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Sane RM, Jadhav PR, Subhedar SN. The acute effects of decaffeinated versus caffeinated coffee on reaction time, mood and skeletal muscle strength. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 30:jbcpp-2018-0119. [PMID: 31369394 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Caffeinated coffee, a psycho-stimulant, is widely consumed throughout the globe. However, its chronic consumption has deleterious effects on human health. Meanwhile, decaffeinated coffee has low content of caffeine and thus can be an alternative to caffeinated coffee. Therefore, the study was undertaken to explore and compare the acute effects of decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee on reaction time, mood and skeletal muscle strength in healthy volunteers. Methods This was a prospective, interventional, comparative type of study. The study included 70 healthy adults divided into two groups (Caffeinated coffee group and Decaffeinated coffee group). The following parameters were assessed: reaction time was assessed by digital display multiple-choice apparatus, mood by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Profile of Mood States revised version (POMS) and skeletal muscle strength by hand dynamometer. All parameters in both groups were assessed pre-intervention (baseline) and 30 min post-intervention. Results In both groups (decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee) post-intervention, there was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the reaction time (VRT) and mood (VAS, POMS) from the baseline. However, both groups did not show any significant effects on the skeletal muscle strength. Upon comparing the two groups, we found that caffeinated coffee showed higher and significant improvement of mood than decaffeinated coffee. Conclusions Decaffeinated coffee exerts an acute significant stimulatory effect on the reaction time and mood. However, these effects in comparison to caffeinated coffee are low. Further randomized control clinical trials are thus needed to validate these interesting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit M Sane
- Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College, Navi-Mumbai, India
| | - Pradeep R Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacology, MGM Medical College, Kamothe Sector-1, Navi-Mumbai, Maharashtra 410209, India
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Gijselaers HJM, Kirschner PA, de Groot RHM. The Consumption of Breakfast, Fish and/or Caffeine does not Predict Study Progress in Adult Distance Education. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 88:1-9. [PMID: 31161895 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of breakfast, fish, or caffeine are each separately often investigated in relation to learning performance in traditional education, but not in distance education (DE). The objective of this study was to investigate whether the relations between the consumption of breakfast, fish, and/or caffeine on the one hand and learning performance on the other are also found in DE students. This population is different from traditional students and characterized by a different profile in terms of age, personal and work responsibilities as well as other demographics. In an observational longitudinal study, the consumption of breakfast, fish, and caffeine of 1157 DE students (18-76 years old, mean 35.8 ± 11.1 years) was used to predict learning performance using multiple regression analysis. In an online digital survey, university students provided information about their consumption of these nutritional measures and on important covariates. Learning performance, measured as study progress (i.e., the number of successfully completed modules), was evaluated objectively after 14 months. Results showed that adding the consumption of breakfast, fish, and caffeine to the covariate model did not fit the data better, χ2 (3, N = 1155) = 3.287, p = 0.35. This means that neither the consumption of breakfast nor fish nor caffeine predicted study progress in adults participating in DE. This study is important as it is the first to report on these relations in this specific age group and educational setting, which is increasingly important due to the increased preference for this type of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronymus J M Gijselaers
- 1 Welten Institute - Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Paul A Kirschner
- 1 Welten Institute - Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands.,2 Learning & Educational Technology Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Renate H M de Groot
- 3 Maastricht University, Department of Complex Genetics, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism (NUTRIM)/Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, Netherlands
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McLellan TM, Riviere LA, Williams KW, McGurk D, Lieberman HR. Caffeine and energy drink use by combat arms soldiers in Afghanistan as a countermeasure for sleep loss and high operational demands. Nutr Neurosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1443996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lyndon A. Riviere
- Military Psychiatry Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neurosciences Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Dennis McGurk
