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Dietary patterns in middle childhood and behavior problems in adolescence. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:1809-1818. [PMID: 33674775 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Adherence to a "Western" style dietary pattern has been related to behavior problems in children in high-income countries; however, dietary patterns may differ in countries undergoing the nutrition transition. Associations of dietary patterns with behavior problems in a Latin American context have not been evaluated. SUBJECTS/METHODS Mothers of 385 children 5 to 12 y old completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) on the children's usual intake at enrollment into a cohort study. Four dietary patterns were identified through principal component analysis of the FFQ: animal protein, snacking, cheaper protein, and traditional/starch. After a median 6 y follow-up, adolescents reported behavior problems via the Youth Self Report, a standardized questionnaire. We compared the continuous distributions of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and their subscales across quartiles of adherence to the four dietary patterns using multivariable linear regression. RESULTS Boys in the highest quartile of adherence to the animal protein pattern in middle childhood had an adjusted 5.5 units lower (95% CI -9.5, -1.5) mean total externalizing problems score compared with boys in the lowest quartile (P trend = 0.008). Adherence to the animal protein pattern was also inversely related to the aggressive behavior externalizing subscale in a dose-response manner among boys (P trend = 0.009). There were no associations between adherence to other dietary patterns and externalizing problems in boys or girls. There were no associations with internalizing problems. CONCLUSION Adherence to an animal protein dietary pattern in middle childhood was associated with less externalizing behavior problems in adolescent boys.
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Sarkar T, Patro N, Patro IK. Cumulative multiple early life hits- a potent threat leading to neurological disorders. Brain Res Bull 2019; 147:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Damodara Gowda KM, Suchetha Kumari N, Ullal H. Role of astaxanthin in the modulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and spatial learning behavior in perinatally undernourished Wistar rats. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:422-431. [PMID: 30200858 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1515301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Maternal health and nutrition during the perinatal period is the predominant factor influencing the functional development of the brain. Maternal malnutrition during the perinatal period causes retardation of brain development. The current study investigates the role of Astaxanthin (AsX) in spatial learning and memory and BDNF in perinatally undernourished Wistar rats.Methods: The albino wistar rats were perinatally undernourished and administered with different dosages of AsX. The spatial learning and memory performance and BDNF level were assessed. Data were collected and analysed.Results: The % Correct choice during the acquisition phase, performance at the end of the acquisition phase and the mean BDNF level at the Hippocampus, Cerebellum, and Cerebral cortex showed significant decline (P<0.001) in the PUN group and significantly high (P<0.001) in the PUNA2 group compared to the control. However, the mean RME and mean WME during different days of the acquisition phase were significantly high (P<0.001) in the PUN group and insignificant (P>0.05) in PUNA2 compared to the control.Discussion: The results showed that AsX effectively modulated the cognitive deficit that occurred in perinatally undernourished rats. This can be attributed to BDNF upregulation as evidenced by the significant increase of the BDNF level.
