1
|
Stekic A, Zeljkovic M, Zaric Kontic M, Mihajlovic K, Adzic M, Stevanovic I, Ninkovic M, Grkovic I, Ilic TV, Nedeljkovic N, Dragic M. Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Ameliorates Cognitive Deficit and Attenuates Neuroinflammation via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Alzheimer’s-Like Disease Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:889983. [PMID: 35656538 PMCID: PMC9152158 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.889983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration implies progressive neuronal loss and neuroinflammation further contributing to pathology progression. It is a feature of many neurological disorders, most common being Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive stimulation which modulates excitability of stimulated brain areas through magnetic pulses. Numerous studies indicated beneficial effect of rTMS in several neurological diseases, including AD, however, exact mechanism are yet to be elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the effect of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), an rTMS paradigm, on behavioral, neurochemical and molecular level in trimethyltin (TMT)-induced Alzheimer’s-like disease model. TMT acts as a neurotoxic agent targeting hippocampus causing cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation, replicating behavioral and molecular aspects of AD. Male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups–controls, rats subjected to a single dose of TMT (8 mg/kg), TMT rats subjected to iTBS two times per day for 15 days and TMT sham group. After 3 weeks, we examined exploratory behavior and memory, histopathological and changes on molecular level. TMT-treated rats exhibited severe and cognitive deficit. iTBS-treated animals showed improved cognition. iTBS reduced TMT-induced inflammation and increased anti-inflammatory molecules. We examined PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway which is involved in regulation of apoptosis, cell growth and learning and memory. We found significant downregulation of phosphorylated forms of Akt and mTOR in TMT-intoxicated animals, which were reverted following iTBS stimulation. Application of iTBS produces beneficial effects on cognition in of rats with TMT-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and that effect could be mediated via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which could candidate this protocol as a potential therapeutic approach in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andjela Stekic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Zeljkovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Zaric Kontic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Mihajlovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Adzic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanovic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ninkovic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Grkovic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tihomir V. Ilic
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Dragic
- Laboratory for Neurobiology, Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Milorad Dragic,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jeong ES, Bajgai J, You IS, Rahman MH, Fadriquela A, Sharma S, Kwon HU, Lee SY, Kim CS, Lee KJ. Therapeutic Effects of Hydrogen Gas Inhalation on Trimethyltin-Induced Neurotoxicity and Cognitive Impairment in the C57BL/6 Mice Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413313. [PMID: 34948107 PMCID: PMC8703468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the causative factors in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cognitive dysfunction. In the present study, we investigated the effects of hydrogen (H2) gas inhalation in trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction in the C57BL/6 mice. First, mice were divided into the following groups: mice without TMT injection (NC), TMT-only injection group (TMT only), TMT injection + lithium chloride-treated group as a positive control (PC), and TMT injection + 2% H2 inhalation-treated group (H2). The TMT injection groups were administered a single dosage of intraperitoneal TMT injection (2.6 mg/kg body weight) and the H2 group was treated with 2% H2 for 30 min once a day for four weeks. Additionally, a behavioral test was performed with Y-maze to test the cognitive abilities of the mice. Furthermore, multiple OS- and AD-related biomarkers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), calcium (Ca2+), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, inflammatory cytokines, apolipoprotein E (Apo-E), amyloid β (Aβ)-40, phospho-tau (p-tau), Bcl-2, and Bcl-2- associated X (Bax) were investigated in the blood and brain. Our results demonstrated that TMT exposure alters seizure and spatial recognition memory. However, after H2 treatment, memory deficits were ameliorated. H2 treatment also decreased AD-related biomarkers, such as Apo-E, Aβ-40, p-tau, and Bax and OS markers such as ROS, NO, Ca2+, and MDA in both serum and brain. In contrast, catalase and GPx activities were significantly increased in the TMT-only group and decreased after H2 gas treatment in serum and brain. In addition, inflammatory cytokines such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were found to be significantly decreased after H2 treatment in both serum and brain lysates. In contrast, Bcl-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression levels were found to be enhanced after H2 treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrated that 2% H2 gas inhalation in TMT-treated mice exhibits memory enhancing activity and decreases the AD, OS, and inflammatory-related markers. Therefore, H2 might be a candidate for repairing neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive dysfunction. However, further mechanistic studies are needed to fully clarify the effects of H2 inhalation on TMT-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sook Jeong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea; (E.-S.J.); (J.B.); (M.H.R.); (S.S.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Johny Bajgai
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea; (E.-S.J.); (J.B.); (M.H.R.); (S.S.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - In-Soo You
- GOOTZ Co., Ltd., 79-6, Yuljeong-ro 247 beon-gil, Yangju-si, Suwon 11457, Korea; (I.-S.Y.); (H.-U.K.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea; (E.-S.J.); (J.B.); (M.H.R.); (S.S.); (C.-S.K.)
