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Marinho de Souza TK, E Silva-Gondim MB, Rodrigues MCA, Guedes RCA. The facilitating effect of unfavorable lactation on the potentiation of electrocorticogram after spreading depression in awake and anesthetized adult rats. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 21:16-24. [PMID: 27442245 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1210878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a brain excitability-related phenomenon that can be affected by unfavorable conditions of lactation and by anesthetic agents. We have previously demonstrated that after CSD the electrocorticogram (ECoG) amplitude increases significantly (ECoG potentiation). Here, we investigated this potentiation in awake and anesthetized adult rats that were previously suckled among different lactation conditions. METHODS Newborn rats were suckled in litters with 6 pups or 12 pups (L6 or L12 condition, respectively). At adulthood, we evaluated the ECoG potentiation after CSD at two cortical points (one point near, and another remote to the CSD-eliciting site). The amplitude of the ECoG waves was averaged with the support of an algorithm implemented in Matlab™ software. In both L6 and L12 condition, awake animals were compared with anesthetized groups that received either tribromoethanol- or urethane + chloralose-anesthesia. RESULTS L12 rats presented significantly lower body- and brain weights than L6 rats (P < 0.01), indicating a nutritional deficiency. The anesthetized L6 groups presented with ECoG potentiation (P < 0.05) only in the near cortical recording point (28.0% and 32.6% increase for the tribromoethanol and urethane + chloralose groups, respectively), whereas the L12 groups displayed ECoG potentiation in both near (67.0% and 55.0%) and remote points (37.0% and 20.0%), in comparison with the baseline values (before CSD). DISCUSSION The results suggest a facilitating effect of unfavorable lactation on the potentiation of ECoG after spreading depression in anesthetized adult rats. The potential implications for the human neurological health remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rubem Carlos Araújo Guedes
- a Department of Nutrition , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco , BR-50670901 , Recife - Pernambuco , Brazil
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Santos-Monteiro J, Teodósio N, Guedes R. Long-lasting Effects of Early Environmental Stimulation on Cortical Spreading Depression in Normal and Early Malnourished Adult Rats. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 3:29-40. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2000.11747301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Prooxidant versus antioxidant brain action of ascorbic acid in well-nourished and malnourished rats as a function of dose: A cortical spreading depression and malondialdehyde analysis. Neuropharmacology 2014; 86:155-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Soares GDSF, Lima CB, Cavalcanti LC, Villacampa N, Castellano B, Guedes RCA. Brain effects of the lectin from Canavalia ensiformis in adult rats previously suckled in favorable and unfavorable conditions: A spreading depression and microglia immunolabeling study. Nutr Neurosci 2014; 18:307-15. [PMID: 24819023 DOI: 10.1179/1476830514y.0000000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate in adult rats, previously suckled under favorable and unfavorable conditions, the brain electrophysiological and microglial effects of the treatment early in life with the lectin (ConA) from Canavalia ensiformis. METHODS Male Wistar newborn rats (n = 89) were suckled under favorable or unfavorable conditions, represented by litters with 6-7 pups or 12-14 pups (groups N6 and N12, respectively). From postnatal days 5-24, they were treated intraperitoneally with 1 or 10 mg/kg ConA (groups L1 and L10, respectively), or with saline solution (group Sal), or no treatment (group Naïve). At 90-120 days of age, cortical spreading depression (CSD) was recorded at two parietal points for 4 hours, and CSD parameters (velocity of propagation and amplitude and duration of the DC slow potential change) were measured. Fixative-perfused brain sections were reacted with anti-Iba1 antibodies to quantify immunolabeled microglia. RESULTS Compared with the control groups, ConA-treated animals dose-dependently presented with reduced CSD propagation velocities and increased amplitude and duration of the CSD slow potential change. Microglia Iba-1 immunoreactivity was lower in both nutritional groups treated with ConA, in comparison with the control groups. The CSD hemisphere presented with higher immunoreactivity compared with the CSD-free hemisphere. DISCUSSION Attenuation in CSD propagation and microglia reaction was associated in adulthood with ConA treatment during brain development, indicating that the lectin can affect the electrophysiological and microglial development, and suggesting long-lasting protective action of the lectin on the rat brain, which is not impeded by the unfavorable suckling condition.