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Key Words
- AsX: Astaxanthin, BDNF: Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor, ELISA: Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay, FDA: Food and Drug Administration, NA1: Normal rats supplemented with AsX (6 mg/kg bw), NA2: Normal rats supplemented with AsX (12 mg/kg bw), PUN: Perinatally Undernourished, PUNA1: Perinatally Undernourished rats but supplemented with AsX (6 mg/kg bw), PUNA2: Perinatally Undernourished but supplemented with AsX (12 mg/kg bw), RME: Reference Memory Error, WME: Working Memory Error, RM-ANOVA: Repeated Measures of ANOVA
- Astaxanthin
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- Perinatal undernutrition
- Reference memory error and working memory error
- Spatial learning
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Damodara Gowda
- Department of Physiology, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka 575018, India
| | - N Suchetha Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka 575018, India
| | - Harshini Ullal
- Central Research Laboratory, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka 575018, India
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Reyes-Castro LA, Padilla-Gómez E, Parga-Martínez NJ, Castro-Rodríguez DC, Quirarte GL, Díaz-Cintra S, Nathanielsz PW, Zambrano E. Hippocampal mechanisms in impaired spatial learning and memory in male offspring of rats fed a low-protein isocaloric diet in pregnancy and/or lactation. Hippocampus 2017; 28:18-30. [PMID: 28843045 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maternal nutritional challenges during fetal and neonatal development result in developmental programming of multiple offspring organ systems including brain maturation and function. A maternal low-protein diet during pregnancy and lactation impairs associative learning and motivation. We evaluated effects of a maternal low-protein diet during gestation and/or lactation on male offspring spatial learning and hippocampal neural structure. Control mothers (C) ate 20% casein and restricted mothers (R) 10% casein, providing four groups: CC, RR, CR, and RC (first letter pregnancy, second lactation diet). We evaluated the behavior of young adult male offspring around postnatal day 110. Corticosterone and ACTH were measured. Males were tested for 2 days in the Morris water maze (MWM). Stratum lucidum mossy fiber (MF) area, total and spine type in basal dendrites of stratum oriens in the hippocampal CA3 field were measured. Corticosterone and ACTH were higher in RR vs. CC. In the MWM acquisition test CC offspring required two, RC three, and CR seven sessions to learn the maze. RR did not learn in eight trials. In a retention test 24 h later, RR, CR, and RC spent more time locating the platform and performed fewer target zone entries than CC. RR and RC offspring spent less time in the target zone than CC. MF area, total, and thin spines were lower in RR, CR, and RC than CC. Mushroom spines were lower in RR and RC than CC. Stubby spines were higher in RR, CR, and RC than CC. We conclude that maternal low-protein diet impairs spatial acquisition and memory retention in male offspring, and that alterations in hippocampal presynaptic (MF), postsynaptic (spines) elements and higher glucocorticoid levels are potential mechanisms to explain these learning and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Reyes-Castro
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, México 14080, México
| | - E Padilla-Gómez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - N J Parga-Martínez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - D C Castro-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, México 14080, México
| | - G L Quirarte
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - S Díaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, México
| | - P W Nathanielsz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3684
| | - E Zambrano
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, México 14080, México
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Chen B, Deng X, Wang B, Liu H. Etanercept, an inhibitor of TNF-a, prevents propofol-induced neurotoxicity in the developing brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 55:91-100. [PMID: 27756568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol can induce acute neuronal apoptosis, neuronal loss or long-term cognitive impairment when exposed in neonatal rodents, but the mechanisms by which propofol induces developmental neurotoxicity are unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that propofol can increase the TNF-α level in the developing brain, but there is a lack of direct evidence to show whether TNF-α is partially or fully involved in propofol-induced neurotoxicity. The present study shows that propofol exposure in neonatal rats induces an increase of TNF-α in the cerebral spinal fluid, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Etanercept, a TNF-α inhibitor, prevents propofol-induced short- or long-term neuronal apoptosis, neuronal loss, synaptic loss and long-term cognitive impairment. Furthermore, mTNF-α (precursor of TNF-α) expression in microglia cells is increased after propofol anaesthesia in either the hippocampus or PFC, but mTNF-α expression in neurons is only increased in the PFC. These findings suggest that TNF-α may mediate propofol-induced developmental neurotoxicity, and etanercept can provide neural protection. Microglia are the main cellular source of TNF-α after propofol exposure, while the synthesis of TNF-α in neurons is brain-region selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 40030, PR China; Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 40030, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 40030, PR China.