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea
| | - Ailyn Fadriquela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea;
| | - Subham Sharma
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea; (E.-S.J.); (J.B.); (M.H.R.); (S.S.); (C.-S.K.)
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea
| | - Hwang-Un Kwon
- GOOTZ Co., Ltd., 79-6, Yuljeong-ro 247 beon-gil, Yangju-si, Suwon 11457, Korea; (I.-S.Y.); (H.-U.K.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - So-Yeon Lee
- GOOTZ Co., Ltd., 79-6, Yuljeong-ro 247 beon-gil, Yangju-si, Suwon 11457, Korea; (I.-S.Y.); (H.-U.K.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Cheol-Su Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea; (E.-S.J.); (J.B.); (M.H.R.); (S.S.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Kyu-Jae Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Korea; (E.-S.J.); (J.B.); (M.H.R.); (S.S.); (C.-S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(033)-741-331
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dragić M, Milićević K, Adžić M, Stevanović I, Ninković M, Grković I, Andjus P, Nedeljković N. Trimethyltin Increases Intracellular Ca 2+ Via L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels and Promotes Inflammatory Phenotype in Rat Astrocytes In Vitro. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1792-1805. [PMID: 33394334 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the first responders to noxious stimuli by undergoing cellular and functional transition referred as reactive gliosis. Every acute or chronic disorder is accompanied by reactive gliosis, which could be categorized as detrimental (A1) of beneficial (A2) for nervous tissue. Another signature of pathological astrocyte activation is disturbed Ca2+ homeostasis, a common denominator of neurodegenerative diseases. Deregulation of Ca+ signaling further contributes to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Trimethyltin (TMT) intoxication is a widely used model of hippocampal degeneration, sharing behavioral and molecular hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), thus representing a useful model of AD-like pathology. However, the role of astrocyte in the etiopathology of TMT-induced degeneration as well as in AD is not fully understood. In an effort to elucidate the role of astrocytes in such pathological processes, we examined in vitro effects of TMT on primary cortical astrocytes. The application of a range of TMT concentrations (5, 10, 50, and 100 μM) revealed changes in [Ca2+]i in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, TMT-induced Ca2+ transients were due to L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). Additionally, TMT induced mitochondrial depolarization independent of extracellular Ca2+ and disturbed antioxidative defense of astrocyte in several time points (4, 6, and 24 h) after 10 μM TMT intoxication, inducing oxidative and nitrosative stress. Chronic exposure (24 h) to 10 μM TMT induced strong upregulation of main pro-inflammatory factors, components of signaling pathways in astrocyte activation, A1 markers, and VGCC. Taken together, our results provide an insight into cellular and molecular events of astrocyte activation in chronic neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milorad Dragić
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Katarina Milićević
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Adžić
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stevanović
- Institute of Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ninković
- Institute of Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavle Andjus
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadežda Nedeljković
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effects of Dizocilpine, Midazolam and Their Co-Application on the Trimethyltin (TMT)-Induced Rat Model of Cognitive Deficit. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030400. [PMID: 33809889 PMCID: PMC8004281 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Research of treatment options addressing the cognitive deficit associated with neurodegenerative disorders is of particular importance. Application of trimethyltin (TMT) to rats represents a promising model replicating multiple relevant features of such disorders. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor potentiators have been reported to alleviate the TMT-induced cognitive deficit. These compounds may provide synergistic interactions in other models. The aim of this study was to investigate, whether co-application of NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) and GABAA receptor potentiator midazolam would be associated with an improved effect on the TMT-induced model of cognitive deficit. Wistar rats injected with TMT were repeatedly (12 days) treated with MK-801, midazolam, or both. Subsequently, cognitive performance was assessed. Finally, after a 17-day drug-free period, hippocampal neurodegeneration (neuronal density in CA2/3 subfield in the dorsal hippocampus, dentate gyrus morphometry) were analyzed. All three protective treatments induced similar degree of therapeutic effect in Morris water maze. The results of histological analyses were suggestive of minor protective effect of the combined treatment (MK-801 and midazolam), while these compounds alone were largely ineffective at this time point. Therefore, in terms of mitigation of cognitive deficit, the combined treatment was not associated with improved effect.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mataram MBA, Hening P, Harjanti FN, Karnati S, Wasityastuti W, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Kusindarta DL, Wihadmadyatami H. The neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract Ocimum sanctum Linn. in the regulation of neuronal density in hippocampus areas as a central autobiography memory on the rat model of Alzheimer's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 111:101885. [PMID: 33188864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the effects of Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract (OSE) on the neurons of the CA1, CA3, and DG hippocampal areas with the use of in vivo and in vitro models of Alzheimer's diseases (AD). Twenty-one two-month-old male rats were divided into three groups: untreated (Group A, n = 3), AD rats model pretreated with OSE followed by induction for Trimethyltin (TMT) on day 7 (group B, n = 9), and AD rats model treated with OSE both as pre-TMT introduction for 7 days and post-TMT induction for 21 days (group C, n = 