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Gu C, Zhang Q, Li Y, Li R, Feng J, Chen W, Ahmed W, Soufiany I, Huang S, Long J, Chen L. The PI3K/AKT Pathway-The Potential Key Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Stroke. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:900809. [PMID: 35712089 PMCID: PMC9194604 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.900809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is associated with a high disability and fatality rate, and adversely affects the quality of life of patients and their families. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used effectively in the treatment of stroke for more than 2000 years in China and surrounding countries and regions, and over the years, this field has gleaned extensive clinical treatment experience. The Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway is important for regulation of cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and plays a vital role in vascularization and oxidative stress in stroke. Current Western medicine treatment protocols for stroke include mainly pharmacologic or mechanical thrombectomy to restore blood flow. This review collates recent advances in the past 5 years in the TCM treatment of stroke involving the PI3K/AKT pathway. TCM treatment significantly reduces neuronal damage, inhibits cell apoptosis, and delays progression of stroke via various PI3K/AKT-mediated downstream pathways. In the future, TCM can provide new perspectives and directions for exploring the key factors, and effective activators or inhibitors that affect occurrence and progression of stroke, thereby facilitating treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiankun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanghao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 9th People Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Waqas Ahmed
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Shiying Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lukui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Huang P, Wan H, Shao C, Li C, Zhang L, He Y. Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Medicine for Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:688596. [PMID: 35111041 PMCID: PMC8801784 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.688596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a critical factor that leads to a poor prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke. It is an extremely complicated pathological process that is clinically characterized by high rates of disability and mortality. Current available treatments for CI/RI, including mechanical and drug therapies, are often accompanied by significant side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to discovery new strategies for treating CI/RI. Many studies confirm that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) was used as a potential drug for treatment of CI/RI with the advantages of abundant resources, good efficacy, and few side effects. In this paper, we investigate the latest drug discoveries and advancements on CI/RI, make an overview of relevant CHM, and systematically summarize the pathophysiology of CI/RI. In addition, the protective effect and mechanism of related CHM, which includes extraction of single CHM and CHM formulation and preparation, are discussed. Moreover, an outline of the limitations of CHM and the challenges we faced are also presented. This review will be helpful for researchers further propelling the advancement of drugs and supplying more knowledge to support the application of previous discoveries in clinical drug applications against CI/RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongyu Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Kloska A, Malinowska M, Gabig-Cimińska M, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J. Lipids and Lipid Mediators Associated with the Risk and Pathology of Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103618. [PMID: 32443889 PMCID: PMC7279232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a severe neurological disorder in humans that results from an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Worldwide, stoke affects over 100 million people each year and is the second largest contributor to disability. Dyslipidemia is a modifiable risk factor for stroke that is associated with an increased risk of the disease. Traditional and non-traditional lipid measures are proposed as biomarkers for the better detection of subclinical disease. In the central nervous system, lipids and lipid mediators are essential to sustain the normal brain tissue structure and function. Pathways leading to post-stroke brain deterioration include the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. A variety of lipid mediators are generated from fatty acids and these molecules may have either neuroprotective or neurodegenerative effects on the post-stroke brain tissue; therefore, they largely contribute to the outcome and recovery from stroke. In this review, we provide an overview of serum lipids associated with the risk of ischemic stroke. We also discuss the role of lipid mediators, with particular emphasis on eicosanoids, in the pathology of ischemic stroke. Finally, we summarize the latest research on potential targets in lipid metabolic pathways for ischemic stroke treatment and on the development of new stroke risk biomarkers for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kloska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Marcelina Malinowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Magdalena Gabig-Cimińska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.G.-C.); (J.J.-B.); Tel.: +48-585-236-046 (M.G.-C.); +48-585-236-043 (J.J.-B.)
| | - Joanna Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.-C.); (J.J.-B.); Tel.: +48-585-236-046 (M.G.-C.); +48-585-236-043 (J.J.-B.)