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Chen B, Deng X, Wang B, Liu H. Persistent neuronal apoptosis and synaptic loss induced by multiple but not single exposure of propofol contribute to long-term cognitive dysfunction in neonatal rats. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:627-36. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, China
- Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, China
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Chaudhary R, Chugh M, Darokhan Z, Katreddi RR, Ramachandra R, Rema V. Physiological slowing and upregulation of inhibition in cortex are correlated with behavioral deficits in protein malnourished rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76556. [PMID: 24098531 PMCID: PMC3789706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein malnutrition during early development has been correlated with cognitive and learning disabilities in children, but the neuronal deficits caused by long-term protein deficiency are not well understood. We exposed rats from gestation up to adulthood to a protein-deficient (PD) diet, to emulate chronic protein malnutrition in humans. The offspring exhibited significantly impaired performance on the 'Gap-crossing' (GC) task after reaching maturity, a behavior that has been shown to depend on normal functioning of the somatosensory cortex. The physiological state of the somatosensory cortex was examined to determine neuronal correlates of the deficits in behavior. Extracellular multi-unit recording from layer 4 (L4) neurons that receive direct thalamocortical inputs and layers 2/3 (L2/3) neurons that are dominated by intracortical connections in the whisker-barrel cortex of PD rats exhibited significantly low spontaneous activity and depressed responses to whisker stimulation. L4 neurons were more severely affected than L2/3 neurons. The response onset was significantly delayed in L4 cells. The peak response latency of L4 and L2/3 neurons was delayed significantly. In L2/3 and L4 of the barrel cortex there was a substantial increase in GAD65 (112% over controls) and much smaller increase in NMDAR1 (12-20%), suggesting enhanced inhibition in the PD cortex. These results show that chronic protein deficiency negatively affects both thalamo-cortical and cortico-cortical transmission during somatosensory information processing. The findings support the interpretation that sustained protein deficiency interferes with features of cortical sensory processing that are likely to underlie the cognitive impairments reported in humans who have suffered from prolonged protein deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manisha Chugh
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | | | | | | | - V. Rema
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
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Françolin-Silva AL, Brandão ML, Almeida SS. Early postnatal protein malnutrition causes resistance to the anxiolytic effects of diazepam as assessed by the fear-potentiated startle test. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 10:23-9. [PMID: 17539480 DOI: 10.1080/10284150601168346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Given that protein malnutrition induces structural, neurochemical and functional changes in the CNS, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of different early periods of protein malnutrition on the behavior and reactivity to diazepam (DZ) in a model of anxiety: the fear-potentiated startle (FPS). Male Wistar rats (n = 110) from well-nourished (16 %-protein) or malnourished (6%-protein) litters were distributed in five different groups: W (well-nourished), M7 (malnourished for 7-days, since day 0), M14 (14-days), M21 (21-days) and M28 (28-days). The results obtained in FPS revealed that malnourished-animals acquired the startle response, irrespective of the time they were exposed to the diet. Besides, DZ reduced the startle amplitude in the noise-alone and light-noise trials. The data concerning the total freezing time showed that the expression of this response was affected by malnutrition and varied in accordance with the findings of previous studies in which malnutrition procedures was imposed for long periods (more than 50 days). Therefore, we suggest that early protein malnutrition: (a) did not produce deficits in the associative learning process of these animals in the FPS, and (b) decreased freezing time in the FPS and produce hyporeactivity to the effects of DZ in rats malnourished for 21 days or more, indicating alterations in the GABAergic neurotransmitter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Françolin-Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Behavior, Department of Psychology, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
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Valadares C, Fukuda M, Françolin-Silva A, Hernandes A, Almeida S. Effects of postnatal protein malnutrition on learning and memory procedures. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 13:274-82. [DOI: 10.1179/147683010x12611460764769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Effect of 17ß-estradiol on zinc content of hippocampal mossy fibers in ovariectomized adult rats. Biometals 2012; 25:1129-39. [PMID: 22842908 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones such as estrogen (17ß-estradiol) may modulate the zinc content of the hippocampus during the female estrous cycle. The mossy fiber system is highly plastic in the adult brain and is influenced by multiple factors including learning, memory, and stress. However, whether 17ß-estradiol is able to modulate the morphological plasticity of the mossy fibers throughout the estrous cycle remains unknown. Ovariectomized (Ovx) female 70- to 90-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats without or with estrogen supplement (OvxE) were compared with control rats in three stages of the estrous cycle: diestrus, proestrus, and estrus. The brain tissue from each of the five groups was processed with Timm's silver sulfide technique using the Image J program to measure the mossy fiber area in the stratum lucidum of CA3. Total zinc in the hippocampus was measured using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Two additional (Ovx and OvxE) groups were examined in spatial learning and memory tasks using the Morris water maze. Similar increases in total zinc content and mossy fiber area were observed. The mossy fiber area decreased by 26 ± 2 % (difference ± SEM percentages) in Ovx and 23 ± 4 % in estrus as compared to the proestrus group and by 18 ± 2 % in Ovx compared to OvxE. Additionally, only the OvxE group learned and remembered the task. These results suggest that estradiol has a significant effect on zinc content in hippocampal CA3 during the proestrus stage of the estrous cycle and is associated with correct performance in learning and memory.