9). AD rats were sacrificed on days 7, 14, and 21, and brain samples were collected and analyzed for neuronal density and neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity. To corroborate the in vivo observations, HEK-293 cells were treated with TMT and used as an in vitro model of AD. The results were then analyzed using FITC Annexin V and flow cytometry. Nuclear fragmentation was observed in cells stained with Hoechst 33342 by confocal microscopy. The results showed a significant increase in the number of neurons and NPY expression in the AD rats that were pre- and post-treated with OSE (p < 0.05). Indeed, OSE was able to retain and promote neuronal density in the rat model of AD. Further studies of an in vitro model of neurodegeneration with Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract inhibited apoptosis in TMT-induced HEK-293 cells. Moreover, OSE prevented nuclear fragmentation, which was confirmed by staining the nuclei of HEK-293 cells. Taken together, there findings suggest that OSE has the potential as a neuroprotective agent (retaining the autobiographical memory),and the neuroproliferation of neurons in the CA1, CA3, and DG hippocampal areas in the rats¡ model of neurodegeneration was mediated by activation of NPY expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Puspa Hening
- Integrated Laboratory for Research and Testing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Fitria N Harjanti
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius Maxilimilian University Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Widya Wasityastuti
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Dwi Liliek Kusindarta
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hwang Y, Kim HC, Shin EJ. Enhanced neurogenesis is involved in neuroprotection provided by rottlerin against trimethyltin-induced delayed apoptotic neuronal damage. Life Sci 2020; 262:118494. [PMID: 32991881 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We here investigated the effect of late- and post-ictal treatment with rottlerin, a polyphenol compound isolated from Mallotus philippinensis, on delayed apoptotic neuronal death induced by trimethyltin (TMT) in mice. MAIN METHODS Male C57BL/6N mice received a single injection of TMT (2.4 mg/kg, i.p.), and mice were treated with rottlerin after a peak time (i.e., 2 d post-TMT) of convulsive behaviors and apoptotic cell death (5.0 mg/kg, i.p. at 3 and 4 d after TMT injection). Object location test and tail suspension test were performed at 5 d after TMT injection. In addition, changes in the expression of apoptotic and neurogenic markers in the dentate gyrus were examined. KEY FINDINGS Late- and post-ictal treatment with rottlerin suppressed delayed neuronal apoptosis in the dentate gyrus, and attenuated memory impairments (as evaluated by object location test) and depression-like behaviors (as evaluated by tail suspension test) at 5 days after TMT injection in mice. In addition, rottlerin enhanced the expression of Sox2 and DCX, and facilitated p-ERK expression in BrdU-incorporated cells in the dentate gyrus of TMT-treated mice. Rottlerin also increased p-Akt expression, and attenuated the increase in the ratio of pro-apoptotic factors/anti-apoptotic factors, and consequent cytosolic cytochrome c release and caspase-3 cleavage. Rottlerin-mediated action was significantly reversed by SL327, an ERK inhibitor. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that late- and post-ictal treatment with rottlerin attenuates TMT-induced delayed neuronal apoptosis in the dentate gyrus of mice via promotion of neurogenesis and inhibition of an on-going apoptotic process through up-regulation of p-ERK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonggwang Hwang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ceccariglia S, Alvino A, Del Fà A, Parolini O, Michetti F, Gangitano C. Autophagy is Activated In Vivo during Trimethyltin-Induced Apoptotic Neurodegeneration: A Study in the Rat Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010175. [PMID: 31881802 PMCID: PMC6982133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is an organotin compound known to produce significant and selective neuronal degeneration and reactive astrogliosis in the rodent central nervous system. Autophagy is the main cellular mechanism for degrading and recycling protein aggregates and damaged organelles, which in different stress conditions, such as starvation, generally improves cell survival. Autophagy is documented in several pathologic conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to investigate the autophagy and apoptosis signaling pathways in hippocampal neurons of TMT-treated (Wistar) rats to explore molecular mechanisms involved in toxicant-induced neuronal injury. The microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC3, autophagosome marker) and sequestosome1 (SQSTM1/p62) (substrate of autophagy-mediated degradation) expressions were examined by Western blotting at different time points after intoxication. The results demonstrate that the LC3 II/I ratio significantly increased at 3 and 5 days, and that p62 levels significantly decreased at 7 and 14 days. Immunofluorescence images of LC3/neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) showed numerous strongly positive LC3 neurons throughout the hippocampus at 3 and 5 days. The terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay indicated an increase in apoptotic cells starting from 5 days after treatment. In order to clarify apoptotic pathway, immunofluorescence images of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)/NeuN did not show nuclear translocation of AIF in neurons. Increased expression of cleaved Caspase-3 was revealed at 5-14 days in all hippocampal regions by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses. These data clearly demonstrate that TMT intoxication induces a marked increase in both autophagy and caspase-dependent apoptosis, and that autophagy occurring just before apoptosis could have a potential role in neuronal loss in this experimental model of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ceccariglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.D.F.); (O.P.); (C.G.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Alvino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.D.F.); (O.P.); (C.G.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Aurora Del Fà
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.D.F.); (O.P.); (C.G.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.D.F.); (O.P.); (C.G.)