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Du G, Song J, Du L, Zhang L, Qiang G, Wang S, Yang X, Fang L. Chemical and pharmacological research on the polyphenol acids isolated from Danshen: A review of salvianolic acids. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2020; 87:1-41. [PMID: 32089230 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Danshen, the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge, is a common medicinal herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine, which has been used for the treatment of a number of diseases for thousands of years. More than 2000 years ago, the Chinese early pharmacy monograph "Shennong Materia Medica" recorded that Danshen could be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, certain gynecological diseases, etc. Since then, Danshen has been widely used clinically in many different prescriptions for many different diseases, especially for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Nowadays, many pharmacological studies about the water-soluble components from Danshen have been reported, especially salvianolic acids. It turned out that salvianolic acids showed strong anti-lipid peroxidation and anti-thrombic activities, and among them, SalAA and SalAB were the most potent. This review focused on the achievements in research of salvianolic acids regarding their bioactivities and pharmacological effects. These studies not only shed light on the water-soluble active components of Danshen and their mechanisms at the molecular level, but also provided theoretical information for the development of new medicines from Danshen for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Junke Song
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lida Du
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guifen Qiang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shoubao Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuying Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianhua Fang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Lee HT, Lee KI, Chen CH, Lee TS. Genetic deletion of soluble epoxide hydrolase delays the progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:267. [PMID: 31847859 PMCID: PMC6916033 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a bifunctional enzyme with COOH-terminal hydrolase and NH2-terminal lipid phosphatase activities. It is expressed in various cell types in the brain and is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease. However, the pathological significance of sEH and underlying molecular mechanism in AD remain unclear. Methods To examine the role of sEH in pathogenesis of AD, we used wild-type (WT) mice, soluble epoxide hydrolase deficient (sEH−/−) and two mouse models of AD, including amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic (APP/PS1 Tg) and APP/PS1 Tg/sEH−/− mice. Western blotting analysis and immunohistochemistry assay were performed to evaluate the protein expression. Locomotion, nesting building ability, Y-maze, and Morris water maze tests were conducted to study mouse behavior. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 and the activities of NF-κB and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) were measured by commercial assay kits. The quantitative protein level profiling in the brain lysate was analyzed using LC-MS/MS approaches. Results We demonstrated that the level of sEH was increased in the brain and predominantly appeared in hippocampal astrocytes of APP/PS1 Tg mice. Genetic ablation of sEH in APP/PS1 Tg mice delayed the progression of AD as evidenced by the alleviation in behavior outcomes and Aβ plaque deposition. In addition, loss of the function of sEH in APP/PS1 Tg mice increased astrogliosis and the production of astrocyte-derived anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-10, as well as the activity of NF-kB and NFAT. Moreover, analysis of gene ontology in the AD brain revealed that important signaling pathways and processes related to AD pathogenesis such as translational regulation, oxidative stress, cytoskeleton reorganization, and small GTPase signal transduction were altered in APP/PS1 Tg/sEH−/− mice compared with APP/PS1 Tg mice. Conclusion Our results suggest that sEH is a crucial regulator in the progression of AD and might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Te Lee
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-I Lee
- Department of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
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Song J, Zhang W, Wang J, Yang H, Zhou Q, Wang H, Li L, Du G. Inhibition of FOXO3a/BIM signaling pathway contributes to the protective effect of salvianolic acid A against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:505-515. [PMID: 31193821 PMCID: PMC6543034 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (SalA) is an effective compound extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. The Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) signaling pathway plays crucial roles in the modulation of ischemia-induced cell apoptosis. However, no information about the regulatory effect of SalA on FoxO3a is available. To explore the anti-cerebral ischemia effect and clarify the therapeutic mechanism of SalA, SH-SY5Y cells and Sprague–Dawley rats were applied, which were exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) injuries, respectively. The involved pathway was identified using the specific inhibitor LY294002. Results showed that SalA concentration-dependently inhibited OGD/R injury triggered cell viability loss. SalA reduced cerebral infarction, lowered brain edema, improved neurological function, and inhibited neuron apoptosis in MCAO/R rats, which were attenuated by the treatment of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) specific inhibitor LY294002. SalA time- and concentration-dependently upregulated the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B (AKT) and its downstream protein FOXO3a. Moreover, the nuclear translocation of FOXO3a was inhibited by SalA both in vivo and in vitro, which was also reversed by LY294002. The above results indicated that SalA fought against ischemia/reperfusion damage at least partially via the AKT/FOXO3a/BIM pathway.
