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Griffeuille P, El Balkhi S, Bodeau S, Lamoureux F, Marquet P, Dulaurent S, Saint-Marcoux F. Ultrafast Measurement of Metformin in the Clinical Setting Using Probe Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:89-95. [PMID: 35642751 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MtF) is a treatment used for type 2 diabetes. Lactic acidosis (LA) is a frequent complication that can be either induced by or associated with elevated MtF plasma concentrations. When coupled with a mass spectrometry (MS) system, the probe electrospray ionization (PESI) method allows direct and rapid analysis of different types of matrices without pretreatment. In this study, we developed a PESI-MS method for the determination of MtF in plasma. We used a tandem mass spectrometer equipped with a PESI source in the reaction monitoring mode for the quantitation of MtF. MtF-d6 was chosen as the internal standard (IS), following an isotope dilution (ID) approach. The method was fully validated with six concentration levels (0.5-50 mg/L). The matrix effect was evaluated for each level, and the specificity was tested with a mix of potential co-medications. Using patient samples, the performance was compared with two classical LC-MS-MS and LC-diode array detector (DAD) methods used in external labs. Sample preparation consisted in mixing 10 µL plasma in 1,000 µL ethanol/ammonium formate buffer including MtF-d6 at a fixed concentration of 5 mg/L. The total run time was 0.31 min. ID gave satisfactory results of accuracy and precision (min-max: -12.1 to 15.8% and 1.0-17.1%, respectively). The matrix effect was fully corrected by the internal standard (bias < 1%). The specificity study also reported satisfactory results. Finally, in a representative group of 29 patients (55% with a concentration <5 mg/L, 38% with a concentration >5 mg/L and 7% not detected), we observed almost identical results when comparing LC-DAD and LC-MS-MS to PESI-MS (r2 > 0.99). We propose a specific, sensitive, accurate and ultrafast solution for the measurement of MtF in patient plasma, with no sample preparation or calibration curve building. This could be helpful in a core lab when rapid diagnosis of LA is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Griffeuille
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Limoges University Hospital, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, Limoges 87042, France
| | - Souleiman El Balkhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Limoges University Hospital, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, Limoges 87042, France
| | - Sandra Bodeau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Amiens University Hospital, 1 Rond-Point du Professeur Christian Cabrol, Amiens 80054, France
| | - Fabien Lamoureux
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rouen University Hospital, 37 Boulevard Gambetta, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Pierre Marquet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Limoges University Hospital, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, Limoges 87042, France.,Pharmacology & Transplantation, UMR1248, INSERM, University of Limoges, Rue du Pr. Bernard Descottes, Limoges 87025, France
| | - Sylvain Dulaurent
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Limoges University Hospital, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, Limoges 87042, France
| | - Franck Saint-Marcoux
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Limoges University Hospital, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, Limoges 87042, France.,Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 Rue du Dr Marcland, Limoges 87025, France
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2
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Castro RC, Ribeiro DSM, Santos JLM, Nunes C, Reis S, N M J Páscoa R. Chemometric-assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for metformin determination using gold nanoparticles as substrate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 287:122118. [PMID: 36401918 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A fast, simple, and reliable method for determination of metformin was developed by coupling surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with chemometric methods. This relayed on the utilization of a portable Raman spectrometer and of citrate stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as substrate, to carry out the measurement of SERS scattering signals, thus assuring improved sensitivity. The obtained datasets were analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression. Upon optimization of the PLS model, in terms of latent variables, spectral region and pre-processing techniques, RMSECV and R2CV values of 0.42 mg/L and 0.94, respectively, were obtained. The optimized PLS regression model was further validated with the projection of commercial pharmaceutical samples, providing good results in terms of R2P (0.97), RE (4.54 %) and analytical sensitivity (2.13 mg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Castro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n ° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - David S M Ribeiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n ° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João L M Santos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n ° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n ° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n ° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo N M J Páscoa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n ° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Gazizadeh M, Dehghan G, Soleymani J. A ratiometric fluorescent sensor for detection of metformin based on terbium-1,10-phenanthroline-nitrogen-doped-graphene quantum dots. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22255-22265. [PMID: 36043095 PMCID: PMC9364225 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02611b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MTF), an effective biguanide and oral antihyperglycemic agent, is utilized to control blood glucose levels in patients with type II diabetes mellitus, and the determination of its concentration in biological fluids is one of the main issues in pharmacology and medicine. In this work, highly luminescent nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) were modified using terbium (Tb3+)–1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) nanoparticles (NPs) to develop a dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent sensor for the determination of MTF in biological samples. The synthesized N-GQDs/Tb–Phen NPs were characterized using different techniques to confirm their physicochemical properties. The N-GQDs/Tb–Phen NPs showed two characteristic emission peaks at 450 nm and 630 nm by exciting at 340 nm that belong to N-GQDs and Tb–Phen NPs, respectively. The results indicated that the emission intensity of both N-GQDs and Tb–Phen NPs enhanced upon interaction with MTF in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, a good linear correlation between the enhanced fluorescence intensity of the system and MTF concentration was observed in the range of 1.0 nM–7.0 μM and the limit of detection (LOD) value obtained was 0.76 nM. In addition, the prepared probe was successfully used for the estimation of MTF concentration in spiked human serum samples. In conclusion, the reported dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent sensor can be used as a sensitive and simple fluorimetric method for the detection of MTF in real samples. Shcematic representation of the MTF detection by an enhancing mechanism.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Gazizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran +98 41 3339 2739
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran +98 41 3339 2739
| | - Jafar Soleymani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran +98 41 3337 5365
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Stable-Isotope Dilution GC-MS Measurement of Metformin in Human Serum and Urine after Derivatization with Pentafluoropropionic Anhydride and Its Application in Becker Muscular Dystrophy Patients Administered with Metformin, l-Citrulline, or Their Combination. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123850. [PMID: 35744973 PMCID: PMC9229792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metformin (N,N-dimethylguanylguanidine) is one of the most prescribed drugs with pleiotropic, exerted in part by not fully elucidated mechanisms of action. We developed and validated a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the quantitative analysis of metformin (metformin-d0) in 10-µL aliquots of human serum and urine using N,N-[dimethylo-2H6]guanylguanidine (metformin-d6) as the internal standard. The method involves evaporation of the samples to dryness, derivatization with pentafluoropropionic (PFP) anhydride in ethyl acetate (30 min, 65 °C), and extraction into toluene. The negative-ion chemical ionization GC-MS spectra of the PFP derivatives contain a single intense ion with mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios of m/z 383 for metformin-d0 and m/z 389 for metformin-d6. Our results suggest that all amine/imine groups of metformin-d0 and metformin-d6 are converted to their N,N,N-tripentafluoropropionyl derivatives, which cyclize to form a symmetric triazine derivative, of which the non-ring amine group is amidated. Quantification was performed by selected-ion monitoring (SIM) of m/z 383 and m/z 389. Upon validation, the method was applied to determine serum and urine metformin concentrations in 19 patients with Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). Serum and urine samples were collected at baseline (Visit I), after six weeks of supplementation (Visit II) with metformin (3 × 500 mg/d; metformin group; n = 10) or l-citrulline (3 × 1500 mg/d; citrulline group; n = 9) followed by a six-week supplementation with 3 × 500 mg/d of metformin plus 3 × 1500 mg/d l-citrulline. At Visit I, the metformin concentration in the serum and urine was very low in both groups. The metformin concentrations in the serum and urine of the patients who first took metformin (MET group) were higher at Visit II and Visit III. The metformin concentration in the serum and urine samples of the patients who first took l-citrulline (CITR group) were higher at Visit III. The serum and urine concentrations of metformin were insignificantly lower in the CITR group at Visit III. The mean fractional excretion (FE) rate of metformin was 307% (Visit II) and 322% (Visit III) in the MET group, and 290% in the CITR group (Visit III). This observation suggests the accumulation of metformin in the kidney and its secretion in the urine. The GC-MS is suitable to measure reliably circulating and excretory metformin in clinical settings.
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Carbuloni CF, Savoia JE, Santos JSP, Pereira CAA, Marques RG, Ribeiro VAS, Ferrari AM. Degradation of metformin in water by TiO 2-ZrO 2 photocatalysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 262:110347. [PMID: 32250822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of pharmaceutical products also increases their release in aquatic environment. These contaminants are considered emerging pollutants, and induce adverse ecological and human health effects. The antidiabetic metformin is one example that has been detected in the aquatic environment at unusual concentrations. This fact indicates that conventional wastewater treatment is inefficient on eliminating this compound. Here we show that metformin can be effectively removed from water by photocatalysis. We found the optimised conditions for pH and concentration of catalyst on the photocatalytic process. TiO2 and TiO2-ZrO2 were successful in oxidising metformin under UV radiation following a pseudo-first order kinetics. Intermediates of metformin photodegradation appeared after photocatalytic treatment. Toxicity analysis showed that the degradation products are non-toxic to Lactuca sativa seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline F Carbuloni
- Federal University of Technology - Parana, Rua Marcilio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline E Savoia
- Federal University of Technology - Parana, Rua Marcilio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline S P Santos
- Federal University of Technology - Parana, Rua Marcilio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Brazil
| | - Cíntia A A Pereira
- State University of Maringa, Av Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Rubiane G Marques
- Federal University of Technology - Parana, Rua Marcilio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Brazil
| | - Valquíria A S Ribeiro
- Federal University of Technology - Parana, Rua Marcilio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Brazil
| | - Ana M Ferrari
- Federal University of Technology - Parana, Rua Marcilio Dias, 635, 86812-460, Apucarana, Brazil.