- Centro di Ricerca “E. Menni”, Fondazione Poliambulanza—Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Michetti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- IRCSS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano MI, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-30155848; Fax: +39-06-30155753
| | - Carlo Gangitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.); (A.D.F.); (O.P.); (C.G.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma D, Luo N, Xue G. Trimethyltin (TMT) Reduces Testosterone Production in Adult Leydig Cells in Rats. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:493-500. [PMID: 31451011 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819870719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is widely used as a plastic heat stabilizer and can cause severe toxicity. Here, the effects of TMT on testosterone production by adult Leydig cells and the related mechanisms of action were investigated. Eighteen adult male Sprague Dawley rats (56 days old) were randomly divided into 3 groups and given intraperitoneal injection of TMT for 21 consecutive days at the doses of 0 (vehicle control), 5, or 10 mg/kg/d. After treatment, trunk blood was collected for hormonal analysis. In addition, related gene and protein expression in testes was detected. At 10 mg/kg, TMT significantly reduced serum testosterone levels but increased serum luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. The messenger RNA and protein levels of luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor, and SRY box 9 were significantly lower in the TMT-treated testes than in controls. Immunohistochemical study showed that TMT decreased adult Leydig cell number. In conclusion, these findings indicate that TMT reduced adult Leydig cell testosterone production in vivo by directly downregulating the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and decreasing adult Leydig cell number in the testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derong Ma
- Department of Urology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Both authors contributed equally to this study
| | - Nengqin Luo
- Department of Urology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Both authors contributed equally to this study
| | - Guoqiang Xue
- Department of Urology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mouse induced pluripotent stem cells-derived Alzheimer's disease cerebral organoid culture and neural differentiation disorders. Neurosci Lett 2019; 711:134433. [PMID: 31421155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by cognitive impairment. However, the pathogenesis of AD are very complicated, and the theories of Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles cannot explain all pathological alterations and clinical symptoms. Here, we used three-dimensional (3D) neural organoids culture derived from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to investigate the pathological mechanisms of AD. In this study, AD cerebral organoids were generated by overexpressing familial AD mutations (APP and PS1 genes) in mouse induced pluripotent stem cells, so that the early pathogenesis of AD could be investigated well with protein and cellular phenotype analyses. The results showed that AD cerebral organoids appeared some AD pathological alterations, and high levels of Aβ and p-Tau were induced as well. Furthermore, the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes and glutamatergic excitatory neurons increased significantly, but the number of GABAergic interneurons decreased. In conclusion, we suggest that cerebral organoids are a suitable AD model for scientific study, and that will provide us a novel insight into the understanding of the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim CR, Kim HS, Choi SJ, Kim JK, Gim MC, Kim YJ, Shin DH. Erucamide from Radish Leaves Has an Inhibitory Effect Against Acetylcholinesterase and Prevents Memory Deficit Induced by Trimethyltin. J Med Food 2018; 21:769-776. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cho Rong Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hoi Suk Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Jung Choi
- Functional Food Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Kyeom Kim
- School of Human Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Min Chul Gim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youn-Jung Kim
- College of Nursing Science, Kyunghee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Shin
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yuliani S, Mustofa, Partadiredja G. The neuroprotective effects of an ethanolic turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract against trimethyltin-induced oxidative stress in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1447267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sapto Yuliani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ginus Partadiredja
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
In vivo magnetic resonance approach to trimethyltin induced neurodegeneration in rats. Brain Res 2017; 1673:111-116. [PMID: 28736106 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is commonly used to induce neurodegeneration in mice and rats; however, only scarce data of in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and imaging characterizing TMT neurotoxicity are available. Our aim was to assess brain metabolite changes and brain atrophy by in vivo MR in the rat model of neurodegeneration induced by TMT. Adult male Wistar rats exposed to TMT (8mg/kg, i.p.) were used in the study. Proton MRS was applied on the dorsal hippocampus to reveal changes in neurochemical profile, and MR imaging was used to assess the volume of the entire hippocampus, ventricles and whole brain. Hippocampal levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate (Glu), total creatine (tCr) and taurine (Tau) significantly decreased, while the levels of myo-Inositol (mIns) and glutamine (Gln) significantly increased in TMT treated rats compared to controls. No changes in choline metabolites (tCho), glutathione (GSH), and GABA were observed. MR volumetry revealed a substantial loss of hippocampal mass, cerebral volume shrinkage and ventricular enlargement in the TMT treated group in comparison to the control group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study characterizing TMT induced neurodegeneration in the rat by in vivo MRS. Our findings suggest that TMT exposed rats may serve as a reliable animal model of neurodegeneration and MR based parameters could serve as potential in vivo biomarkers of therapeutic response.