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General anesthesia causes long-lasting disturbances in the ultrastructural properties of developing synapses in young rats. Neurotox Res 2009; 17:179-88. [PMID: 19626389 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Common general anesthetics administered to young rats at the peak of brain development cause widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in their immature brain. Behavioral studies have shown that this leads to learning and memory deficiencies later in life. The subiculum, a part of the hippocampus proper and Papez's circuit, is involved in cognitive development and is vulnerable to anesthesia-induced developmental neurodegeneration. This degeneration is manifested by acute substantial neuroapoptotic damage and permanent neuronal loss in later stages of synaptogenesis. Since synapse formation is a critical component of brain development, we examined the effects of highly neurotoxic anesthesia combination (isoflurane, nitrous oxide, and midazolam) on ultrastructural development of synapses in the rat subiculum. We found that this anesthesia, when administered at the peak of synaptogenesis, causes long-lasting injury to the subicular neuropil. This is manifested as neuropil scarcity and disarray, morphological changes indicative of mitochondria degeneration, a decrease in the number of neuronal profiles with multiple synaptic boutons and significant decreases in synapse volumetric densities. We believe that observed morphological disturbances of developing synapses may, at least in part, contribute to the learning and memory deficits that occur later in life after exposure of the immature brain to general anesthesia.
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Govindan RM, Behen ME, Helder E, Makki MI, Chugani HT. Altered water diffusivity in cortical association tracts in children with early deprivation identified with Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). Cereb Cortex 2009; 20:561-9. [PMID: 19546156 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Institutional rearing is associated with neurocognitive and behavioral difficulties. Although such difficulties are thought to reflect abnormal neurologic development resulting from early social deprivation (ED) and there is evidence for functional abnormality in children with histories of ED, the impact of early deprivation on brain anatomy has received little study in humans. The present study utilized an objective and sensitive neuroimaging analysis technique (Tract-Based Spatial Statistics) to evaluate white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) and diffusivity in a group of right-handed children with histories of ED (n = 17; mean age = 10.9 + 2.6 years) as compared with age-matched healthy controls (n = 15; mean age = 11.7 + or - 2.8 years). Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging diffusion tensor imaging sequences and comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations. Results revealed reduced FA in frontal, temporal, and parietal white matter including components of uncinate and superior longitudinal fasciculi, in children with histories of ED, providing further support for limbic and paralimbic abnormalities in children with such histories. Furthermore, white matter abnormalities were associated with duration of time in the orphanage and with inattention and hyperactivity scores. It is suspected that the observed white matter abnormalities are associated with multiple depriving factors (e.g., poor prenatal care, postnatal stress) associated with institutional caregiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Munian Govindan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Martínez Y, Díaz-Cintra S, León-Jacinto U, Aguilar-Vázquez A, Medina AC, Quirarte GL, Prado-Alcalá RA. Effects of postnatal malnutrition and senescence on learning, long-term memory, and extinction in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2009; 203:48-53. [PMID: 19389427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a wealth of information indicating that the hippocampal formation is important for learning and memory consolidation. The hippocampus is very sensitive to ageing and developmentally stressful factors such as prenatal malnutrition, which produces anatomical alterations of hippocampal pyramidal cells as well as impaired spatial learning. On the other hand, there are no reports about differential effects of postnatal malnutrition, installed at birth and maintained all through life in young and aged rats, on learning and memory of active avoidance, a task with an important procedural component. We now report that learning and long-term retention of this task were impaired in young malnourished animals, but not in young control, senile control, and senile malnourished Sprague-Dawley rats; young and senile rats were 90 and 660 days of age, respectively. Extinction tests showed, however, that long-term memory of the malnourished groups and senile control animals is impaired as compared with the young control animals. These data strongly suggest that the learning and long-term retention impairments seen in the young animals were due to postnatal malnutrition; in the senile groups, this cognitive alteration did not occur, probably because ageing itself is an important factor that enables the brain to engage in compensatory mechanisms that reduce the effects of malnutrition. Nonetheless, ageing and malnutrition, conditions known to produce anatomic and functional hippocampal alterations, impede the maintenance of long-term memory, as seen during the extinction test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Martínez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