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Rocha-de-Melo AP, Picanço-Diniz CW, Borba JMC, Santos-Monteiro J, Guedes RCA. NADPH-diaphorase Histochemical Labeling Patterns in the Hippocampal Neuropil and Visual Cortical Neurons in Weaned Rats Reared during Lactation on Different Litter Sizes. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 7:207-16. [PMID: 15682647 DOI: 10.1080/10284150400001961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue distribution of nitric oxide-synthases was investigated in the rat hippocampus and visual cortex under nutritional changes induced by modification of the litter size. Young (30-45-days-old) rats, suckled in litters formed by 3,6 or 12 pups (called small, medium and large litters, respectively), were studied by using nicotine-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry (shortly, diaphorase), a simple and robust procedure to characterize tissue distribution of nitric oxide-synthases. We assessed morphometric features of the diaphorase-positive cells in visual cortex, and the neuropil histochemical activity in hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus using densitometry analysis. In the large-litter group, the labeled-cell density in white matter of area 17 was higher, as compared to the small-litter group. There was a clear trend, in the large-litter group, to lower values of soma area, dendritic field and branches per neuron, but the differences were not significant. Densitometry analysis of hippocampus revealed a significant increase in the relative neuropil histochemical activity of the dentate gyrus molecular layer in the larger litters, which may be associated to increased compensatory blood flow in the hippocampus. The pathophysiological mechanisms of the observed changes remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Rocha-de-Melo
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, BR-50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Mendonça JEF, Vilela MCR, Bittencourt H, Lapa RM, Oliveira FG, Alessio MLM, Guedes RCA, De Oliveira Costa MSM, Da Costa BLDSA. GFAP Expression in Astrocytes of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus and Medial Preoptic Area are Differentially Affected by Malnutrition during Rat Brain Development. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 7:223-34. [PMID: 15682649 DOI: 10.1080/10284150400010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was investigate, in young rats, the effects of malnutrition on astrocyte distribution of two hypothalamic regions, the circadian pacemaker suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the medial preoptic area (MPA). Control rats were born from mothers fed on commercial diet since gestation and malnourished rats from mothers fed on multideficient diet, from the beginning of gestation (GLA group) or from the onset of lactation (LA group). After weaning, pups received ad libitum the same diet as their mothers, and were maintained under a 12/12 h light/dark cycle. The animals were analyzed either at 30-33, or 60-63 days of life. Brain coronal sections (50 microm) were processed to visualize glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity. Compared to control rats, both malnourished groups of 30 and 60 days exhibited a reduced number of GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes in the SCN. The total GFAP-immunoreactive area in the SCN of the GLA group differed from the control group at both age ranges analyzed. The GFAP expression as measured by the relative optical density (ROD) exhibited a 50-60% reduction in the MPA in both malnourished groups, compared to controls. The results suggest that malnutrition early in life leads to alterations in gliogenesis or glial cell proliferation in both nuclei, being these alterations greater in the MPA. Compensatory plasticity mechanisms in the GFAP-expression seem to be developed in the astrocyte differentiation process in the SCN, especially when the malnutrition is installed from the lactation.
