maximize the causal interpretation of experimental treatments, we need to understand how neural control affects USV production. However, both the aerodynamics of USV production and its neural control remain poorly understood. RESULTS Here, we test three intralaryngeal whistle mechanisms-the wall and alar edge impingement, and shallow cavity tone-by combining in vitro larynx physiology and individual-based 3D airway reconstructions with fluid dynamics simulations. Our results show that in the mouse and rat larynx, USVs are produced by a glottal jet impinging on the thyroid inner wall. Furthermore, we implemented an empirically based motor control model that predicts motor gesture trajectories of USV call types. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify wall impingement as the aerodynamic mechanism of USV production in rats and mice. Furthermore, our empirically based motor control model shows that both neural and anatomical components contribute to USV production, which suggests that changes in strain specific USVs or USV changes in disease models can result from both altered motor programs and laryngeal geometry. Our work provides a quantitative neuromechanical framework to evaluate the contributions of brain and body in shaping USVs and a first step in linking descending motor control to USV production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Håkansson
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Weili Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Qian Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Xudong Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Ming Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Anurag A Agarwal
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Coen P H Elemans
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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Alzamendi GA, Peterson SD, Erath BD, Hillman RE, Zañartu M. Triangular body-cover model of the vocal folds with coordinated activation of the five intrinsic laryngeal muscles. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:17. [PMID: 35105008 PMCID: PMC8727069 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Poor laryngeal muscle coordination that results in abnormal glottal posturing is believed to be a primary etiologic factor in common voice disorders such as non-phonotraumatic vocal hyperfunction. Abnormal activity of antagonistic laryngeal muscles is hypothesized to play a key role in the alteration of normal vocal fold biomechanics that results in the dysphonia associated with such disorders. Current low-order models of the vocal folds are unsatisfactory to test this hypothesis since they do not capture the co-contraction of antagonist laryngeal muscle pairs. To address this limitation, a self-sustained triangular body-cover model with full intrinsic muscle control is introduced. The proposed scheme shows good agreement with prior studies using finite element models, excised larynges, and clinical studies in sustained and time-varying vocal gestures. Simulations of vocal fold posturing obtained with distinct antagonistic muscle activation yield clear differences in kinematic, aerodynamic, and acoustic measures. The proposed tool is deemed sufficiently accurate and flexible for future comprehensive investigations of non-phonotraumatic vocal hyperfunction and other laryngeal motor control disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Alzamendi
- Institute for Research and Development on Bioengineering and Bioinformatics (IBB), CONICET-UNER, Oro Verde, Entre Ríos 3100, Argentina
| | - Sean D Peterson
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Byron D Erath
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, USA
| | - Robert E Hillman
- Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Matías Zañartu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile
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Calvache C, Solaque L, Velasco A, Peñuela L. Biomechanical Models to Represent Vocal Physiology: A Systematic Review. J Voice 2021; 37:465.e1-465.e18. [PMID: 33678534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical modeling allows obtaining information on physical phenomena that cannot be directly observed. This study aims to review models that represent voice production. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, and IEEE Xplore databases. To select the papers, we used the protocol PRISMA Statement. A total of 53 publications were included in this review. This article considers a taxonomic classification of models found in the literature. We propose four categories in the taxonomy: (1) Models representing the Source (Vocal folds); (2) Models representing the Filter (Vocal Tract); (3) Models representing the Source - Filter Interaction; and (4) Models representing the Airflow - Source Interaction. We include a bibliographic analysis with the evolution of the publications per category. We provide an analysis of the number as well of publications in journals per year. Moreover, we present an analysis of the term occurrence and its frequency of usage, as found in the literature. In each category, different types of vocal production models are mentioned and analyzed. The models account for the analysis of evidence about aerodynamic, biomechanical, and acoustic phenomena and their correlation with the physiological processes involved in the production of the human voice. This review gives an insight into the state of the art related to the mathematical modeling of voice production, analyzed from the viewpoint of vocal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calvache
- Vocology Center, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Leonardo Solaque
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alexandra Velasco
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lina Peñuela
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