Collapse
|
13
|
Marei HE, Elnegiry AA, Zaghloul A, Althani A, Afifi N, Abd-Elmaksoud A, Farag A, Lashen S, Rezk S, Shouman Z, Cenciarelli C, Hasan A. Nanotubes impregnated human olfactory bulb neural stem cells promote neuronal differentiation in Trimethyltin-induced neurodegeneration rat model. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3586-3597. [PMID: 28121007 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent self-renewing cells that could be used in cellular-based therapy for a wide variety of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's diseases (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Being multipotent in nature, they are practically capable of giving rise to major cell types of the nervous tissue including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This is in marked contrast to neural progenitor cells which are committed to a specific lineage fate. In previous studies, we have demonstrated the ability of NSCs isolated from human olfactory bulb (OB) to survive, proliferate, differentiate, and restore cognitive and motor deficits associated with AD, and PD rat models, respectively. The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to enhance the survivability and differentiation potential of NSCs following their in vivo engraftment have been recently suggested. Here, in order to assess the ability of CNTs to enhance the therapeutic potential of human OBNSCs for restoring cognitive deficits and neurodegenerative lesions, we co-engrafted CNTs and human OBNSCs in TMT-neurodegeneration rat model. The present study revealed that engrafted human OBNSCS-CNTs restored cognitive deficits, and neurodegenerative changes associated with TMT-induced rat neurodegeneration model. Moreover, the CNTs seemed to provide a support for engrafted OBNSCs, with increasing their tendency to differentiate into neurons rather than into glia cells. The present study indicate the marked ability of CNTs to enhance the therapeutic potential of human OBNSCs which qualify this novel therapeutic paradigm as a promising candidate for cell-based therapy of different neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany E Marei
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed A Elnegiry
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Adel Zaghloul
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Asma Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ahmed Abd-Elmaksoud
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amany Farag
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samah Lashen
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shymaa Rezk
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Shouman
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee S, Kang S, Kim J, Yoon S, Kim SH, Moon C. Enhanced expression of immediate-early genes in mouse hippocampus after trimethyltin treatment. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:679-684. [PMID: 27614947 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immediate-early genes (IEGs) are transiently and rapidly activated in response to various cellular stimuli. IEGs mediate diverse functions during pathophysiologic events by regulating cellular signal transduction. We investigated the temporal expression of several IEGs, including c-fos, early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1), and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), in trimethyltin (TMT)-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration. Mice (7 weeks old, C57BL/6) administered TMT (2.6mg/kg intraperitoneally) presented severe neurodegenerative lesions in the dentate gyrus (DG) and showed behavioral seizure activity on days 1-4 post-treatment, after which the lesions and behavior recovered spontaneously over time. c-fos, Egr-1, and Arc mRNA and protein levels significantly increased in the mouse hippocampus after TMT treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that nuclear c-fos expression increased mainly in the DG, whereas nuclear Egr-1 expression was increased extensively in cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA3, and the DG after TMT treatment. Increased Arc levels were detected in the cellular somata/dendrites of the hippocampal subregions after TMT treatment. Therefore, we suggest that increased IEGs are associated with TMT-induced pathological events in mouse hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sueun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sohi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Seongwook Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu J, Ding D, Sun H, Salvi R, Roth JA. Trimethyltin-induced cochlear degeneration in rat. J Otol 2016; 11:118-126. [PMID: 29937820 PMCID: PMC6002597 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is an occupational and environmental health hazard behaving as a potent neurotoxin known to affect the central nervous system as well as the peripheral auditory system. However, the mechanisms underlying TMT-induced ototoxicity are poorly understood. To elucidate the effects of TMT on the cochlea, a single injection of 4 or 8 mg/kg TMT was administered intraperitoneally to adult rats. The compound action potential (CAP) threshold was used to assess the functional status of the cochlea and histological techniques were used to assess the condition of the hair cells and auditory nerve fibers. TMT at 4 mg/kg produced a temporary CAP threshold elevation of 25–60 dB that recovered by 28 d post-treatment. Although there was no hair cell loss with the 4 mg/kg dose, there was a noticeable loss of auditory nerve fibers particularly beneath the inner hair cells. TMT at 8 mg/kg produced a large permanent CAP threshold shift that was greatest at the high frequencies. The CAP threshold shift was associated with the loss of outer hair cells and inner hair cells in the basal, high-frequency region of the cochlea, considerable loss of auditory nerve fibers and a significant loss of spiral ganglion neurons in the basal turn. Spiral ganglion neurons showed evidence of soma shrinkage and nuclear condensation and fragmentation, morphological features of apoptotic cell death. TMT-induced damage was greatest in the high-frequency, basal region of the cochlea and the nerve fibers beneath the inner hair cells were the most vulnerable structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Dalian Ding
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Corresponding author. Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA. Fax: +1 716 829 2980.