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do Monte-Silva KK, de Novaes Assis FL, Leal GMA, Guedes RCA. Nutrition-dependent influence of peripheral electrical stimulation during brain development on cortical spreading depression in weaned rats. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 10:187-94. [DOI: 10.1080/10284150701590316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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De Vasconcelos CAC, De Oliveira JAF, De Oliveira Costat LA, Guedes RCA. Malnutrition and REM-sleep Deprivation Modulate in Rats the Impairment of Spreading Depression by a Single Sub-convulsing Dose of Pilocarpine. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 7:163-70. [PMID: 15526990 DOI: 10.1080/10284150412331281031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of a single injection of pilocarpine upon the phenomenon of cortical spreading depression (SD), in adult rats submitted to early malnutrition and/or to REM-sleep deprivation for 72h prior to the SD-recordings. The SD was recorded continuously for 3-4h in 13 well-nourished (W) and 15 early-malnourished (M) adult rats. One to two hours after the beginning of the recording session, a sub-convulsing intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pilocarpine (190mg/kg) was applied and its effects on SD were studied during the rest of the recording session. Pilocarpine reduced markedly the ECoG amplitudes in all animals and decreased the SD velocity of propagation in the M-, but not in the W-rats, as compared with the pre-drug values for the same animals. In additional 9W- and 10 M-animals, REM-sleep deprivation was induced during the 72 h preceding the SD-recording session. This condition enhanced the pilocarpine effects on SD in the W-, but not in the M-rats, as compared to the respective non-deprived (ND) groups. The results indicate an important acute cholinergic influence on SD, acting by means of pilocarpine-activated muscarinic receptors. This effect seems to be differentially modulated by sleep deprivation and malnutrition.
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Maia L, Amancio-dos-Santos A, Duda-de-Oliveira D, Angelim M, Germano P, Santos S, Guedes R. L-Arginine administration during rat brain development facilitates spreading depression propagation: evidence for a dose- and nutrition-dependent effect. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 12:73-80. [DOI: 10.1179/147683009x423229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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da Silva Tenório A, da Silva Moura FR, de Lima Silva LPS, Guedes RCA. Lasting facilitatory effects of neonatal vibrissae removal on the propagation of cortical spreading depression: an electrophysiological study in well-nourished and early-malnourished adult rats. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 12:281-8. [DOI: 10.1179/147683009x423481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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de Aguiar MJL, de Aguiar CRRA, Guedes RCA. Lithium/nutrition interaction in the brain: A single lithium administration impairs spreading depression in malnourished, but not in well-nourished rats. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 14:159-64. [DOI: 10.1179/147683011x13009738172440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Amancio-dos-Santos A, Maia LMSDS, Germano PCPDS, Negrão YDDS, Guedes RCA. Tianeptine facilitates spreading depression in well-nourished and early-malnourished adult rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 706:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Naseh M, Vatanparast J, Baniasadi M, Hamidi GA. Alterations in nitric oxide synthase-expressing neurons in the forebrain regions of rats after developmental exposure to organophosphates. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 37:23-32. [PMID: 23416429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several mechanisms have been addressed as contributors to the long lasting behavioral deficits after developmental exposure to organophosphate (OP) compounds. Here, the effects of developmental exposure to two common OP insecticides, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and diazinon (DZN), on nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-expressing neurons in the rat forebrain are reported. A daily dose of 1mg/kg of either CPF or DZN was administered to rats during gestational days 15-18 or postnatal days (PND) 1-4. We then assessed NADPH-diaphorase and neuronal NOS (nNOS) immunohistochemistry in forebrain sections on different postnatal days. Prenatal exposure to CPF and DZN induced a transient reduction of NADPH-d(+)/nNOS-immunoreactive (IR) neurons in most cortical regions on PND 4 but exceptionally increased them in the entorhinal/piriform cortex. On PND 15, NADPH-d(+)/nNOS-IR neurons showed morphological abnormalities within entorhinal/piriform cortex of