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Zhang W, Song JK, Zhang X, Zhou QM, He GR, Xu XN, Rong Y, Zhou WX, DU GH. Salvianolic acid A attenuates ischemia reperfusion induced rat brain damage by protecting the blood brain barrier through MMP-9 inhibition and anti-inflammation. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:184-193. [PMID: 29576054 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is a water-soluble component from the root of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bge, a traditional Chinese medicine, which has been used for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases for centuries. The present study aimed to determine the brain protective effects of SAA against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats, and to figure out whether SAA could protect the blood brain barrier (BBB) through matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) inhibition. A focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion model was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1.5-h followed by 24-h reperfusion. SAA was administered intravenously at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg·kg-1. SAA significantly reduced the infarct volumes and neurological deficit scores. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that SAA treatments could also improve the morphology of neurons in hippocampus CA1 and CA3 regions and increase the number of neurons. Western blotting analyses showed that SAA downregulated the levels of MMP-9 and upregulated the levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) to attenuate BBB injury. SAA treatment significantly prevented MMP-9-induced degradation of ZO-1, claudin-5 and occludin proteins. SAA also prevented cerebral NF-κB p65 activation and reduced inflammation response. Our results suggested that SAA could be a promising agent to attenuate cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury through MMP-9 inhibition and anti-inflammation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jun-Ke Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qi-Meng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guo-Rong He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Na Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Rong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen-Xia Zhou
- Department of Neuroimmunopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guan-Hua DU
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Genetic Deletion of Soluble Epoxide Hydroxylase Causes Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2495-2507. [PMID: 30033504 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), an enzyme with COOH-terminal hydrolase and NH2-terminal lipid phosphatase activities, is expressed in regions of the brain such as the cortex, white matter, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and striatum. sEH is involved in the regulation of cerebrovascular and neuronal function upon pathological insults. However, the physiological significance of sEH and its underlying mechanism in modulating brain function are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the role of sEH in anxiety and potential underlying mechanisms in mice. Western blot for protein phosphorylation and expression was performed. Immunohistochemical analyses and Nissl and Golgi staining were performed for histological examination. Mouse behaviors were evaluated by open field activity, elevated plus maze, classical fear conditioning, social preference test, and Morris water maze. Our results demonstrated that the expression of sEH was upregulated during postnatal development in wild-type (WT) mice. Genetic deletion of sEH (sEH-/-) in mice resulted in anxiety-like behavior and disrupted social preference. Increased olfactory bulb (OB) size and altered integrity of neurites were observed in sEH-/- mice. In addition, ablation of sEH in mice decreased protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and reduced dopamine production in the brain. Moreover, the level of phosphorylated calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 α/β (GSK3α/β) was higher in sEH-/- mice than in WT mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that sEH is a key player in neurite outgrowth of neurons, OB development in the brain, and the development of anxiety-like behavior, by regulating the CaMKII-GSK3α/β signaling pathway.