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jerome A. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee S, Yang M, Kim J, Kang S, Kim J, Kim JC, Jung C, Shin T, Kim SH, Moon C. Trimethyltin-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration: A mechanism-based review. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:187-99. [PMID: 27450702 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT), a toxic organotin compound, induces neurodegeneration selectively involving the limbic system and especially prominent in the hippocampus. Neurodegeneration-associated behavioral abnormalities, such as hyperactivity, aggression, cognitive deficits, and epileptic seizures, occur in both exposed humans and experimental animal models. Previously, TMT had been used generally in industry and agriculture, but the use of TMT has been limited because of its dangers to people. TMT has also been used to make a promising in vivo rodent model of neurodegeneration because of its region-specific characteristics. Several studies have demonstrated that TMT-treated animal models of epileptic seizures can be used as tools for researching hippocampus-specific neurotoxicity as well as the molecular mechanisms leading to hippocampal neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the in vivo and in vitro underlying mechanisms of TMT-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration (oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and neuronal death/survival). Thus, the present review may be helpful to provide general insights into TMT-induced neurodegeneration and approaches to therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative diseases, including temporal lobe epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sueun Lee
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Miyoung Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Institute for Environmental Science, Wonkwang University, Jeonbuk 54538, South Korea
| | - Jinwook Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sohi Kang
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Chaeyong Jung
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moghadas M, Edalatmanesh MA, Robati R. Histopathological Analysis from Gallic Acid Administration on Hippocampal Cell Density, Depression, and Anxiety Related Behaviors in A Trimethyltin Intoxication Model. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 17:659-67. [PMID: 26862525 PMCID: PMC4746416 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the effects of gallic acid (GA) administration on trimethyltin chloride (TMT) induced anxiety, depression, and hippocampal neurodegen- eration in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, the rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of TMT (8 mg/kg). The animals received either GA (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) or saline as the vehicle for 14 consecutive days. We measured depression and anxiety levels of the rats by conducting the behavioral tail suspension (TST), elevatedplusmaze (EPM), and novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) tests. Histological analyses were then used to de- termine the cell densities of different hippocampal subdivisions. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS GA administration ameliorated anxiety and depression in the behavioral tests. The cell densities in the CA1, CA2, CA3 and DG hippocampal subdivisionsfrom GA-treat- ed rats were higher than saline treated rats. CONCLUSION GA treatment against TMT-induced hippocampal degeneration altered cellular loss in the hippocampus and ameliorated the depression-anxiety state in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Amin Edalatmanesh
- P.O.Box: 71993-1Department of PhysiologyCollege of SciencesShiraz BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShirazIran
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Trimethyltin-Induced Microglial Activation via NADPH Oxidase and MAPKs Pathway in BV-2 Microglial Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2015. [PMID: 26221064 PMCID: PMC4499416 DOI: 10.1155/2015/729509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is known as a potent neurotoxicant that causes neuronal cell death and neuroinflammation, particularly in the hippocampus. Microglial activation is one of the prominent pathological features of TMT neurotoxicity. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how microglial activation occurs in TMT intoxication. In this study, we aimed to investigate the signaling pathways in TMT-induced microglial activation using BV-2 murine microglial cells. Our results revealed that TMT generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases the expression of CD11b and nuclear factor-κB- (NF-κB-) mediated nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α in BV-2 cells. We also observed that NF-κB activation was controlled by p38 and JNK phosphorylation. Moreover, TMT-induced ROS generation occurred via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in BV-2 cells. Interestingly, treatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin significantly suppressed p38 and JNK phosphorylation and NF-κB activation and ultimately the production of proinflammatory mediators upon TMT exposure. These findings indicate that NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation activated p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which then stimulated NF-κB to release proinflammatory mediators in the TMT-treated BV-2 cells.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ceccariglia S, D’altocolle A, Del Fa’ A, Silvestrini A, Barba M, Pizzolante F, Repele A, Michetti F, Gangitano C. Increased expression of Aquaporin 4 in the rat hippocampus and cortex during trimethyltin-induced neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2014; 274:273-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
20
|
Trimethyltin can induce cell death in the entorhinal cortex of rat brain: a histological architecture and neuronal density evaluation of the neuroprotective role of lithium chloride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-1953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Gene expression profiling as a tool to investigate the molecular machinery activated during hippocampal neurodegeneration induced by trimethyltin (TMT) administration. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16817-35. [PMID: 23955266 PMCID: PMC3759937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is an organotin compound exhibiting neurotoxicant effects selectively localized in the limbic system and especially marked in the hippocampus, in both experimental animal models and accidentally exposed humans. TMT administration causes selective neuronal death involving either the granular neurons of the dentate gyrus or the pyramidal cells of the Cornu Ammonis, with a different pattern of localization depending on the different species studied or the dosage schedule. TMT is broadly used to realize experimental models of hippocampal neurodegeneration associated with cognitive impairment and temporal lobe epilepsy, though the molecular mechanisms underlying the associated selective neuronal death are still not conclusively clarified. Experimental evidence indicates that TMT-induced neurodegeneration is a complex event involving different pathogenetic mechanisms, probably acting differently in animal and cell models, which include neuroinflammation, intracellular calcium overload, and oxidative stress. Microarray-based, genome-wide expression analysis has been used to investigate the molecular scenario occurring in the TMT-injured brain in different in vivo and in vitro models, producing an overwhelming amount of data. The aim of this review is to discuss and rationalize the state-of-the-art on TMT-associated genome wide expression profiles in order to identify comparable and reproducible data that may allow focusing on significantly involved pathways.
