1
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Song JG, Liu JX, Huang RL, Tang W, Huang XJ, Wang Y, Ye WC. Tautomeric cinnamoylphloroglucinol-monoterpene adducts from Cleistocalyx operculatus and their antiviral activities. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:38-51. [PMID: 38190257 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2023.2288290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Guided by 1H NMR spectroscopic experiments using the characteristic enol proton signals as probes, three pairs of new tautomeric cinnamoylphloroglucinol-monoterpene adducts (1-3) were isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus. Their structures with absolute configurations were established by spectroscopic analysis, modified Mosher's method, and quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism calculation. Compounds 1-3 represent a novel class of cinnamoylphloroglucinol-monoterpene adducts featuring an unusual C-4-C-1' linkage between 2,2,4-trimethyl-cinnamyl-β-triketone and modified linear monoterpenoid motifs. Notably, compounds 1-3 exhibited significant in vitro antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jia-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rui-Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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2
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Baxter JR, Holland DC, Gavranich B, Nicolle D, Hayton JB, Avery VM, Carroll AR. NMR Fingerprints of Formyl Phloroglucinol Meroterpenoids and Their Application to the Investigation of Eucalyptus gittinsii subsp. gittinsii. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1317-1334. [PMID: 37171174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
NMR fingerprints provide powerful tools to identify natural products in complex mixtures. Principal component analysis and machine learning using 1H and 13C NMR data, alongside structural information from 180 published formyl phloroglucinols, have generated diagnostic NMR fingerprints to categorize subclasses within this group. This resulted in the reassignment of 167 NMR chemical shifts ascribed to 44 compounds. Three pyrano-diformyl phloroglucinols, euglobal In-1 and psiguadiols E and G, contained 1H and 13C NMR data inconsistent with their predicted phloroglucinol subclass. Subsequent reinterpretation of their 2D NMR data combined with DFT 13C NMR chemical shift and ECD calculations led to their structure revisions. Direct covariance processing of HMBC data permitted 1H resonances for individual compounds in mixtures to be associated, and analysis of their 1H/13C HMBC correlations using the fingerprint tool further classified components into phloroglucinol subclasses. NMR fingerprinting HMBC data obtained for six eucalypt flower extracts identified three subclasses of pyrano-acyl-formyl phloroglucinols from Eucalyptus gittinsii subsp. gittinsii. New, eucalteretial F and (+)-eucalteretial B, and known, (-)-euglobal VII and eucalrobusone C, compounds, each belonging to predicted subclasses, were isolated and characterized. Staphylococcus aureus and Plasmodium falciparum screening revealed eucalrobusone C as the most potent antiplasmodial formyl phloroglucinol to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Baxter
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Darren C Holland
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Brody Gavranich
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Dean Nicolle
- Currency Creek Arboretum, PO Box 808, Melrose Park, SA 5039, Australia
| | - Joshua B Hayton
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4222, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia
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3
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Faezeh Taghizadeh S, Panahi A, Esmaeilzadeh Kashi M, Kretschmer N, Asili J, Ahmad Emami S, Azizi M, Shakeri A. Structural Diversity of Complex Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Eucalyptus Species. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200025. [PMID: 35621714 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several species of the genus Eucalyptus are used in many traditional medicine systems for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, colds, flu, sore throats, and bronchitis. The genus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) is a well-known natural source of bioactive phloroglucinols. These polyphenolic compounds bear an aromatic phenyl ring with three hydroxy groups (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene) which have been exhibiting a variety of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This review summarizes the literature published from 1997 until the end of 2021 and addresses the structure diversity of phloroglucinols isolated from Eucalyptus species and their biological activities. Phloroglucinol-terpene adducts are the main class of compounds that have been reported in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 9177948978, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177897165, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Panahi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177897165, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Esmaeilzadeh Kashi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177897165, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Javad Asili