- United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Ft Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Harris R. Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Wadhwa M, Chauhan G, Roy K, Sahu S, Deep S, Jain V, Kishore K, Ray K, Thakur L, Panjwani U. Caffeine and Modafinil Ameliorate the Neuroinflammation and Anxious Behavior in Rats during Sleep Deprivation by Inhibiting the Microglia Activation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:49. [PMID: 29599709 PMCID: PMC5863523 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sleep deprivation (SD) plagues modern society due to the professional demands. It prevails in patients with mood and neuroinflammatory disorders. Although growing evidence suggests the improvement in the cognitive performance by psychostimulants during sleep-deprived conditions, the impending involved mechanism is rarely studied. Thus, we hypothesized that mood and inflammatory changes might be due to the glial cells activation induced modulation of the inflammatory cytokines during SD, which could be improved by administering psychostimulants. The present study evaluated the role of caffeine/modafinil on SD-induced behavioral and inflammatory consequences. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were sleep deprived for 48 h using automated SD apparatus. Caffeine (60 mg/kg/day) or modafinil (100 mg/kg/day) were administered orally to rats once every day during SD. Rats were subjected to anxious and depressive behavioral evaluation after SD. Subsequently, blood and brain were collected for biochemical, immunohistochemical and molecular studies. Results: Sleep deprived rats presented an increased number of entries and time spent in closed arms in elevated plus maze test and decreased total distance traveled in the open field (OF) test. Caffeine/modafinil treatment significantly improved these anxious consequences. However, we did not observe substantial changes in immobility and anhedonia in sleep-deprived rats. Caffeine/modafinil significantly down-regulated the pro- and up-regulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus during SD. Similar outcomes were observed in blood plasma cytokine levels. Caffeine/modafinil treatment significantly decreased the microglial immunoreactivity in DG, CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus during SD, however, no significant increase in immunoreactivity of astrocytes was observed. Sholl analysis signified the improvement in the morphological alterations of astrocytes and microglia after caffeine/modafinil administration during SD. Stereological analysis demonstrated a significant improvement in the number of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule I (Iba-1) positive cells (different states) in different regions of the hippocampus after caffeine or modafinil treatment during SD without showing any significant change in total microglial cell number. Eventually, the correlation analysis displayed a positive relationship between anxiety, pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated microglial cell count during SD. Conclusion: The present study suggests the role of caffeine or modafinil in the amelioration of SD-induced inflammatory response and anxious behavior in rats. Highlights - SD induced mood alterations in rats. - Glial cells activated in association with the changes in the inflammatory cytokines. - Caffeine or modafinil improved the mood and restored inflammatory changes during SD. - SD-induced anxious behavior correlated with the inflammatory consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meetu Wadhwa
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Chauhan
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Koustav Roy
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Surajit Sahu
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Satyanarayan Deep
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Jain
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna Kishore
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Koushik Ray
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Lalan Thakur
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi, India
| | - Usha Panjwani
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), New Delhi, India
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Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Brunyé TT, Kanarek RB. Cautiously Caffeinated: Does Caffeine Modulate Inhibitory, Impulsive, or Risky Behavior? JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Giles
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Caroline R. Mahoney
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army Natick Soldier Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Robin B. Kanarek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Brunyé TT, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB. Caffeine and theanine exert opposite effects on attention under emotional arousal. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:93-100. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tea is perceived as more relaxing than coffee, even though both contain caffeine. L-theanine in tea may account for the difference. Consumed together, caffeine and theanine exert similar cognitive effects to that of caffeine alone, but exert opposite effects on arousal, in that caffeine accentuates and theanine mitigates physiological and felt stress responses. We evaluated whether caffeine and theanine influenced cognition under emotional arousal. Using a double-blind, repeated-measures design, 36 participants received 4 treatments (200 mg caffeine + 0 mg theanine, 0 mg caffeine + 200 mg theanine, 200 mg caffeine + 200 mg theanine, 0 mg caffeine + 0 mg theanine) on separate days. Emotional arousal was induced by highly arousing negative film clips and pictures. Mood, salivary cortisol, and visual attention were evaluated. Caffeine accentuated global processing of visual attention on the hierarchical shape task (p < 0.05), theanine accentuated local processing (p < 0.05), and the combination did not differ from placebo. Caffeine reduced flanker conflict difference scores on the Attention Network Test (p < 0.05), theanine increased difference scores (p < 0.05), and the combination did not differ from placebo. Thus, under emotional arousal, caffeine and theanine exert opposite effects on certain attentional processes, but when consumed together, they counteract the effects of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Giles
