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Hicks TD, Yousif D, Perez IA, Keens TG, Bansal M. When to panic about a panic attack: A challenging case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Paediatr Respir Rev 2023; 48:20-23. [PMID: 37225541 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has created diagnostic difficulties with the increase in mental health illnesses that often present with nonspecific symptoms, like hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a complex syndrome of varying triggers, onset, severity, and clinical manifestations that can be challenging to diagnose in many cases. Typical symptoms are nonspecific and can be attributed to other entities. There are no pediatric guidelines, which contributes to diagnostic difficulties and delays in treatment. It is particularly important to avoid diagnostic biases, have an index of suspicion for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and to develop pediatric guidelines as outcomes are excellent when diagnosed and treated promptly. This article discusses hypersensitivity pneumonitis with a focus on the causes, pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, outcomes, and prognosis while using a case to illustrate the diagnostic difficulties worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Hicks
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Deena Yousif
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Iris A Perez
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Thomas G Keens
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Manvi Bansal
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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ITK independent development of Th17 responses during hypersensitivity pneumonitis driven lung inflammation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:162. [PMID: 35210549 PMCID: PMC8873479 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells develop in response to T cell receptor signals (TCR) in the presence of specific environments, and produce the inflammatory cytokine IL17A. These cells have been implicated in a number of inflammatory diseases and represent a potential target for ameliorating such diseases. The kinase ITK, a critical regulator of TCR signals, has been shown to be required for the development of Th17 cells. However, we show here that lung inflammation induced by Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula (SR) induced Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (SR-HP) results in a neutrophil independent, and ITK independent Th17 responses, although ITK signals are required for γδ T cell production of IL17A. Transcriptomic analysis of resultant ITK independent Th17 cells suggest that the SR-HP-induced extrinsic inflammatory signals may override intrinsic T cell signals downstream of ITK to rescue Th17 responses in the absence of ITK. These findings suggest that the ability to pharmaceutically target ITK to suppress Th17 responses may be dependent on the type of inflammation.
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Hanfi SH, Lalani TK, Saghir A, McIntosh LJ, Lo HS, Kotecha HM. COVID-19 and its Mimics: What the Radiologist Needs to Know. J Thorac Imaging 2021; 36:W1-W10. [PMID: 32852419 DOI: 10.1097/rti.0000000000000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although imaging should not be used for first-line screening or diagnosis, radiologists need to be aware of its imaging features, and those of common conditions that may mimic COVID-19 pneumonia. In this Pictorial Essay, we review frequently encountered conditions with imaging features that overlap with those that are typical of COVID-19 (including other viral pneumonias, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, and organizing pneumonia), and those with features that are indeterminate for COVID-19 (including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pneumocystis pneumonia, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer H Hanfi
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA
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Miller R, Allen TC, Barrios RJ, Beasley MB, Burke L, Cagle PT, Capelozzi VL, Ge Y, Hariri LP, Kerr KM, Khoor A, Larsen BT, Mark EJ, Matsubara O, Mehrad M, Mino-Kenudson M, Raparia K, Roden AC, Russell P, Schneider F, Sholl LM, Smith ML. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis A Perspective From Members of the Pulmonary Pathology Society. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 142:120-126. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0138-sa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Miller
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Timothy Craig Allen
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Roberto J. Barrios
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Mary Beth Beasley
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Louise Burke
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Philip T. Cagle
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Yimin Ge
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Lida P. Hariri
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Keith M. Kerr
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Andras Khoor
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Brandon T. Larsen
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Eugene J. Mark
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Osamu Matsubara
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Mitra Mehrad
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Kirtee Raparia
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Anja Christiane Roden
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Prudence Russell
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Frank Schneider
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Lynette M. Sholl
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
| | - Maxwell Lawrence Smith
- From the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Drs Miller, Barrios, Cagle, and Ge); the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Dr Allen); the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York (Dr Beasley); the Department of Histopathology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland (Dr Burke); the Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Capelozzi); the Department of