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Feng SQ, Aa N, Geng JL, Huang JQ, Sun RB, Ge C, Yang ZJ, Wang LS, Aa JY, Wang GJ. Pharmacokinetic and metabolomic analyses of the neuroprotective effects of salvianolic acid A in a rat ischemic stroke model. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1435-1444. [PMID: 28836583 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (SAA), a water-soluble phenolic acid isolated from the root of Dan Shen, displays distinct antioxidant activity and effectiveness in protection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. However, whether SAA can enter the central nervous system and exert its protective effects by directly targeting brain tissue remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the cerebral protection of SAA in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) followed by reperfusion. The rats were treated with SAA (5, 10 mg/kg, iv) when the reperfusion was performed. SAA administration significantly decreased cerebral infarct area and the brain water content, attenuated the neurological deficit and pathology, and enhanced the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity in tMCAO rats. The concentration of SAA in the plasma and brain was detected using LC-MS/MS. A pharmacokinetic study revealed that the circulatory system exposure to SAA was equivalent in the sham controls and I/R rats, but the brain exposure to SAA was significantly higher in the I/R rats than in the sham controls (fold change of 9.17), suggesting that the enhanced exposure to SAA contributed to its cerebral protective effect. Using a GC/MS-based metabolomic platform, metabolites in the serum and brain tissue were extracted and profiled. According to the metabolomic pattern of the tissue data, SAA administration significantly modulated the I/R-caused perturbation of metabolism in the brain to a greater extent than that in the serum, demonstrating that SAA worked at the brain tissue level rather than the whole circulation system. In conclusion, a larger amount of SAA enters the central nervous system in ischemia/reperfusion rats to facilitate its protective and regulatory effects on the perturbed metabolism.
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Yuan T, Chen Y, Zhang H, Fang L, Du G. Salvianolic Acid A, a Component of Salvia miltiorrhiza, Attenuates Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition of HPAECs Induced by Hypoxia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:1185-1200. [PMID: 28893092 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (SAA), a polyphenols acid, is a bioactive ingredient from a traditional Chinese medicine called Dan shen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge). According to previous studies, it was shown to have various effects such as anti-oxidative stress, antidiabetic complications and antipulmonary hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SAA on pulmonary arterial endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) induced by hypoxia and the underlying mechanisms. Primary cultured human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs) were exposed to 1% O2 for 48[Formula: see text]h with or without SAA treatment. SAA treatment improved the morphology of HPAECs and inhibited the cytoskeleton remodeling. A total of 3[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M SAA reduced migration distances from 262.2[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m to 198.4[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m at 24[Formula: see text]h and 344.8[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m to 109.3[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m at 48[Formula: see text]h. It was observed that the production of ROS in cells was significantly reduced by the treatment of 3[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M SAA. Meanwhile, SAA alleviated the loss of CD31 and slightly inhibited the expression of [Formula: see text]-SMA. The mechanisms study shows that SAA treatment increased the phosphorylation levels of Smad1/5, but inhibited that of Smad2/3. Furthermore, SAA attenuated the phosphorylation levels of ERK and Cofilin, which were enhanced by hypoxia. Based on these results, our study indicated that SAA treatment can protect HPAECs from endoMT induced by hypoxia, which may perform via the inhibition on ROS production and further through the downstream effectors of BMPRs or TGF[Formula: see text]R including Smads, ERK and ROCK/cofilin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Yuan
- * Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yucai Chen
- * Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- * Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lianhua Fang
- * Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,† Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- * Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,† Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Protective Effect of Salvianolic Acid A on Brain Endothelial Cells after Treatment with Deprivation and Reperfusion of Oxygen-glucose. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Santos JM, Park JA, Joiakim A, Putt DA, Taylor RN, Kim H. The role of soluble epoxide hydrolase in preeclampsia. Med Hypotheses 2017; 108:81-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Cui L, Chen R, Zhang C, Li Y, He T, Zhu X, Shen Z, Dong L, Zhao J, Wen Y, Zheng X, Li P. Salvianolic Acids for Injection (SAFI) promotes functional recovery and neurogenesis via sonic hedgehog pathway after stroke in mice. Neurochem Int 2017; 110:38-48. [PMID: 28887094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a pressing need of developing approaches for delayed post-stroke therapy for patients who fail to receive thrombolysis within the narrow time window. Neuroprotection of Salvianolic Acids for Injection (SAFI) for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in acute phase has been well documented. The current study was to determine the influence of SAFI at the subacute phase after stroke in mice, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to permanent occlusion of the distal middle cerebral artery (dMCAO), followed by daily intraperitoneal injection of SAFI 24 h after stroke for 14 days. Motor behavior was measured by neurological function evaluations weekly, and proliferation, migration, survival and differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were examined with immunohistochemistry. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) inhibitor cyclopamine (CYC) was injected to determine the involvement of Shh pathway in the therapeutic effects of SAFI. The results showed that SAFI led to dramatic brain functional improvement, elevated NPCs proliferation, and prompted long-term survival of newborn neurons in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Up-regulation of Shh, Ptch and nuclear translocation of Gli1 were observed in the peri-infarct region, accompanied with robust production of Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Nerve growth factor (NGF). Simultaneous administration with CYC strikingly attenuated the beneficial outcomes of SAFI as well as abolished SAFI induced BDNF and NGF production. Collectively, our study demonstrated SAFI significantly promoted long-term functional recovery and neurogenesis, which might be dependent on Shh signaling mediated BDNF and NGF production. Therefore, SAFI might serve as a potential clinically translatable therapy during recovery stage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China.