the rats that gestationally exposed to CPF. Postnatal exposure to CPF and DZN did not induce widespread effects on the number of NADPH-d(+)/nNOS-IR neurons on PNDs 7 and 15 but significantly reduced them in most cortical regions and hippocampal subfields on PND 60. The OPs affected NADPH-d(+)/nNOS-IR neurons in a sex independent manner and apparently spared them in the striatum. While the NADPH-d reactivity of microvessels was normally diminished by age, OP treated rats evidently preserved the NADPH-d reactivity of microvessels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The effects of OPs on NADPH-d(+)/nNOS-IR neurons may contribute to the long-lasting behavioral outcomes and expand the neurotransmitter system that need to be considered in OP neurotoxicity evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Naseh
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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de Souza TKM, e Silva MB, Gomes AR, de Oliveira HM, Moraes RB, de Freitas Barbosa CT, Guedes RCA. Potentiation of spontaneous and evoked cortical electrical activity after spreading depression: in vivo analysis in well-nourished and malnourished rats. Exp Brain Res 2011; 214:463-9. [PMID: 21863260 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is influenced by brain excitability and is related to neurological diseases, such as epilepsy. In vitro evidence indicates that neuronal electrical activity is potentiated after CSD. Malnutrition can cause electrophysiological changes in the brain, both in animals and in humans. Here, we investigated in vivo whether CSD potentiates the amplitude of electrocorticogram (ECoG) and of transcallosal evoked responses in adult well-nourished (W), early-malnourished (M), and food-restricted rats. ECoG amplitudes were compared before and after CSD, at two parietal regions (designated the anterior and posterior regions). In the anterior region, post-CSD amplitudes of the ECoG waves were 13-23% higher (P < 0.05) than the pre-CSD values in all groups. In the posterior region, amplitudes increased 22% in the M group only (P < 0.05). In a fourth CSD-free group, ECoG amplitude did not change during the four recording hours. Transcallosal electrically evoked cortical responses also increased 21.5 ± 9.6% and 41.8 ± 28.5%, after CSD, in the W and M conditions, respectively, as compared to pre-CSD values. The data support the hypothesis of an in vivo CSD potentiation on cortical excitability as recorded by spontaneous and evoked electrical activity and modulation by nutritional status.
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Monte-Guedes CK, Alves EV, Viana-da-Silva E, Guedes RC. Chronic treatment with ascorbic acid enhances cortical spreading depression in developing well-nourished and malnourished rats. Neurosci Lett 2011; 496:191-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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de Aguiar MJL, de Aguiar CRRA, Guedes RCA. Caffeine/nutrition interaction in the rat brain: Influence on latent inhibition and cortical spreading depression. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 650:268-74. [PMID: 21036123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine, like malnutrition, can produce behavioral and electrophysiological alterations. However, the interaction of both factors remains unclear. Here this interaction has been studied in male Wistar rats previously malnourished during the lactation period by feeding their dams the "regional basic diet" of Northeast Brazil, containing about 8% protein, predominantly from vegetable sources (RBD(8)). At 70-75days of life, a subset of the pups was treated intraperitoneally with 30mg/kg caffeine for 4days while being tested according to the behavioral model of latent inhibition. Another group was subjected to an electrophysiological recording of the phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression, and the effects of caffeine injected during the recording session were evaluated. Caffeine did not affect cortical spreading depression, but antagonized latent inhibition in both the RBD(8)-malnourished rats and in the well-nourished control group fed a chow diet with 22% protein. This effect of caffeine was not seen in malnourished rats fed a protein-supplemented RBD (protein increased to 22% by increasing the proportion of foodstuffs from vegetable origin; RBD(22) group), suggesting that the amino acid imbalance of this diet may modulate the caffeine effects on latent inhibition. The results indicate a differential effect of caffeine in the latent inhibition behavioral model, as compared to the cortical spreading depression phenomenon, and this effect is influenced by the early nutritional status of the animal. We suggest that caffeine may modulate dopaminergic subcortical receptors participating in attention processes, but does not interact at the cortical level, in a way that would affect cortical spreading depression.