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Schädle P, Tschritter O, Kellerer M. Metformin Associated Lactic Acidosis in Clinical Practice - A Case Series. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 129:842-847. [PMID: 32403137 DOI: 10.1055/a-1149-9030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this case report is to specify the frequency and mortality of Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis (MALA) in emergency medicine, as the diagnosis seems to occur more often than estimated. METHODS To identify the subjects, we developed screening criteria for MALA. We measured the serum metformin concentration to confirm the diagnosis in all patients fulfilling these criteria. Retrospectively the patients were grouped according to individual risk (according to a defined risk score) and the application of renal replacement therapy. RESULTS From 2013 until 2018 we were able to identify 11 MALA patients revealing a frequency of 1:4,000 emergency patients. Six patients survived and five died in the follow-up. All three patients in the high-risk group died although all of them received renal replacement therapy. In the low-risk group (three patients, one with renal replacement therapy), all patients survived, while in the intermediate-risk group (five patients, one with renal replacement therapy) three patients survived and two died. Additional severe comorbidities also contributed to mortality. CONCLUSIONS Every patient matching the screening criteria of acute renal failure, lactic acidosis and continued intake of metformin can be considered a potential MALA case. A risk score assessment which includes severe comorbidities may help to identify high-risk individuals and should be evaluated in larger studies.To prevent MALA, patients should be trained to immediately interrupt their own metformin use when showing signs of volume depletion. Physicians should be aware of the additional risk factors such as co-medication with diuretics, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) ACE inhibitors and NSAIDs (non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schädle
- Centre of Internal Medicine I, Marienhospital Stuttgart, Vinzenz von Paul Kliniken, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Otto Tschritter
- Centre of Internal Medicine I, Marienhospital Stuttgart, Vinzenz von Paul Kliniken, Stuttgart, Germany.,Emergency Department, Zollernalb Klinikum gGmbH, Balingen, Germany
| | - Monika Kellerer
- Centre of Internal Medicine I, Marienhospital Stuttgart, Vinzenz von Paul Kliniken, Stuttgart, Germany
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Hassib ST, Taha EA, Elkady EF, Barakat GH. Validated Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of (Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin or Empagliflozin) and Metformin in the Presence of (1-Cyanoguanidine). J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:697-707. [PMID: 31240304 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A simple and accurate liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the determination of either canagliflozin, dapagliflozin propandiol monohydrate or empagliflozin and metformin in presence of metformin major degradation product;1-cyanoguanidine. The Liquid Chromatographic (LC) method was based on isocratic elution on Prontosil (Lichrosorb 100-5-NH2) column using a mobile phase consisting of NaH2PO4 buffer (10 mM, pH 2.8):acetonitrile (18.5:81.5, v/v), at a flow rate of 2 mL/min-1. Quantitation was achieved with UV detection at 225 nm. The validation of the method was assessed according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Linearity, accuracy and precision were satisfactory over the concentration ranges of 12.5-100, 3.75-30, 0.3075-2.46, and 0.3125-2.5 μg/mL for metformin HCl, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin propandiol monohydrate and empagliflozin, respectively. Limits of detection and quantitation were found to be 0.068, 0.135, 0.077 and 0.069 μg/mL and 0.206, 0.410, 0.233 and 0.210 μg/mL for metformin HCl, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin propandiol monohydrate and empagliflozin, respectively. The developed method is suitable for the quality control and routine analysis of the cited drugs separately or in combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia T Hassib
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Elham A Taha
- Analytical Chemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Wezzart Elzeraa St., Giza, 35521, Egypt
| | - Ehab F Elkady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ghada H Barakat
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Wezzart Elzeraa St., Giza, 35521, Egypt
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da Trindade MT, Kogawa AC, Salgado HRN. Metformin: A Review of Characteristics, Properties, Analytical Methods and Impact in the Green Chemistry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 48:66-72. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1374165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Carolina Kogawa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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