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Bernatchez E, Langlois A, Brassard J, Flamand N, Marsolais D, Blanchet MR. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis onset and severity is regulated by CD103 dendritic cell expression. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28628641 PMCID: PMC5476273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary dendritic cells drive lung responses to foreign antigens, including Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, a causative agent of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. While the airway inflammatory mechanisms involved in hypersensitivity pneumonitis are well described, the mechanisms leading to the break in homeostasis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis onset are not well-described, and could involve CD103+ dendritic cells, which are found at baseline and during inflammatory responses in the lung. However, recent demonstration of the ability of CD103+ dendritic cells to induce inflammatory responses starkly contrasts with their classically described role as regulatory cells. These discrepancies may be attributable to the lack of current information on the importance of CD103 expression and modulation on these cells during inflammatory episodes. Methods To verify the importance of CD103 expression in the regulation of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, wild-type and Cd103-/- mice were exposed intranasally to S. rectivirgula and airway inflammation was quantified. Surface expression of CD103 in response to S. rectivirgula exposure was studied and cell transfers were used to determine the relative importance of CD103 expression on dendritic cells and T cells in regulating the inflammation in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Results Cd103-/- mice developed an exacerbated inflammatory response as early as 18h following S. rectivirgula exposure. CD103 expression on dendritic cells was downregulated quickly following S. rectivirgula exposure, and cell transfers demonstrated that CD103 expression on dendritic cells specifically (and not T cells) regulates the onset and severity of this response. Conclusion All in all, we demonstrate that CD103 expression by dendritic cells, but not T cells, is crucial for homeostasis maintenance and the regulation of the TH17 airway inflammatory response in hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bernatchez
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anick Langlois
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julyanne Brassard
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Marsolais
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Khalil N, Churg A, Muller N, O'Connor R. Environmental, Inhaled and Ingested Causes of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 35:86-96. [PMID: 17325977 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601064787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a general term that refers to a collection of connective tissue around alveolar structures. There are over 200 disorders where the lungs may be involved in a fibrotic response. To determine the cause of pulmonary fibrosis requires an in depth understanding of the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and breadth of knowledge of the causative agents and associated disorders that may lead to pulmonary fibrosis. A comprehensive evaluation of the patient is absolutely essential, starting with detailed history that includes an occupational and environmental history because fibrogenic exposures can occur in many settings. Equally important is a history of ingestion of pharmaceutical or nonpharmaceutical substances. A physical examination and judicious investigations are always a part of any comprehensive clinical assessment but they are not commonly helpful in elucidating the cause of most pulmonary fibrotic disorders. Although, a chest film is invariably done, a logical and strongly recommended next step is a high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). HRCT provides a better assessment of the radiological pattern, may suggest a diagnosis as well as direct the site, and type of lung biopsy. If the history and investigations do not lead to a diagnosis then a lung biopsy is required. Prevention or removal of the inciting agent is critical to the treatment of these disorders and in some instances corticosteroids may be of help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory Division, Vancouver General Hospital, V5Z 1M9, The University of British Columbia, Canada.
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Lee IH, Kang GW, Kim KC. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with azathioprine therapy in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Rheumatol Int 2016; 36:1027-32. [PMID: 27155976 PMCID: PMC7101638 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-016-3489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory granulomas and necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis, primarily affects the respiratory tract and kidneys. Azathioprine (AZA) is a purine analog that is commonly used for maintaining GPA remission after induction therapy with cyclophosphamide. While the dose-dependent side effects of AZA are common and well known, hypersensitivity reactions such as pulmonary toxicity are rare. Here, we describe a case involving a 38-year-old man with GPA-associated pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis who developed subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) during AZA maintenance therapy. Five months after the initiation of AZA administration (100 mg/day), the patient was admitted with a 7-day history of cough, dyspnea, and fever. High-resolution computed tomography of the chest showed ill-defined centrilobular nodules and diffuse ground-glass opacities in both lung fields. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage was negative for infectious etiologies. A transbronchial lung biopsy specimen revealed poorly formed non-necrotizing granulomas. A chest radiograph obtained at 2 weeks after discontinuation of AZA showed normal findings. The findings from this case suggest that AZA-induced HP should be considered as a differential diagnosis when a patient with GPA exhibits fresh pulmonary lesions accompanied by respiratory symptoms during AZA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hee Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 17-Gil 33, Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42472, Korea.