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Ribas VR, Aniceto HKR, Martins HADL, Ribas KHDS, Guerra-Ribas RDM, Fraga SDN, Ribeiro-Ribas V, Vasconcelos CMM, Viana MT, Manhaes-de-Castro R. Neonatal administration of fluoxetine did not alter the anxiety indicators, but decreased the locomotor activity in adult rats in the elevated plus-maze. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2009; 66:844-7. [PMID: 19099123 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2008000600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was evaluate the anxiety and locomotor activity (LA) in 52 Wistar adult male rats, being 26 treated with fluoxetine (10 mg/Kg - sc) in the neonatal period. These same rats received foot shock (FS) (1.6-mA - 2-s) in the 90th day. The anxiety and LA were appraised by plus-maze. The time spent in the open arms was used as anxiety index and the LA was measured by number of entries in closed arms (NECA) and the total of entries (TE). T-test was used with p<0.05 and expresses data in mean+/-SEM. There were reductions with the fluoxetine group in the NECA (2.35+/-0.33) and in the TE (3.96+/-0.61) compared to the controls (4.65+/-0.52) and (6.96+/-0.94). The neonatal administration of fluoxetine did not alter the anxiety, but reduced the LA in the animals that received FS.
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de Lima DSC, de Seixas Maia LMS, de Andrade Barboza E, de Almeida Duarte R, de Souza LS, Guedes RCA. l-Glutamine supplementation during the lactation period facilitates cortical spreading depression in well-nourished and early-malnourished rats. Life Sci 2009; 85:241-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Exposure of developing well-nourished and malnourished rats to environmental heating facilitates cortical spreading depression propagation at adulthood. Neurosci Lett 2009; 454:218-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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dos Santos AA, Pinheiro PCF, de Lima DSC, Ozias MG, de Oliveira MB, Guimarães NX, Guedes RCA. Fluoxetine inhibits cortical spreading depression in weaned and adult rats suckled under favorable and unfavorable lactation conditions. Exp Neurol 2006; 200:275-82. [PMID: 16616920 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Wistar rats (n = 58) were injected subcutaneously during the lactation period with fluoxetine (5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg/day) and cortical spreading depression (SD) was recorded immediately after weaning (25-30 days of life). An additional group (10 mg/kg; n = 8) was SD-recorded at 60-70 days. As compared to the saline-injected (n = 24) or "ingenuous" (n = 16) controls, fluoxetine dose-dependently reduced (P < 0.05) SD-velocities in the young rats by 4, 6, 16 and 15%, respectively, and in adult rats by 13%. In another experiment (26 adult rats), topical cortical application of fluoxetine (5 and 10 mg/ml solutions over the intact dura-mater for 10 min; n = 12 and 14, respectively) dose-dependently reduced SD-velocity (7.6% and 43.3% maximal reductions; P < 0.05). SD-propagation was blocked in 4 out of the 14 W-rats topically treated with the highest fluoxetine concentration (10 mg/ml). This topical fluoxetine effect was reverted after flushing the treated region with saline. In additional, 58 early-malnourished rats, fluoxetine applied during the suckling period (10 mg/kg/day, s.c.) and topically (10 mg/ml) also reduced (P < 0.05) SD-velocities by 18 and 22% for the systemic treatment (young and adult animals, respectively) and by 22.4% for the topical one. The present fluoxetine action supports the hypothesis of an antagonistic serotoninergic influence on SD, as previously suggested in experiments using other serotoninergic drugs. Data also suggest that early malnutrition does not greatly affect fluoxetine effects on SD.
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Freire MAM, Oliveira RB, Picanço-Diniz CW, Pereira A. Differential effects of methylmercury intoxication in the rat's barrel field as evidenced by NADPH diaphorase histochemistry. Neurotoxicology 2006; 28:175-81. [PMID: 16930717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of mercury intoxication on the structure of the posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF) in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of adult rats, as revealed by histochemical reactivity to the enzyme NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d). Enzymatic reactivity in the neuropil inside barrels was drastically reduced in intoxicated animals, suggesting that the synthesis and/or transport of the nitric oxide synthase enzyme can be altered in acute mercury intoxication. However, the cell bodies and dendrites of barrel neurons, also strongly reactive to the enzyme, were spared from the mercury's deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio M Freire
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil.