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Zhang Z. Mechanics of human voice production and control. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:2614. [PMID: 27794319 PMCID: PMC5412481 DOI: 10.1121/1.4964509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As the primary means of communication, voice plays an important role in daily life. Voice also conveys personal information such as social status, personal traits, and the emotional state of the speaker. Mechanically, voice production involves complex fluid-structure interaction within the glottis and its control by laryngeal muscle activation. An important goal of voice research is to establish a causal theory linking voice physiology and biomechanics to how speakers use and control voice to communicate meaning and personal information. Establishing such a causal theory has important implications for clinical voice management, voice training, and many speech technology applications. This paper provides a review of voice physiology and biomechanics, the physics of vocal fold vibration and sound production, and laryngeal muscular control of the fundamental frequency of voice, vocal intensity, and voice quality. Current efforts to develop mechanical and computational models of voice production are also critically reviewed. Finally, issues and future challenges in developing a causal theory of voice production and perception are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyan Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA
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Yin J, Zhang Z. Laryngeal muscular control of vocal fold posturing: Numerical modeling and experimental validation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 140:EL280. [PMID: 27914396 PMCID: PMC5384605 DOI: 10.1121/1.4962375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional continuum model of vocal fold posturing was developed to investigate laryngeal muscular control of vocal fold geometry, stiffness, and tension, which are difficult to measure in live humans or in vivo models. This model was able to qualitatively reproduce in vivo experimental observations of laryngeal control of vocal fold posturing, despite the many simplifications which are necessary due to the lack of accurate data of laryngeal geometry and material properties. The results present a first comprehensive study of the co-variations between glottal width, vocal fold length, stiffness, tension at different conditions of individual, and combined laryngeal muscle activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- The State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- UCLA School of Medicine, 31-24 Rehab Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA
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Smith SL, Hunter EJ. A viscoelastic laryngeal muscle model with active components. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 135:2041-2051. [PMID: 25235002 PMCID: PMC4167753 DOI: 10.1121/1.4866173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate definitions of both passive and active tissue characteristics are important to laryngeal muscle modeling. This report tested the efficacy of a muscle model which added active stress components to an accurate definition of passive properties. Using the previously developed three-network Ogden model to simulate passive stress, a Hill-based contractile element stress equation was utilized for active stress calculations. Model input parameters were selected based on literature data for the canine cricothyroid muscle, and simulations were performed in order to compare the model behavior to published results for the same muscle. The model results showed good agreement with muscle behavior, including appropriate tetanus response and contraction time for isometric conditions, as well as accurate stress predictions in response to dynamic strain with activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon L Smith
- Center for Science and Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, 5th Street, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eric J Hunter
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, 1026 Red Cedar Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Yin J, Zhang Z. The influence of thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid muscle activation on vocal fold stiffness and eigenfrequencies. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 133:2972-83. [PMID: 23654401 PMCID: PMC3663867 DOI: 10.1121/1.4799809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the thyroarytenoid (TA) and cricothyroid (CT) muscle activation on vocal fold stiffness and eigenfrequencies was investigated in a muscularly controlled continuum model of the vocal folds. Unlike the general understanding that vocal fold fundamental frequency was determined by vocal fold tension, this study showed that vocal fold eigenfrequencies were primarily determined by vocal fold stiffness. This study further showed that, with reference to the resting state of zero strain, vocal fold stiffness in both body and cover layers increased with either vocal fold elongation or shortening. As a result, whether vocal fold eigenfrequencies increased or decreased with CT/TA activation depended on how the CT/TA interaction influenced vocal fold deformation. For conditions of strong CT activation and thus an elongated vocal fold, increasing TA contraction reduced the degree of vocal fold elongation and thus reduced vocal fold eigenfrequencies. For conditions of no CT activation and thus a resting or slightly shortened vocal fold, increasing TA contraction increased the degree of vocal fold shortening and thus increased vocal fold eigenfrequencies. In the transition region of a slightly elongated vocal fold, increasing TA contraction first decreased and then increased vocal fold eigenfrequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA School of Medicine, 31-24 Rehabilitation Center, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1794, USA