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Yaoru Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Xingyuan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Zuyuan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Lipeng Dong
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Jingru Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Ya Wen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Xiufen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, PR China
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Mahmood Q, Wang GF, Wu G, Wang H, Zhou CX, Yang HY, Liu ZR, Han F, Zhao K. Salvianolic acid A inhibits calpain activation and eNOS uncoupling during focal cerebral ischemia in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 25:8-14. [PMID: 28190474 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is obtained from Chinese herb Salviae Miltiorrhizae Bunge (Labiatae), has been reported to have the protective effects against cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases. HYPOTHESIS The aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between the effectiveness of SAA against neurovascular injury and its effects on calpain activation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling. STUDY DESIGN SAA or vehicle was given to C57BL/6 male mice for seven days before the occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 60min. METHODS High-resolution positron emission tomography scanner (micro-PET) was used for small animal imaging to examine glucose metabolism. Rota-rod time and neurological deficit scores were calculated after 24h of reperfusion. The volume of infarction was determined by Nissl-staining. The calpain proteolytic activity and eNOS uncoupling were determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS SAA administration increased glucose metabolism and ameliorated neuronal damage after brain ischemia, paralleled with decreased neurological deficit and volume of infarction. In addition, SAA pretreatment inhibited eNOS uncoupling and calpain proteolytic activity. Furthermore, SAA inhibited peroxynitrite (ONOO-) generation and upregulates AKT, FKHR and ERK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION These findings strongly suggest that SAA elicits a neurovascular protective role through the inhibition of eNOS uncoupling and ONOO- formation. Moreover, SAA attenuates spectrin and calcineurin breakdown and therefore protects the brain against ischemic/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaisar Mahmood
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Guang-Fa Wang
- Department of PET/CT Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Gang Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chang-Xin Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hong-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Feng Han
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Kui Zhao
- Department of PET/CT Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Zhejiang 310003, China.