| | - Gun Woo Kang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 17-Gil 33, Duryugongwon-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42472, Korea
| | - Kyung Chan Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Khakzad Z, Hedayati MT, Mahdian S, Mayahi S. Serum immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G reactivity to Agaricus bisporus proteins in mushroom cultivation workers. Curr Med Mycol 2015; 1:25-30. [PMID: 28680985 PMCID: PMC5490310 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.1.2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although molds are regarded as the main fungal allergen sources, evidence indicates that spores of Basidiomycota including Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) can be also found at high concentrations in the environment and may cause as many respiratory allergies as molds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against A. bisporus via immunoblotting technique in individuals working at mushroom cultivation centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 72 workers involved in the cultivation and harvest of button mushrooms were enrolled. For the analysis of serum IgE and IgG, A. bisporus grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth was harvested and ruptured by liquid nitrogen and glass beads. The obtained sample was centrifuged and the supernatant was collected as "crude extract" (CE). CE was separated via Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The separated proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose filter and the bands responsive to IgE and IgG were identified by anti-human conjugated antibodies. All participants were screened in terms of total IgE level. RESULTS Among 72 workers, 18 (25%) had a total IgE level higher than 188 IU/mL. In SDS-PAGE, the CE of A. bisporus showed 23 different protein bands with a molecular weight range of 13-80 kDa. The sera of 23.6% and 55.5% of participants showed positive response, with specific IgE and IgG antibodies against A. bisporus in the blot, respectively. The bands with molecular weights of 62 and 68 kDa were the most reactive protein components of A. bisporus to specific IgE antibodies. Moreover, bands with molecular weights of 57 and 62 kDa showed the highest reactivity to IgG, respectively. Also, 62 and 68 kDa components were the most reactive bands with both specific IgG and IgE antibodies. CONCLUSION The obtained findings revealed that A. bisporus has different allergens and antigens, which contribute to its potential as an aeroallergen in hypersensitivity-related reactions of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Khakzad
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - M T Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - S Mahdian
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran
| | - S Mayahi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Castonguay MC, Ryu JH, Yi ES, Tazelaar HD. Granulomas and giant cells in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:607-13. [PMID: 25694347 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immunologically mediated form of diffuse lung disease, with histopathologic features that include cellular bronchiolitis, interstitial pneumonia, poorly formed granulomas, isolated multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), organizing pneumonia, and interstitial fibrosis. This study describes the clinical and histopathologic findings in a retrospective series of 40 consecutive patients diagnosed with HP at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, between 1997 and 2011. Because the literature indicates that granulomas and MNGCs are located in the interstitium, particular attention was given to their distribution. Of the 40 patients, 33 underwent surgical lung biopsy and 7 underwent lung transplantation. Thirty-eight (95%) patients had interstitial pneumonia; 37 (93%), cellular bronchiolitis; 32 (80%), nonnecrotizing granulomas; 31 (78%), isolated MNGCs; 34 (85%) organizing pneumonia, and 31 (78%); interstitial fibrosis. In 27 cases, the granulomas were within airspaces; and in 26, they were interstitial. In 25 cases, MNGCs were within airspaces; and in 24, they were interstitial. In 3 (8%) cases, both granulomas and MNGCs were seen only within airspaces. Interstitial fibrosis was centrilobular in 22 cases, resembled usual interstitial pneumonia in 18 cases, and resembled nonspecific interstitial pneumonia in 11 cases. The "classic triad" of bronchiolitis, interstitial pneumonia, and granulomas was seen in 29 (73%) cases and was most frequent in biopsy than explant specimens (P = .004). This study confirms that granulomas and MNGCs are not confined to the pulmonary interstitium in HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu C Castonguay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Capital District Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 1 V8, Canada
| | - Jay H Ryu
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Eunhee S Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Henry D Tazelaar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA.