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Costa-Cruz RRG, Amâncio-dos-Santos A, Guedes RCA. Characterization of cortical spreading depression in adult well-nourished and malnourished rats submitted to the association of pilocarpine-induced epilepsy plus streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. Neurosci Lett 2006; 401:271-5. [PMID: 16632197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 03/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spreading depression was characterized in adult rats rendered epileptic by pilocarpine (350 mg/kg, i.p.) and thereafter made hyperglycemic with (i.p.) 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. Groups treated with only one of the above drugs, as well as control groups treated with their vehicles (saline and citrate buffer, respectively) were also studied. The animals treated with pilocarpine or streptozotocin presented, as a common feature, a reduction in the spreading depression propagation rate. However, they differed by the fact that pilocarpine, in some cases, blocked spreading depression propagation, whereas streptozotocin did not block it at all. In early-malnourished animals, streptozotocin-effects, but not pilocarpine-effects on spreading depression were attenuated. The treatment with both drugs did not potentiate their individual reducing effects on spreading depression propagation, irrespective of the animals' early nutritional status. These results extend previous observations on rats treated with both drugs separately, confirming their impairing action on spreading depression propagation. They also indicate that early malnutrition is more effective in changing the streptozotocin effects on spreading depression, as compared to the pilocarpine-effects. Since such effects were observed at adulthood, they indicate that the early malnutrition-induced cortical changes responsible for the here-described effects are long-lasting.
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Maia LMSS, Frazão MF, Souza TKM, Silva MB, Rocha-de-Melo AP, Picanço-Diniz CW, Amâncio-dos-Santos A, Guedes RCA. l-arginine treatment early in life influences NADPH-diaphorase neurons in visual cortex of normal and early-malnourished adult rats. Brain Res 2006; 1072:19-25. [PMID: 16426587 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of repeated l-arginine administration during lactation, combined with different suckling conditions, on morphometric parameters of primary visual cortex NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons. Wistar rat pups reared in "normal-size litters" or "large litters" (N- and L-conditions; litters formed by 6 and 12 pups, respectively) received, from postnatal day 7 to 28, either arginine (300 mg/kg/day, per gavage) or distilled water (control). At 90-120 days of life, they were perfused with saline + formaldehyde, and their brains were processed for histochemical reaction to reveal NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons (malic enzyme indirect method). Compared to the normal-size litters, L-rats had lower body weights (P < 0.05), confirming the effectiveness of the L-condition in affecting pup development. Concerning NADPH-d histochemistry, arginine treatment was associated with increased (P < 0.05) density of dendrite varicosities and of dendrite branching frequency, suggesting a plastic response of the developing brain to that treatment, even in previously malnourished rats. No difference was seen, however, in dendrite orientation, total number of neurons, soma area and perimeter, as well as dendrite bifurcation points, fractal dimension, and area and volume of dendrite field, suggesting that NADPH-d cells are resistant to arginine and nutritional changes, regarding these features. Data are considered of interest for studies of synaptic plasticity during neural development and its relationships to aggressive agents like malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M S S Maia
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco State, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Freire MAM, Franca JG, Picanço-Diniz CW, Pereira A. Neuropil reactivity, distribution and morphology of NADPH diaphorase type I neurons in the barrel cortex of the adult mouse. J Chem Neuroanat 2006; 30:71-81. [PMID: 16002260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Revised: 01/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mouse, like a few other rodent and marsupial species, displays a striking modular architecture in its primary somatosensory cortex (SI). These modules, known as barrels, are mostly defined by the peculiar arrangement of granule cells and thalamic axons in layer IV. In the present work, we studied both the distribution and morphology of neurons stained for NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) and neuropil reactivity in the posteromedial barrel subfield (PMBSF), which represents the mystacial whiskers. We then compared our results with previous descriptions of NADPH-d distribution in both neonatal and young mice. We found two types of neurons in the PMBSF: type I neurons, which have large cell bodies and are heavily stained by the NADPH-d reaction; and type II neurons, characterized by relatively small and poorly stained cell bodies. The distribution of type I cells in the PMBSF was not homogenous, with cells tending to concentrate in septa between barrels. Moreover, the cells found in septal region possess both a larger and more complex dendritic arborization than cells located inside barrels. Our findings are at variance with results from other groups that reported both an absence of type II cells and a homogeneous distribution of type I cells in the PMBSF of young animals. In addition, our results show a distribution of type I cells which is very similar to that previously described for the rat's barrel field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio M Freire