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Thomas JE, Hill DL. The effects of dietary protein restriction on chorda tympani nerve taste responses and terminal field organization. Neuroscience 2008; 157:329-39. [PMID: 18845228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal dietary sodium restriction produces profound developmental effects on rat functional taste responses and formation of neural circuits in the brainstem. Converging evidence indicates that the underlying mechanisms for these effects are related to a compromised nutritional state and not to direct stimulus-receptor interactions. We explored whether early malnourishment produces similar functional and structural effects to those seen following dietary sodium restriction by using a protein deficient, sodium replete diet. To determine if early dietary protein-restriction affects the development of the peripheral gustatory system, multi-fiber neurophysiological recordings were made from the chorda tympani nerve and anterograde track tracing of the chorda tympani nerve into the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) was accomplished in rats fed a protein-restricted or a control diet (6% and 20%, respectively). The dietary regimens began on embryonic day 7 and continued until rats were used for neurophysiological recordings (postnatal days (P) 35-50) or for chorda tympani terminal field labeling (P40-50). Responses to a concentration series of NaCl, sodium acetate, KCl, and to 0.50 M sucrose, 0.03 M quinine-HCl, and 0.01 N HCl revealed attenuated responses (30-60%) to sodium-specific stimuli in rats fed the 6% protein diet compared with those fed the 20% protein diet. Responses to all other stimuli were similar between groups. Terminal field volumes were nearly twofold larger in protein-restricted rats compared with controls, with the differences located primarily in the dorsal-caudal zone of the terminal field. These results are similar to the results seen previously in rats fed a sodium-restricted diet throughout pre- and postnatal development, suggesting that dietary sodium- and protein-restriction share similar mechanisms in altering gustatory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Thomas
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, 1101 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Díaz-Cintra S, González-Maciel A, Morales MA, Aguilar A, Cintra L, Prado-Alcalá RA. Protein malnutrition differentially alters the number of glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 interneurons in dentate gyrus and CA1–3 subfields of the dorsal hippocampus. Exp Neurol 2007; 208:47-53. [PMID: 17706195 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In 30- and 90-day-old rats, using immunohistochemistry for glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD-67), we have tested whether malnutrition during different periods of hippocampal development produces deleterious effects on the population of GABA neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) and cornu Ammonis (CA1-3) of the dorsal hippocampus. Animals were under one of four nutritional conditions: well-nourished controls (Con), prenatal protein malnourished (PreM), postnatal protein malnourished (PostM), and chronic protein malnourished (ChroM). We found that the number of GAD-67-positive (GAD-67+) interneurons was higher in the DG than in the CA1-3 areas of both Con and malnourished groups. Regarding the DG, the number of GAD-67+ interneurons was increased in PreM and PostM and decreased in ChroM at 30 days. At 90 days of age the number of GAD-67+ interneurons was increased in PostM and ChroM and remained unchanged in PreM. With respect to CA1-3, the number of labeled interneurons was decreased in PostM and ChroM at 30 days of age, but no change was found in PreM. At 90 days no changes in the number of these interneurons were found in any of the groups. These observations suggest that 1) the cell death program starting point is delayed in DG GAD-67+ interneurons, and 2) protein malnutrition differentially affects GAD-67+ interneuron development throughout the dorsal hippocampus. Thus, these changes in the number of GAD-67+ interneurons may partly explain the alterations in modulation of dentate granule cell excitability, as well as in the emotional, motivational, and memory disturbances commonly observed in malnourished rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Díaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