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Yu DS, Wang YS, Bi YL, Guo ZP, Yuan YJ, Tong SM, Su RC, Ge LH, Wang J, Pan YL, Guan TT, Cao Y. Salvianolic acid A ameliorates the integrity of blood-spinal cord barrier via miR-101/Cul3/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Brain Res 2016; 1657:279-287. [PMID: 28011395 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (Sal A), a bioactive compound isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Danshen, is used for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the protective function of Sal A on preserving the role of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) after spinal cord injury (SCI) is unclear. The present study investigated the effects and mechanisms of Sal A (2.5, 5, 10mg/kg, i.p.) on BSCB permeability at different time-points after compressive SCI in rats. Compared to the SCI group, treatment with Sal A decreased the content of the Evans blue in the spinal cord tissue at 24h post-SCI. The expression levels of tight junction proteins and HO-1 were remarkably increased, and that of p-caveolin-1 protein was greatly decreased after SCI Sal A. The effect of Sal A on the expression level of ZO-1, occluding, and p-caveolin-1 after SCI was blocked by the HO-1 inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP). Also, Sal A inhibited the level of apoptosis-related proteins and improved the motor function until 21days after SCI. In addition, Sal A significantly increased the expression of microRNA-101 (miR-101) in the RBMECs under hypoxia. AntagomiR-101 markedly increased the RBMECs permeability and the expression of the Cul3 protein by targeting with 3'-UTR of its mRNA. The expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and HO-1 was significantly increased after agomiR-101 treatment. Therefore, Sal A could improve the recovery of neurological function after SCI, which could be correlated with the repair of BSCB integrity by the miR-101/Cul3/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Shui Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, People Street No. 2-5, GuTa District, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Song Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, People Street No. 2-5, GuTa District, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yun-Long Bi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, People Street No. 2-5, GuTa District, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Zhan-Peng Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, People Street No. 2-5, GuTa District, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Ya-Jiang Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, People Street No. 2-5, GuTa District, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Song-Ming Tong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, People Street No. 2-5, GuTa District, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Rui-Chao Su
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, People Street No. 2-5, GuTa District, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Li-Hao Ge
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, People Street No. 2-5, GuTa District, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, People Street No. 2-5, GuTa District, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Ya-Li Pan
- Department of Physiology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Guan
- Department of Physiology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, People Street No. 2-5, GuTa District, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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Li H, Cheng Y, Dong H, Wang X, Li J, Gao Q. Preparation of salvianolic acid A by the degradation reaction of salvianolic acid B in subcritical water integrated with pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1468:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Chien MY, Chuang CH, Chern CM, Liou KT, Liu DZ, Hou YC, Shen YC. Salvianolic acid A alleviates ischemic brain injury through the inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis and the promotion of neurogenesis in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:508-519. [PMID: 27609227 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (SalA), a chemical type of caffeic acid trimer, has drawn great attention for its potent bioactivities against ischemia-induced injury both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we evaluated SalA's protective effects against acute ischemic stroke by inducing middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO) injuries in mice. Treatment of the mice with SalA (50 and 100μg/kg, i.v.) at 2h after MCAO enhanced their survival rate, improved their moving activity, and ameliorated the severity of brain infarction and apoptosis seen in the mice by diminishing pathological changes such as the extensive breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), nitrosative stress, and the activation of an inflammatory transcriptional factor p65 nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and a pro-apoptotic kinase p25/Cdk5. SalA also intensively limited cortical infarction and promoted the expression of neurogenesis protein near the peri-infarct cortex and subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus by compromising the activation of GSK3β and p25/Cdk5, which in turn upregulated β-catenin, doublecortin (DCX), and Bcl-2, most possibly through the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling via the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. We conclude that SalA blocks inflammatory responses by impairing NF-κB signaling, thereby limiting inflammation/nitrosative stress and preserving the integrity of the BBB; SalA also concomitantly promotes neurogenesis-related protein expression by compromising GSK3β/Cdk5 activity to enhance the expression levels of β-catenin/DCX and Bcl-2 for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yin Chien
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ko Da Pharmaceutical Co., Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chang-Ming Chern
- Division of Neurovascular Disease, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital & Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Tong Liou
- Department of Combat Sports and Chinese Martial Arts, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Zen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for General Education, Hsuan Chuang University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chang Hou
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan; Department of Bioscience Technology, Chuan-Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science, Taipei, Taiwan.