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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25
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Vilela MCR, Mendonça JEF, Bittencourt H, Lapa RM, Alessio MLM, Costa MSMO, Guedes RCA, Silva VL, Andrade da Costa BLS. Differential vulnerability of the rat retina, suprachiasmatic nucleus and intergeniculate leaflet to malnutrition induced during brain development. Brain Res Bull 2005; 64:395-408. [PMID: 15607827 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated in young rats the effects of malnutrition on the main structures of the circadian timing system: retina, hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), thalamic intergeniculate leaflet, retinohypothalamic- and geniculohypothalamic tracts. Control rats were born from mothers fed a commercial diet since gestation, and malnourished rats from mothers fed a multideficient diet since gestation (GLA group) or lactation (LA group). After weaning, pups received the same diet as their mothers, and were analysed at postnatal days 27, 30-33 and 60-63. Brain sections were processed to visualise in the SCN neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity and terminal labeling after intraocular tracer injections. Nissl staining was used to assess cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the SCN and cell features in retinal whole mounts. Cell counts, morphometric and densitometric analysis were performed. Compared with controls, the total retinal surface was reduced and the topographical distribution of retinal ganglion cells was altered in malnourished rats, with changes in their density. Alterations were also detected in the SCN dimensions in the GLA and LA groups at one and two postnatal months, as well as in the SCN portion occupied by the retinal input in the GLA group at days 30-33, but not in the NPY-containing geniculohypothalamic tract. The present data point to subtle changes, with a low and differential vulnerability to early malnutrition, of structures involved in circadian timing regulation. Furthermore, the present findings suggest that the altered circadian rhythmicity previously documented in malnourished rats cannot be ascribed to impaired development of the retino- and geniculohypothalamic projections to the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C R Vilela
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Cidade Universitária 50670901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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26
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Almeida SS, Duntas LH, Dye L, Nunes ML, Prasad C, Rocha JBT, Wainwright P, Zaia CTBV, Guedes RCA. Nutrition and brain function: a multidisciplinary virtual symposium. Nutr Neurosci 2002; 5:311-20. [PMID: 12385593 DOI: 10.1080/1028415021000033776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A few months ago, the Brazilian Society for Neuroscience and Behavior (SBNeC) promoted a "virtual symposium" (by Internet, under the coordination of R.C.A. Guedes) on "Nutrition and Brain Function". The discussions generated during that symposium originated the present text, which analyzes current topics on the theme, based on the multidisciplinary experience of the authors. The way the brain could be non-homogeneously affected by nutritional alterations, as well as questions like early malnutrition and the development of late obesity and hormone abnormalities were discussed. Also, topics like the role of essential fatty acids (EFAs) on brain development, increased seizure susceptibility and changes in different neurotransmitters and in cognitive performance in malnourished animals, as well as differences between overall changes in nutrient intake and excess or deficiency of specific nutrients (e.g. iodine deficiency) were analyzed. It was pointed out that different types of neurons, possibly in distinct brain structures, might be differently affected by nutritional manipulation, including not only lack-but also excess of nutrient intake. Such differences could help in explaining discrepancies between data on humans and in animals and so, could aid in determining the basic mechanisms underlying lesions or changes in brain function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Almeida
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras (FFCLRP), USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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27
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Santos-Monteiro J, Guedes RCDA, Castro RMD, Cabral Filho JE. Estimulação psicossocial e plasticidade cerebral em desnutridos. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE MATERNO INFANTIL 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-38292002000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: É feita uma revisão sobre as estratégias e efeitos da estimulação sensorial e ambiental de indivíduos desnutridos. Reportam os autores evidências provenientes de experimentos com modelos animais e de estudos em seres humanos, mostrando os benefícios da administração da estimulação sensorial ou psicossocial programadas sobre as funções neuro-comportamentais. Mostram ainda a importante participação que a plasticidade cerebral pode ter neste processo. Finalmente enfatizam que as evidências eletrofisiológicas - obtidas pela técnica da depressão alastrante cortial em animais - e as observações em seres humanos indicam que as regiões cerebrais comportam-se diferencialmente nesta recuperação. Daí, sugerem uma abordagem nos cuidados médicos em indivíduos desnutridos levando em conta estas peculiaridades regionais do cérebro.