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Rodriguez G, Babiloni C, Brugnolo A, Del Percio C, Cerro F, Gabrielli F, Girtler N, Nobili F, Murialdo G, Rossini PM, Rossi DS, Baruzzi C, Ferro AM. Cortical sources of awake scalp EEG in eating disorders. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:1213-22. [PMID: 17452006 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate quantitative EEG (qEEG) in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) in comparison with healthy controls. METHODS Resting EEG was recorded in 30 healthy females (age: 27.1+/-5.5), 16-AN females (age: 26.4+/-9.5) and 12-BN females (age: 27.0+/-6.3). Cortical EEG sources (delta, theta, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2) were modeled by LORETA solutions. The statistical analysis was performed considering the factors Group, power Band, and region of interest (central, frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, limbic). RESULTS Alpha 1 sources in central, parietal, occipital and limbic areas showed a greater amplitude in Controls versus AN and BN groups. Alpha 2 sources in parietal, occipital and limbic areas showed a greater amplitude in Controls than in both AN and BN groups. Alpha 1 sources in temporal area showed a greater amplitude in Controls compared to both the BN and AN groups as well as in the BN group compared to AN group. Central alpha 1 source correlated significantly with BMI in patients. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that eating disorders are related to altered mechanisms of cortical neural synchronization, especially in rolandic alpha rhythms. SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge this is the first study by LORETA able to detect modifications of cortical EEG activity in eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Rodriguez
- Section of Clinical Neurophysiology (DISEM), Department of Endocrinological and Metabolic Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Childhood externalizing behavior (aggression, hyperactivity, and conduct disorder) has been increasingly viewed as a public health problem because of its etiology and outcome. The association between malnutrition and externalizing behavior has begun to receive attention. This review summarizes recent empirical findings on malnutrition as a risk factor for the development of externalizing behavior, with an emphasis on micronutrient deficiency, and explores brain dysfunction as a possible mechanism. RECENT FINDINGS Externalizing behavior is associated with both macromalnutrition (e.g. protein) and micromalnutrition (e.g. iron and zinc). Both prenatal and postnatal malnutrition is implicated. The long-term effects of malnutrition on behavior could be reversible. The effects of docosahexaenoic acid/omega-3 long-chain essential fatty acid on externalizing behavior are more mixed. From animal and human findings, it is hypothesized that malnutrition impairs neurocognitive functioning by reducing neurons, alternating neurotransmitter functioning, and increasing neurotoxicity, and that such neurocognitive impairments predispose to externalizing behavior. SUMMARY Different lines of evidence support the view that poor nutrition contributes to the development of child behavior problems. More randomized, controlled trials that manipulate nutritional intake and evaluate behavior in children are needed to evaluate the etiological role of nutrition in externalizing behavior in order to inform intervention and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Frias C, Torrero C, Regalado M, Salas M. Organization of olfactory glomeruli in neonatally undernourished rats. Nutr Neurosci 2006; 9:49-55. [PMID: 16910170 DOI: 10.1080/10284150500506042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Newborn rats maintain mother-litter bonds by using olfactory signals. At birth, units in the olfactory glomeruli (OG) are immature and vulnerable to noxious epigenetic factors like undernutrition. Because little is known about the effects of neonatal undernutrition upon the OG morphological organization, different OG parameters were studied in undernourished Wistar rats at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. The issue was addressed by analyzing the olfactory bulb (OB) cross sectional area, the total number and area of OGs in the OB coronal sections, and the distribution of OG area in dorsal and ventral quadrants. Reductions in the OB and OG cross sectional areas were detected at 7 and 14 days posnatally. OG area comparisons by OB quadrants were reduced along the study in quadrants, with larger effects in medial than in lateral OB quadrants. Current OG cytoarchitectonic modifications may affect the newborn capabilities for odour discrimination by disrupting early mother-litter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Frias
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology and Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México.
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