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Caroline R. Mahoney
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Tad T. Brunyé
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Holly A. Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Robin B. Kanarek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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7
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Turnbull D, Rodricks JV, Mariano GF. Neurobehavioral hazard identification and characterization for caffeine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 74:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Dark HE, Kamimori GH, LaValle CR, Eonta SE. Effects of High Habitual Caffeine Use on Performance During One Night of Sleep Deprivation: Do High Users Need Larger Doses to Maintain Vigilance? JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2015.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. Dark
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Gary H. Kamimori
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Christina R. LaValle
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Stephanie E. Eonta
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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9
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Feeling smart: Effects of caffeine and glucose on cognition, mood and self-judgment. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:629-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Pomportes L, Davranche K, Hays A, Brisswalter J. Effet d’un complexe créatine–guarana sur la puissance musculaire et la performance cognitive chez des sportifs de haut niveau de performance. Sci Sports 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Garcia Ubaque JC, García-Ubaque CA, Vaca Bohórquez ML. Variables involucradas en la práctica individual y colectiva de hábitos saludables. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2015. [DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v16n5.44817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
<p><strong>Objetivo</strong><del cite="mailto:usuario" datetime="2015-05-14T18:02">:</del> Realizar una revisión descriptiva de los conceptos relativos a la práctica de hábitos saludables identificando las principales variables asociadas a su gestión dentro de las acciones de promoción de la salud</p><p><strong>Método</strong><del cite="mailto:usuario" datetime="2015-05-14T18:02">:</del> Por medio de consulta a grupos que laboran en promoción de la salud en Bogotá se definió el alcance de la revisión, luego se realizó la búsqueda bibliográfica mediante consulta de bases de datos y fuentes documentales, definiendo previamente la estrategia y los criterios de selección documental, finalmente se procedió a hacer la organización y estructuración de la información.<del cite="mailto:usuario" datetime="2015-05-14T18:01"></del></p><p><strong>Resultados<span style="color: #ff0000;"><span style="text-decoration: line-through;"> </span></span></strong>Se estableció que para la promoción de hábitos saludables hay cuatro grupos de conductas a) consumo, b) actividad física e higiene, c) seguridad y d) participación social, los cuales se revisan con el fin de señalar los principales conceptos incorporados en las mismas.</p><p><strong>Conclusión</strong> La promoción de hábitos saludables debe involucrar no solo la trasmisión de las conductas asociadas a los mismos, sino también la comprensión y adaptación de los mismos a los ámbitos de vida en los que las personas se desenvuelven, considerando los distintos roles que se desempeñan y las demandas de tipo psicológico y cultural que cada espacio plantea.<ins cite="mailto:usuario" datetime="2015-05-14T18:02"></ins></p>
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Caffeine and cognitive performance: persistent methodological challenges in caffeine research. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:117-22. [PMID: 24892519 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human cognitive performance is widely perceived to be enhanced by caffeine at usual dietary doses. However, the evidence for and against this belief continues to be vigorously contested. Controversy has centred on caffeine withdrawal and withdrawal reversal as potential sources of experimental confounding. In response, some researchers have enlisted "caffeine-naïve" experimental participants (persons alleged to consume little or no caffeine) assuming that they are not subject to withdrawal. This mini-review examines relevant research to illustrate general methodological challenges that have been the cause of enduring confusion in caffeine research. At issue are the processes of caffeine withdrawal and withdrawal reversal, the definition of caffeine-naïve, the population representativeness of participants deemed to be caffeine-naïve, and confounding due to caffeine tolerance. Attention to these processes is necessary if premature conclusions are to be avoided, and if caffeine's complex effects and the mechanisms responsible for those effects are to be illuminated. Strategies are described for future caffeine research aimed at minimising confounding from withdrawal and withdrawal reversal.