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Guedes RCA, Amâncio-Dos-Santos A, Manhães-De-Castro R, Costa-Cruz RRG. Citalopram has an antagonistic action on cortical spreading depression in well-nourished and early-malnourished adult rats. Nutr Neurosci 2002; 5:115-23. [PMID: 12000081 DOI: 10.1080/10284150290018937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Adult, well-nourished (W) and early-malnourished (M) male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally for 7 days with 20 mg/kg CIT and cortical spreading depression (CSD) was recorded for 4 h on the day following the treatment. M-animals presented lower body weights, as well as higher CSD velocities of propagation, than the W ones, as previously reported. Compared to saline-injected controls, rats treated with CIT for 7 days presented comparable body weights and lower mean CSD velocities, per hour of recording, the differences being significant at the second hour (3.29+/-0.31 versus 3.56+/-0.40 mm/min; P < 0.05). Topical, cortical application of CIT (1- and 5 mg/ml solutions over the intact dura-mater) reduced dose-dependently the CSD velocity (maximal reductions of 16.3 and 55.8% for the 1 and 5 mg/ml solutions, respectively; P < 0.05), as well as the amplitude of the CSD-slow potential change (58.2 and 88.3%). In three out of seven W-rats and in one out of seven M-rats, topical CIT (5 mg/ml) blocked CSD propagation. The effects were reverted by flushing the treated region with saline. In the M-groups, CIT affected CSD in the same manner as in the W ones. The results reinforce previous evidence for an antagonistic influence of the serotoninergic activity on CSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C A Guedes
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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Borba JM, Araújo MS, Picanço-Diniz CW, Manhães-de-Castro R, Guedes RC. Permanent and transitory morphometric changes of NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in the rat visual cortex after early malnutrition. Brain Res Bull 2000; 53:193-201. [PMID: 11044596 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(00)00334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the histochemical positivity to NADPH-diaphorase, which reveals nitric oxide synthase activity, in area 17 of rats malnourished early in life, both in the post-weaning period (group M1), and in adulthood after nutritional recovering (group M2). Control pups (C1 and C2 groups) received ad libitum after weaning the same diets as their mothers. Rats of group M2 were nutritionally recovered by receiving the control diet from post-natal day 42 until adulthood. Aldehyde-fixed sections (200-microm thick) through area 17 were processed for NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry following the malic enzyme indirect method. The features of NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons of area 17 of malnourished young (M1) and adult (M2) rats were analyzed quantitatively in comparison to the matched groups C1 and C2. Permanent changes, represented by increase in the density and dendritic field areas of NADPH-diaphorase-positive cells, and transitory ones, represented by decreased values of soma areas, were observed in area 17 of the M1 and M2 cases. However, some other features, such as dendritic branch angle and number of dendrites per cell in the gray matter, remained unchanged after malnutrition. Thus, the findings indicate a possible relationship between early malnutrition and alterations in nitric oxide synthase-containing cells in the visual cortex. Physiological implications of these data may be related to synaptic plasticity and refinement of developmental brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Borba
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Nutrição Naide Teodósio, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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