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Klemuk SA, Riede T, Walsh EJ, Titze IR. Adapted to roar: functional morphology of tiger and lion vocal folds. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27029. [PMID: 22073246 PMCID: PMC3206895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal production requires active control of the respiratory system, larynx and vocal tract. Vocal sounds in mammals are produced by flow-induced vocal fold oscillation, which requires vocal fold tissue that can sustain the mechanical stress during phonation. Our understanding of the relationship between morphology and vocal function of vocal folds is very limited. Here we tested the hypothesis that vocal fold morphology and viscoelastic properties allow a prediction of fundamental frequency range of sounds that can be produced, and minimal lung pressure necessary to initiate phonation. We tested the hypothesis in lions and tigers who are well-known for producing low frequency and very loud roaring sounds that expose vocal folds to large stresses. In histological sections, we found that the Panthera vocal fold lamina propria consists of a lateral region with adipocytes embedded in a network of collagen and elastin fibers and hyaluronan. There is also a medial region that contains only fibrous proteins and hyaluronan but no fat cells. Young's moduli range between 10 and 2000 kPa for strains up to 60%. Shear moduli ranged between 0.1 and 2 kPa and differed between layers. Biomechanical and morphological data were used to make predictions of fundamental frequency and subglottal pressure ranges. Such predictions agreed well with measurements from natural phonation and phonation of excised larynges, respectively. We assume that fat shapes Panthera vocal folds into an advantageous geometry for phonation and it protects vocal folds. Its primary function is probably not to increase vocal fold mass as suggested previously. The large square-shaped Panthera vocal fold eases phonation onset and thereby extends the dynamic range of the voice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Klemuk
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tobias Riede
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Edward J. Walsh
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ingo R. Titze
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Passman SN, Cheetham J, Bonassar LJ, Ducharme NG, Rawlinson JJ. Biomechanical characterisation of equine laryngeal cartilage. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:592-8. [PMID: 21545513 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY Upper airway obstruction is a common problem in the performance horse as the soft tissues of the larynx collapse into the airway, yet there is a paucity of information on biomechanical properties for the structural cartilage components. OBJECTIVE To measure the geometry and compressive mechanical properties of the hyaline cartilage to improve understanding of laryngeal function and morphology. METHODS A total of 11 larynges were harvested from Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses. During gross dissection, linear dimensions of the cricoid were obtained. From both the cricoid and arytenoid, specimens were cored to obtain 6 mm disc samples from 3 sites within the dorsal cricoid (caudal, middle and rostral) and 2 central sites in the arytenoids (inner, outer). The specimens were mechanically tested using radial confined compression to calculate the aggregate modulus and permeability of the tissue. The biomechanical data were analysed using a nested mixed effects model. RESULTS Geometrically, the cricoid has relatively straight walls compared to the morphology of human, ovine and canine larynges. There were significant observations of higher modulus with increasing age (0.13 MPa per year; P = 0.007) and stiffer cricoid cartilage (2.29 MPa) than the arytenoid cartilage (0.42 MPa; P<0.001), but no difference was observed between the left and right sides. Linear contrasts showed that the rostral aspect (2.51 MPa) of the cricoid was 20% stiffer than the caudal aspect (2.09 MPa; P = 0.025), with no difference between the arytenoid sites. CONCLUSIONS The equine larynx is a well supported structure due to both the geometry and material properties of the cricoid cartilage. The hyaline structure is an order of magnitude higher in compressive modulus compared to the arytenoids and other hyaline-composed tissues. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE These characterisations are important to understand the biomechanics of laryngeal function and the mechanisms involved with surgical interventions.
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Titze IR, Riede T. A cervid vocal fold model suggests greater glottal efficiency in calling at high frequencies. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000897. [PMID: 20808882 PMCID: PMC2924247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Male Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) produce loud and high fundamental frequency bugles during the mating season, in contrast to the male European Red Deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus) who produces loud and low fundamental frequency roaring calls. A critical step in understanding vocal communication is to relate sound complexity to anatomy and physiology in a causal manner. Experimentation at the sound source, often difficult in vivo in mammals, is simulated here by a finite element model of the larynx and a wave propagation model of the vocal tract, both based on the morphology and biomechanics of the elk. The model can produce a wide range of fundamental frequencies. Low fundamental frequencies require low vocal fold strain, but large lung pressure and large glottal flow if sound intensity level is to exceed 70 dB at 10 m distance. A high-frequency bugle requires both large muscular effort (to strain the vocal ligament) and high lung pressure (to overcome phonation threshold pressure), but at least 10 dB more intensity level can be achieved. Glottal efficiency, the ration of radiated sound power to aerodynamic power at the glottis, is higher in elk, suggesting an advantage of high-pitched signaling. This advantage is based on two aspects; first, the lower airflow required for aerodynamic power and, second, an acoustic radiation advantage at higher frequencies. Both signal types are used by the respective males during the mating season and probably serve as honest signals. The two signal types relate differently to physical qualities of the sender. The low-frequency sound (Red Deer call) relates to overall body size via a strong relationship between acoustic parameters and the size of vocal organs and body size. The high-frequency bugle may signal muscular strength and endurance, via a 'vocalizing at the edge' mechanism, for which efficiency is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo R. Titze
- National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tobias Riede
- National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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