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Færden K, Lund MB, Mogens Aaløkken T, Eduard W, Søstrand P, Langård S, Kongerud J. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a cluster of sawmill workers: a 10-year follow-up of exposure, symptoms, and lung function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2014; 20:167-73. [PMID: 24999852 DOI: 10.1179/2049396714y.0000000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term prognosis of repeated acute episodes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is not well described. We report on a 10-year follow-up of a 10-person cluster from a Norwegian sawmill who had all experienced relapsing episodes of HP. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the health symptoms, work-related sick-leave, and lung function of 10 workers exposed to mold in a Norwegian sawmill. METHODS Participants were evaluated at baseline and 10 years later at follow-up. A structured interview, measurement of serum IgG antibodies to Rhizopus microsporus (R. microsporus) antigens, lung function tests, high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest, and personal measurements of exposure to mold spores and dust were completed for each participant. RESULTS At baseline, nearly all workers reported acute episodes of HP more than twice a month. At follow-up, both the frequency and intensity of symptoms had declined. Sick-leave was reduced and gas diffusing capacity improved - paralleling the gradually reduced air levels of mold spores. CONCLUSIONS In spite of an initially high occurrence of symptoms, long-term clinical and physiological outcome was good. With reduced exposure to mold spores, symptoms declined and lung function was restored.
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Snyder C. A complaint from Citizens for Sludge-Free Land. New Solut 2012; 22:213-20. [PMID: 22776581 DOI: 10.2190/ns.22.2.g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bhan U, Newstead MJ, Zeng X, Ballinger MN, Standiford LR, Standiford TJ. Stachybotrys chartarum-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis is TLR9 dependent. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2779-87. [PMID: 21982832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), an inflammatory lung disease, develops after repeated exposure to inhaled particulate antigen and is characterized by a vigorous T helper type 1-mediated immune response, resulting in the release of IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ. These T helper type 1 cytokines may participate in the pathogenesis of HP. Stachybotrys chartarum (SC) is a dimorphic fungus implicated in a number of respiratory illnesses, including HP. Here, we have developed a murine model of SC-induced HP that reproduces pathology observed in human HP and hypothesized that toll receptor-like 9 (TLR9)-mediated dendritic cell responses are required for the generation of granulomatous inflammation induced by inhaled SC. Mice sensitized and challenged with 10(6) SC spores develop granulomatous inflammation with multinucleate giant cells, accompanied by increased accumulation of neutrophils and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. SC sensitization and challenge resulted in robust pulmonary expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-12, and IFN-γ. SC-mediated granulomatous inflammation required IFN-γ and was TLR9 dependent, because TLR9(-/-) mice displayed reduced peribronchial inflammation, decreased accumulation and/or activation of polymorphonuclear (PMN) and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and reduced lung expression of type 1 cytokines and chemokines. T-cell production of IFN-γ was IL-12 dependent. Our studies suggest that TLR9 is critical for dendritic cell-mediated development of a type 1 granulomatous inflammation in the lung in response to SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Bhan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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15
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Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: diagnostic dilemma. Pulm Med 2011; 2011:872120. [PMID: 21660199 PMCID: PMC3109679 DOI: 10.1155/2011/872120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an increasingly recognized complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) contributing to significantly increased morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis can be challenging since patients are unlikely to report dyspnea due to an overall decrease in physical activity with advanced arthritic symptoms. Additionally, infections, drug toxicity, and environmental toxins can mimic ILD, creating significant diagnostic dilemmas for the clinician. In this paper we will explore an effective clinical algorithm for the diagnosis of RA-ILD. We will also discuss features of drug-related toxicities, infections, and environmental toxins that comprise the main entities in the differential diagnosis of RA-ILD. Finally, we will explore the known and experimental treatment options that may have some benefit in the treatment of RA-ILD.