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18
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Soluble epoxide hydrolase activity regulates inflammatory responses and seizure generation in two mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 43:118-29. [PMID: 25135858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is known to be involved in epileptogenesis with unclear mechanisms. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) seems to offer anti-inflammatory protection to ischemic brain injury in rodents. Thus, it is hypothesized that sEH inhibition might also affect the neuroinflammatory responses caused by epileptic seizures. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of sEH in neuroinflammation, seizure generation and subsequent epileptogenesis using two mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Experimental epileptic seizures were induced by either pilocarpine or electrical amygdala kindling in both wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and sEH knockout (sEH KO) mice. The sEH expression in the hippocampus was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The effects of the sEH hydrolase inhibitors, 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA) and N-[1-(1-oxopropyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N'-[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl)-urea (TPPU), and of the genetic deletion of sEH on seizure-induced neuroinflammatory responses and the development of epilepsy were evaluated. In the hippocampus of WT mice, sEH was mainly expressed in astrocytes (GFAP(+)), neurons (NeuN(+)) and scattered microglia (Iba-1(+)) in the regions of CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus. Expression of sEH was significantly increased on day 7, 14, 21 and 28 after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Administration with sEH inhibitors attenuated the SE-induced up-regulation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), the degradation of EETs, as well as IκB phosphorylation. Following treatment with AUDA, the frequency and duration of spontaneous motor seizures in the pilocarpine-SE mice were decreased and the seizure-induction threshold of the fully kindled mice was increased. Up-regulation of hippocampal IL-1β and IL-6 was found in both WT and sEH KO mice after successful induction of SE. Notably, sEH KO mice were more susceptible to seizures than WT mice. Seizure related neuroinflammation and ictogenesis were attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of sEH enzymatic activity but not by sEH genetic deletion. Therefore, sEH may play an important role in the generation of epilepsy. Furthermore, the effectiveness of AUDA in terms of anti-inflammatory and anti-ictogenesis properties suggests that it may have clinical therapeutic implication for epilepsy in the future, particularly when treating temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Kan S, Chen Z, Shao L, Li J. Transformation of Salvianolic Acid B to Salvianolic Acid A in Aqueous Solution and theIn VitroLiver Protective Effect of the Main Products. J Food Sci 2014; 79:C499-504. [PMID: 24689808 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Kan
- State Key Lab of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Processes, Shanghai Inst. of Pharmaceutical Industry; Nr. 1320, West Beijing Rd Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Zhouzhou Chen
- State Key Lab of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Processes, Shanghai Inst. of Pharmaceutical Industry; Nr. 1320, West Beijing Rd Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Lei Shao
- State Key Lab of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Processes, Shanghai Inst. of Pharmaceutical Industry; Nr. 1320, West Beijing Rd Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Ji'an Li
- State Key Lab of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Processes, Shanghai Inst. of Pharmaceutical Industry; Nr. 1320, West Beijing Rd Shanghai 200040 China
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20
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Harris TR, Hammock BD. Soluble epoxide hydrolase: gene structure, expression and deletion. Gene 2013; 526:61-74. [PMID: 23701967 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) converts epoxides to their corresponding diols through the addition of a water molecule. sEH readily hydrolyzes lipid signaling molecules, including the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), epoxidized lipids produced from arachidonic acid by the action of cytochrome p450s. Through its metabolism of the EETs and other lipid mediators, sEH contributes to the regulation of vascular tone, nociception, angiogenesis and the inflammatory response. Because of its central physiological role in disease states such as cardiac hypertrophy, diabetes, hypertension, and pain sEH is being investigated as a therapeutic target. This review begins with a brief introduction to sEH protein structure and function. sEH evolution and gene structure are then discussed before human small nucleotide polymorphisms and mammalian gene expression are described in the context of several disease models. The review ends with an overview of studies that have employed the sEH knockout mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Harris
- Department of Entomology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Morisseau C, Pakhomova S, Hwang SH, Newcomer ME, Hammock BD. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase by fulvestrant and sulfoxides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3818-21. [PMID: 23684894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of epoxy-fatty acids, signaling molecules involved in numerous biologies. Toward finding novel inhibitors of sEH, a library of known drugs was tested for inhibition of sEH. We found that fulvestrant, an anticancer agent, is a potent (KI=26 nM) competitive inhibitor of sEH. From this observation, we found that alkyl-sulfoxides represent a new kind of pharmacophore for the inhibition of sEH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Wang S, Zhang W, Pang X, Li L, He G, Yang X, Fang L, Zhang J, Du G. EETs mediate cardioprotection of salvianolic acids through MAPK signaling pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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