Collapse
|
22
|
Neuroprotective strategies in hippocampal neurodegeneration induced by the neurotoxicant trimethyltin. Neurochem Res 2012. [PMID: 23179590 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The selective vulnerability of specific neuronal subpopulations to trimethyltin (TMT), an organotin compound with neurotoxicant effects selectively involving the limbic system and especially marked in the hippocampus, makes it useful to obtain in vivo models of neurodegeneration associated with behavioural alterations, such as hyperactivity and aggression, cognitive impairment as well as temporal lobe epilepsy. TMT has been widely used to study neuronal and glial factors involved in selective neuronal death, as well as the molecular mechanisms leading to hippocampal neurodegeneration (including neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, intracellular calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress). It also offers a valuable instrument to study the cell-cell interactions and signalling pathways that modulate injury-induced neurogenesis, including the involvement of newly generated neurons in the possible repair processes. Since TMT appears to be a useful tool to damage the brain and study the various responses to damage, this review summarises current data from in vivo and in vitro studies on neuroprotective strategies to counteract TMT-induced neuronal death, that may be useful to elucidate the role of putative candidates for translational medical research on neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
23
|
Shirakawa T, Nakano K, Hachiya N, Kato N, Kaneko K. The involvement of P2X1 receptor in pyramidal cell degeneration in the rat hippocampus after trimethyltin administration. Neurosci Res 2011; 71:396-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
24
|
Geloso MC, Corvino V, Michetti F. Trimethyltin-induced hippocampal degeneration as a tool to investigate neurodegenerative processes. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:729-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
25
|
Fiedorowicz A, Figiel I, Zaremba M, Dzwonek K, Schliebs R, Oderfeld-Nowak B. Trimethyltin-evoked apoptosis of murine hippocampal granule neurons is accompanied by the expression of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in cells of ameboid phenotype, the majority of which are NG2-positive. Brain Res Bull 2008; 77:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
26
|
Piacentini R, Gangitano C, Ceccariglia S, Fà AD, Azzena GB, Michetti F, Grassi C. Dysregulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis is responsible for neuronal death in an experimental model of selective hippocampal degeneration induced by trimethyltin. J Neurochem 2008; 105:2109-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
27
|
Shintani N, Ogita K, Hashimoto H, Baba A. Recent Studies on the Trimethyltin Actions in Central Nervous Systems. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:451-61. [PMID: 17329931 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimethyltin (TMT) is a toxic organotin compound that produces injury to the central nervous systems of mammals. Recently, high-dose TMT (2.8 mg/kg) has been shown to produce neurodegeneration and subsequent neurogenesis specifically in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of mice, indicating that mice injected with TMT serve as a useful in vivo model to study neurogenesis as well as neurodegeneration in this brain region. In addition, gene-engineered mice have allowed research to focuse on the mechanisms of TMT toxicity. These studies have revealed the involvement of stannin, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), presenilin-1, apolipoprotein E, and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in TMT toxicity and suggested the relationship between genetic mutations and neuronal susceptibility to degeneration. In this review, we briefly summarize the previous studies and discuss the current status of research on TMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Shintani
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita City, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pompili E, Nori SL, Geloso MC, Guadagni E, Corvino V, Michetti F, Fumagalli L. Trimethyltin-induced differential expression of PAR subtypes in reactive astrocytes of the rat hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 122:93-8. [PMID: 14992820 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin, its main inhibitor (protease nexin-1) and its related receptors (protease-activated receptors, PAR-1,-2, -3, -4) were studied in rat hippocampus following administration of trimethyltin (TMT), a neurotoxin inducing neuronal degeneration and reactive gliosis. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry revealed that while expression of prothrombin and protease nexin-1 did not change significantly in TMT-treated hippocampi, PARs (in particular PAR-1 and to a lesser extent PAR-2 and PAR-3) were upregulated in reactive astrocytes, suggesting their involvement in neurodegeneration and in the consequent response of the nervous tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pompili