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Rogers PJ. Caffeine and Alertness: In Defense of Withdrawal Reversal. JOURNAL OF CAFFEINE RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Rogers
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Brunyé TT, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB. Caffeine promotes global spatial processing in habitual and non-habitual caffeine consumers. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:694. [PMID: 24146646 PMCID: PMC3797965 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Information processing is generally biased toward global cues, often at the expense of local information. Equivocal extant data suggests that arousal states may accentuate either a local or global processing bias, at least partially dependent on the nature of the manipulation, task, and stimuli. To further differentiate the conditions responsible for such equivocal results we varied caffeine doses to alter physiological arousal states and measured their effect on tasks requiring the retrieval of local versus global spatial knowledge. In a double-blind, repeated-measures design, non-habitual (Experiment 1; N = 36, M = 42.5 ± 28.7 mg/day caffeine) and habitual (Experiment 2; N = 34, M = 579.5 ± 311.5 mg/day caffeine) caffeine consumers completed four test sessions corresponding to each of four caffeine doses (0, 100, 200, 400 mg). During each test session, participants consumed a capsule containing one of the three doses of caffeine or placebo, waited 60 min, and then completed two spatial tasks, one involving memorizing maps and one spatial descriptions. A spatial statement verification task tested local versus global spatial knowledge by differentially probing memory for proximal versus distal landmark relationships. On the map learning task, results indicated that caffeine enhanced memory for distal (i.e., global) compared to proximal (i.e., local) comparisons at 100 (marginal), 200, and 400 mg caffeine in non-habitual consumers, and marginally beginning at 200 mg caffeine in habitual consumers. On the spatial descriptions task, caffeine enhanced memory for distal compared to proximal comparisons beginning at 100 mg in non-habitual but not habitual consumers. We thus provide evidence that caffeine-induced physiological arousal amplifies global spatial processing biases, and these effects are at least partially driven by habitual caffeine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Giles
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University , Medford, MA , USA
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Morrison SA, Cheung SS, Hurst RD, Cotter JD. Cognitive function and blood-brain barrier permeability during exercise in the heat: Effect of fitness and bovine colostrum supplementation. J Therm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Heatherley SV. Caffeine withdrawal, sleepiness, and driving performance: What does the research really tell us? Nutr Neurosci 2013; 14:89-95. [DOI: 10.1179/147683011x13019262348785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Rogers PJ, Heatherley SV, Mullings EL, Smith JE. Faster but not smarter: effects of caffeine and caffeine withdrawal on alertness and performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 226:229-40. [PMID: 23108937 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite 100 years of psychopharmacological research, the extent to which caffeine consumption benefits human functioning remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To measure the effects of overnight caffeine abstinence and caffeine administration as a function of level of habitual caffeine consumption. METHODS Medium-high (n = 212) and non-low (n = 157) caffeine consumers completed self-report measures and computer-based tasks before (starting at 10:30 AM) and after double-blind treatment with either caffeine (100 mg, then 150 mg) or placebo. The first treatment was given at 11:15 AM and the second at 12:45 PM, with post-treatment measures repeated twice between 1:45 PM and 3:30 PM. RESULTS Caffeine withdrawal was associated with some detrimental effects at 10:30 AM, and more severe effects, including greater sleepiness, lower mental alertness, and poorer performance on simple reaction time, choice reaction time and recognition memory tasks, later in the afternoon. Caffeine improved these measures in medium-high consumers but, apart from decreasing sleepiness, had little effect on them in non-low consumers. The failure of caffeine to increase mental alertness and improve mental performance in non-low consumers was related to a substantial caffeine-induced increase in anxiety/jitteriness that offset the benefit of decreased sleepiness. Caffeine enhanced physical performance (faster tapping speed and faster simple and choice reaction times) in both medium-high and non-low consumers. CONCLUSIONS While caffeine benefits motor performance and tolerance develops to its tendency to increase anxiety/jitteriness, tolerance to its effects on sleepiness means that frequent consumption fails to enhance mental alertness and mental performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Rogers
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK.
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Caffeine as an attention enhancer: reviewing existing assumptions. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:251-74. [PMID: 23241646 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite the large number of studies on the behavioural effects of caffeine, an unequivocal conclusion had not been reached. In this review, we seek to disentangle a number of questions. OBJECTIVE Whereas there is a general consensus that caffeine can improve performance on simple tasks, it is not clear whether complex tasks are also affected, or if caffeine affects performance of the three attention networks (alerting, orienting and executive control). Other questions being raised in this review are whether effects are more pronounced for higher levels of caffeine, are influenced by habitual caffeine use and whether there effects are due to withdrawal reversal. METHOD Literature review of double-blind placebo controlled studies that assessed acute effects of caffeine on attention tasks in healthy adult volunteers. RESULTS Caffeine improves performance on simple and complex attention tasks, and affects the alerting, and executive control networks. Furthermore, there is inconclusive evidence on dose-related performance effects of caffeine, or the influence of habitual caffeine consumption on the performance effects of caffeine. Finally, caffeine's effects cannot be attributed to withdrawal reversal. CONCLUSIONS Evidence shows that caffeine has clear beneficial effects on attention, and that the effects are even more widespread than previously assumed.