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177897165, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177897165, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Azizi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 9177948978, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shakeri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 9177897165, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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Wu Y, Chen M, Wang WJ, Li NP, Ye WC, Wang L. Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Myrtus communis 'Variegata' and Their Antibacterial Activities. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000292. [PMID: 32539173 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Myrtucomvalones D-F, three new triketone-phloroglucinol-triketone adducts, and three known ones (myrtucommulone E, myrtucommulone D and callistenone D) were obtained from Myrtus communis 'Variegata'. Myrtucomvalone D is a pair of enantiomers which was further resolved into (+)-myrtucomvalone D and (-)-myrtucomvalone D by chiral HPLC. Their structures and complete stereochemistry were established from interpretation of NMR and crystallographic data and chemical calculations. Myrtucomvalone F, myrtucommulone D and callistenone D showed significant antibacterial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ni-Ping Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
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5
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Zhang ZY, Yang WQ, Fan CL, Zhao HN, Huang XJ, Wang Y, Ye WC. New ecdysteroid and ecdysteroid glycosides from the roots of Serratula chinensis. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2017; 19:208-214. [PMID: 27425007 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2016.1209492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three new ecdysteroid glycosides (1-3) and one new ecdysteroid (4), were isolated from the roots of Serratula chinensis. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yue Zhang
- a Department of Phytochemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- b Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- c JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Wei-Qun Yang
- a Department of Phytochemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- b Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- c JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Chun-Lin Fan
- b Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- c JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Hui-Nan Zhao
- b Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- b Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- c JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Ying Wang
- b Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- c JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- a Department of Phytochemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
- b Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- c JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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6
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Chen M, Chen LF, Li MM, Li NP, Cao JQ, Wang Y, Li YL, Wang L, Ye WC. Myrtucomvalones A–C, three unusual triketone–sesquiterpene adducts from the leaves of Myrtus communis ‘Variegata’. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02260c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first examples of triketone–cubebane adducts (1 and 2) with an unusual skeleton were isolated from Myrtus communis ‘Variegata’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
| | - Man-Mei Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
| | - Ni-Ping Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
| | - Jia-Qing Cao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
| | - Yao-Lan Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience & Innovative Drug Research
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
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7
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Shang ZC, Yang MH, Jian KL, Wang XB, Kong LY. (1) H NMR-Guided Isolation of Formyl-Phloroglucinol Meroterpenoids from the Leaves of Eucalyptus robusta. Chemistry 2016; 22:11778-84. [PMID: 27412352 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nine formyl-phloroglucinolmeroterpenoids (FPMs), namely, eucalrobusones A-I (1-9), were isolated from the leaves of Eucalyptus robusta by tracking the phenolic hydroxyl (1) H NMR peaks. The Snatzke helicity rules for the Cotton effects of twisted benzene rings were applied to elucidate the absolute configurations of the FPMs. These findings, along with NMR spectroscopy, the circular dichroism (CD) exciton chirality method, and CD calculations, allowed complete structures for the FPMs to be assigned. Eucalrobusones A-F (1-6) are novel adducts formed between a formyl-derived carbon atom on the phloroglucinol ring and monoterpene and sesquiterpene components. Eucalrobusones G-I (7-9) are the first examples of FPMs with cubebane part structures connected by an unusual 1-oxaspiro[5.5]undecane subunit. Among these isolates, eucalrobusone C (3) showed significant cytotoxicity against HepG2, MCF-7, and U2OS cancer cell lines, with IC50 values less than 10 μm. Compound 3 significantly blocks cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells and induces MCF-7 cell death through apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Kai-Li Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China.
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8
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Guo QY, Huang XJ, Zhao BX, Jian YQ, Luo SL, Wang Y, Ye WC. Five New Acylphloroglucinol Glycosides from the Leaves of Eucalyptus robusta. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new acylphloroglucinol glycosides, robustasides A-E (1–5), together with a known one (6), were isolated from the leaves of Eucalyptus robusta. The structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis and chemical evidence. The absolute configuration of 1 was further determined by quantum chemical CD calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yi Guo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Jian
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Lin Luo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Department of Phytochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Department of Phytochemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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