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University "La Sapienza", Via A. Borelli 50, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Segura Aguilar J, Kostrzewa RM. Neurotoxins and neurotoxic species implicated in neurodegeneration. Neurotox Res 2004; 6:615-30. [PMID: 15639792 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxins, in the general sense, represent novel chemical structures which when administered in vivo or in vitro, are capable of producing neuronal damage or neurodegeneration--with some degree of specificity relating to neuronal phenotype or populations of neurons with specific characteristics (i.e., receptor type, ion channel type, astrocyte-dependence, etc.). The broader term 'neurotoxin' includes this categorization but extends the term to include intra- or extracellular mediators involved in the neurodegenerative event, including necrotic and apoptotic factors. Moreover, as it is recognized that astrocytes are essential supportive satellite cells for neurons, and because damage to these cells ultimately affects neuronal function, the term 'neurotoxin' might reasonably be extended to include those chemical species which also adversely affect astrocytes. This review is intended to highlight developments that have occurred in the field of 'neurotoxins' during the past 5 years, including MPTP/MPP+, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), methamphetamine; salsolinol; leukoaminochrome-o-semiquinone; rotenone; iron; paraquat; HPP+; veratridine; soman; glutamate; kainate; 3-nitropropionic acid; peroxynitrite anion; and metals (copper, manganese, lead, mercury). Neurotoxins represent tools to help elucidate intra- and extra-cellular processes involved in neuronal necrosis and apoptosis, so that drugs can be developed towards targets that interrupt the processes leading towards neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Casilla 70000, Santiago, Chile.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Radesäter AC, Johansson S, Oberg C, Luthman J. The vitamin-E analog trolox and the NMDA antagonist MK-801 protect pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slice cultures from IL-1beta-induced neurodegeneration. Neurotox Res 2003; 5:433-42. [PMID: 14715447 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxic effect of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1beta was studied in monolayer cultures, obtained using roller-drum incubation of hippocampal slices from neonatal Sprague Dawley rats. Following exposure to recombinant rat IL-1beta for four days, a concentration dependent loss was observed in the number of NMDAR1 receptor subunit immunoreactive pyramidal neurons in the cultures, reaching significance at 10 ng/ml rIL-1beta. Also incubation with recombinant mouse IL-1beta caused a loss of pyramidal neurons, with a significant effect at a concentration of 30 pg/ml. The vitamin E analog trolox (30 microM) was found to exert a protective effect against the rIL-1beta induced neuronal degeneration. A neuroprotective action against rIL-1beta was also found after co-incubation with the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801; 30 microM), while no protection was found with the GABAA mimetic clomethiazole. Hence, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta is neurotoxic to hippocampal pyramidal neurons when studied in an in vitro system with advanced phenotypic characteristics. The neuroprotective effects exerted by trolox and MK-801 suggest that free radicals and NMDA receptor-mediated processes are involved in IL-1beta -induced neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrin Radesäter
- Bioscience, Local Discovery Research Area CNS and Pain Control, AstraZeneca, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kostrzewa RM, Segura-Aguilar J. Novel mechanisms and approaches in the study of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. a review. Neurotox Res 2003; 5:375-83. [PMID: 14715440 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection are continuing to be explored, and this paper focuses on some novel discoveries that give further insight into these processes. Oligodendrocytes and activated astroglia are likely generators of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as the tumor necrosis factor family and interleukin family, and these glial support cells express adhesion receptors (e.g., VCAM) and release intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) that have a major role in neuronal apoptosis. Even brief exposure to some substances, in ontogeny and sometimes in adulthood, can have lasting effects on behaviors because of their prominent toxicity (e.g., NMDA receptor antagonists) or because they sensitize receptors (e.g., dopamine D2 agonists), possibly permanently, and thereby alter behavior for the lifespan. Cell cycle genes which may be derived from microglia, are the most-recent entry into the neuroprotection schema. Neuroprotection afforded by some common substances (e.g., melatonin) and uncommon substances [e.g., nicotine, green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), trolox], ordinarily thought to be simple radical scavengers, now are thought to invoke previously unsuspected cellular mechanisms in the process of neuroprotection. Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) has features of a continuous spectrum of neural and functional decline, in vivo PET imaging and and functional magnetic resonance imaging, indicate that AD can be staged into an early phase treatable by inhibitors of beta and gamma secretase; and a late phase which may be more amenable to treatment by drugs that prevent or reverse tau phosphorylation. Neural transplantation, thought to be the last hope for neurally injured patients (e.g., Parkinsonians), may be displaced by non-neural tissue transplants (e.g., human umbilical cord blood; Sertoli cells) which seem to provide similar neurotrophic support and improved behavior - without posing the major ethical dilemma of removing tissue from aborted fetuses. The objective of this paper is to invite added research into the newly discovered (or postulated) novel mechanisms; and to stimulate discovery of additional mechanisms attending neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Kostrzewa
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|