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Abstract
Research has shown that extraverts performing a working memory task benefit more from caffeine than do introverts. The present study aimed to replicate this and extend our knowledge by using a lower dose of caffeine (65 mg) and a range of tasks related to different components of working memory. In addition, tasks assessing psychomotor speed and the encoding of new information were included to determine whether caffeine-extraversion interactions were restricted to working memory tasks. A double-blind design was used, with 128 participants being randomly assigned to caffeinated or de-caffeinated coffee conditions. The results showed that caffeine interacted with extraversion in the predicted direction for serial recall and running memory tasks. Caffeine improved simple reaction time and the speed of encoding of new information, effects which were not modified by extraversion. These results suggest possible biological mechanisms underlying effects of caffeine on cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Smith
- Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
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Smith AP, Christopher G, Sutherland D. Acute effects of caffeine on attention: a comparison of non-consumers and withdrawn consumers. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:77-83. [PMID: 22992376 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112460112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the large number of studies on caffeine and attention, interpretation is often difficult because of methodological weaknesses. In the present study, use of a small battery of tests with four key outcome measures, combined with an appropriate sample size, addresses many of these problems. This methodology was used to examine whether effects of caffeine (a dose of 2 mg/kg) could be explained in terms of reversal of the effects of caffeine withdrawal. This was achieved by examining effects in non-consumers (N = 35), who could not be withdrawn, and also in a group of consumers (N = 35) who had undergone withdrawal for a week and no longer reported symptoms of withdrawal. The results showed no effect of short-term withdrawal on the performance measures, even though subjective reports showed an increase in symptoms after withdrawal. In contrast, the caffeine challenge carried out on Day 8 showed that ingestion of caffeine was associated with faster simple reaction time, fewer long responses, greater detection of targets in the cognitive vigilance task, and faster encoding of new information. These results suggest that it is important to continue to investigate mechanisms underlying these effects of caffeine and to further evaluate the practical implications of such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Smith
- Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, School of Psychology, Cardiff University,UK.
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Differential cognitive effects of energy drink ingredients: caffeine, taurine, and glucose. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:569-77. [PMID: 22819803 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy drinks containing caffeine, taurine, and glucose may improve mood and cognitive performance. However, there are no studies assessing the individual and interactive effects of these ingredients. We evaluated the effects of caffeine, taurine, and glucose alone and in combination on cognitive performance and mood in 24-hour caffeine-abstained habitual caffeine consumers. Using a randomized, double-blind, mixed design, 48 habitual caffeine consumers (18 male, 30 female) who were 24-hour caffeine deprived received one of four treatments (200 mg caffeine/0 mg taurine, 0 mg caffeine/2000 mg taurine, 200 mg caffeine/2000 mg taurine, 0 mg caffeine/0 mg taurine), on each of four separate days, separated by a 3-day wash-out period. Between-participants treatment was a glucose drink (50 g glucose, placebo). Salivary cortisol, mood and heart rate were measured. An attention task was administered 30-minutes post-treatment, followed by a working memory and reaction time task 60-minutes post-treatment. Caffeine enhanced executive control and working memory, and reduced simple and choice reaction time. Taurine increased choice reaction time but reduced reaction time in the working memory tasks. Glucose alone slowed choice reaction time. Glucose in combination with caffeine, enhanced object working memory and in combination with taurine, enhanced orienting attention. Limited glucose effects may reflect low task difficulty relative to subjects' cognitive ability. Caffeine reduced feelings of fatigue and increased tension and vigor. Taurine reversed the effects of caffeine on vigor and caffeine-withdrawal symptoms. No effects were found for salivary cortisol or heart rate. Caffeine, not taurine or glucose, is likely responsible for reported changes in cognitive performance following consumption of energy drinks, especially in caffeine-withdrawn habitual caffeine consumers.
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Burnstock G, Krügel U, Abbracchio MP, Illes P. Purinergic signalling: from normal behaviour to pathological brain function. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:229-74. [PMID: 21907261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic neurotransmission, involving release of ATP as an efferent neurotransmitter was first proposed in 1972. Later, ATP was recognised as a cotransmitter in peripheral nerves and more recently as a cotransmitter with glutamate, noradrenaline, GABA, acetylcholine and dopamine in the CNS. Both ATP, together with some of its enzymatic breakdown products (ADP and adenosine) and uracil nucleotides are now recognised to act via P2X ion channels and P1 and P2Y G protein-coupled receptors, which are widely expressed in the brain. They mediate both fast signalling in neurotransmission and neuromodulation and long-term (trophic) signalling in cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Purinergic signalling is prominent in neurone-glial cell interactions. In this review we discuss first the evidence implicating purinergic signalling in normal behaviour, including learning and memory, sleep and arousal, locomotor activity and exploration, feeding behaviour and mood and motivation. Then we turn to the involvement of P1 and P2 receptors in pathological brain function; firstly in trauma, ischemia and stroke, then in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's, as well as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Finally, the role of purinergic signalling in neuropsychiatric diseases (including schizophrenia), epilepsy, migraine, cognitive impairment and neuropathic pain will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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De Bruin E, Rowson M, Van Buren L, Rycroft J, Owen G. Black tea improves attention and self-reported alertness. Appetite 2011; 56:235-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kennedy DO, Haskell CF. Cerebral blood flow and behavioural effects of caffeine in habitual and non-habitual consumers of caffeine: A near infrared spectroscopy study. Biol Psychol 2011; 86:298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kennedy D, Haskell C, Robertson B, Reay J, Brewster-Maund C, Luedemann J, Maggini S, Ruf M, Zangara A, Scholey A. Improved cognitive performance and mental fatigue following a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement with added guaraná (Paullinia cupana). Appetite 2008; 50:506-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ruxton CHS. The impact of caffeine on mood, cognitive function, performance and hydration: a review of benefits and risks. NUTR BULL 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2007.00665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Diller JW, Saunders BT, Anderson KG. Effects of acute and repeated administration of caffeine on temporal discounting in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 89:546-55. [PMID: 18329086 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Delay to presentation is one variable that can weaken the reinforcing efficacy of an outcome in a choice situation and drugs have been shown to modify such choices. A growing body of literature has examined effects of stimulant drugs on temporal (delay) discounting, but effects of caffeine, the most widely used stimulant in the world, have not previously been assessed. In the present experiment, effects of caffeine (administered acutely and repeatedly) on temporal discounting were analyzed. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=7) chose between a single food pellet delivered immediately after a lever press and three food pellets delivered after a delay. The delay to the three pellets increased within each session, from 0 to 16 s. High doses of caffeine increased large-reinforcer choice relative to control conditions. With repeated caffeine exposure, percent choice for the large reinforcer decreased relative to acute administration, but was still greater than pre-drug baseline. Following withdrawal of drug administration, choice returned to levels seen during pre-drug baseline. Reintroduction of caffeine increased the percent choice for a larger, delayed reinforcer to near acute levels. The results from the present study are consistent with previous research in which stimulant drugs have decreased temporal (delay) discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Diller
- West Virginia University, Morgantown. WV 26506, United States
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Koppelstaetter F, Poeppel TD, Siedentopf CM, Ischebeck A, Verius M, Haala I, Mottaghy FM, Rhomberg P, Golaszewski S, Gotwald T, Lorenz IH, Kolbitsch C, Felber S, Krause BJ. Does caffeine modulate verbal working memory processes? An fMRI study. Neuroimage 2007; 39:492-9. [PMID: 17936643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the effect of caffeine on the functional MRI signal during a 2-back verbal working memory task, we examined blood oxygenation level-dependent regional brain activity in 15 healthy right-handed males. The subjects, all moderate caffeine consumers, underwent two scanning sessions on a 1.5-T MR-Scanner separated by a 24- to 48-h interval. Each participant received either placebo or 100 mg caffeine 20 min prior to the performance of the working memory task in blinded crossover fashion. The study was implemented as a blocked-design. Analysis was performed using SPM2. In both conditions, the characteristic working memory network of frontoparietal cortical activation including the precuneus and the anterior cingulate could be shown. In comparison to placebo, caffeine caused an increased response in the bilateral medial frontopolar cortex (BA 10), extending to the right anterior cingulate cortex (BA 32). These results suggest that caffeine modulates neuronal activity as evidenced by fMRI signal changes in a network of brain areas associated with executive and attentional functions during working memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Koppelstaetter
- Department of Radiology II, Medical University of Innsbruck, University Hospital of Innsbruck, Anichstr. 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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