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Bogaert P, Naessens T, De Koker S, Hennuy B, Hacha J, Smet M, Cataldo D, Di Valentin E, Piette J, Tournoy KG, Grooten J. Inflammatory signatures for eosinophilic vs. neutrophilic allergic pulmonary inflammation reveal critical regulatory checkpoints. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 300:L679-90. [PMID: 21335522 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00202.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrary to the T-helper (Th)-2 bias and eosinophil-dominated bronchial inflammation encountered in most asthmatic subjects, other patients may exhibit neutrophil-predominant asthma subphenotypes, along with Th-1 and Th-17 cells. However, the etiology of many neutrophil-dominated asthma subphenotypes remains ill-understood, in part due to a lack of appropriate experimental models. To better understand the distinct immune-pathological features of eosinophilic vs. neutrophilic asthma types, we developed an ovalbumin (OVA)-based mouse model of neutrophil-dominated allergic pulmonary inflammation. Consequently, we probed for particular inflammatory signatures and checkpoints underlying the immune pathology in this new model, as well as in a conventional, eosinophil-dominated asthma model. Briefly, mice were OVA sensitized using either aluminum hydroxide (alum) or complete Freund's adjuvants, followed by OVA aerosol challenge. T-cell, granulocyte, and inflammatory mediator profiles were determined, along with alveolar macrophage genomewide transcriptome profiling. In contrast to the Th-2-dominated phenotype provoked by alum, OVA/ complete Freund's adjuvants adjuvant-based sensitization, followed by allergen challenge, elicited a pulmonary inflammation that was poorly controlled by dexamethasone, and in which Th-1 and Th-17 cells additionally participated. Analysis of the overall pulmonary and alveolar macrophage inflammatory mediator profiles revealed remarkable similarities between both models. Nevertheless, we observed pronounced differences in the IL-12/IFN-γ axis and its control by IL-18 and IL-18 binding protein, but also in macrophage arachidonic acid metabolism and expression of T-cell instructive ligands. These differential signatures, superimposed onto a generic inflammatory signature, denote distinctive inflammatory checkpoints potentially involved in orchestrating neutrophil-dominated asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Bogaert
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Hirschmann JV, Pipavath SNJ, Godwin JD. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a historical, clinical, and radiologic review. Radiographics 2010; 29:1921-38. [PMID: 19926754 DOI: 10.1148/rg.297095707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Most cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis develop only after many years of inhaling allergens, which include microbes, animal or plant proteins, and certain chemicals that form haptens. The initial clinical presentation is either episodes of acute illness with dyspnea and prominent constitutional symptoms, such as fever, or an insidious onset of dyspnea, coughing, and weight loss, sometimes with superimposed acute episodes. The histopathologic process consists of chronic inflammation of the bronchi and peribronchiolar tissue, often with poorly defined granulomas and giant cells in the interstitium or alveoli. Fibrosis and emphysema may develop. The radiologic findings include diffuse ground-glass opacification, centrilobular ground-glass opacities, air trapping, fibrosis, lung cysts, and emphysema. The histologic and radiologic features in some cases may resemble those of usual interstitial pneumonia or nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. The diagnosis usually rests on a variable combination of findings from history, serology, radiography, lung biopsy, and bronchoalveolar lavage, which characteristically reveals a lymphocyte content of more than 30%, often with an increased CD4-to-CD8 ratio of T cells. Treatment includes avoiding the allergen, if possible, and, in severe cases, systemic corticosteroids. The long-term prognosis is usually good, but some patients develop severe respiratory insufficiency, and a few die of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Moss
- Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Michael J. Maniaci
- Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Margaret M. Johnson
- Adviser to residents and Consultant in Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL
- Individual reprints of this article are not available. Address correspondence to Margaret M. Johnson, MD, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224 ()
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Bogaert P, Tournoy KG, Naessens T, Grooten J. Where asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis meet and differ: noneosinophilic severe asthma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:3-13. [PMID: 19074616 PMCID: PMC2631313 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.071151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a type-I allergic airway disease characterized by Th(2) cells and IgE. Episodes of bronchial inflammation, eosinophilic in nature and promoting bronchoconstriction, may become chronic and lead to persistent respiratory symptoms and irreversible structural airway changes. Representative mostly of mild to moderate asthma, this clinical definition fails to account for the atypical and often more severe phenotype found in a considerable proportion of asthmatics who have increased neutrophil cell counts in the airways as a distinguishing trait. Neutrophilic inflammation is a hallmark of another type of allergic airway pathology, hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Considered as an immune counterpart of asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a prototypical type-III allergic inflammatory reaction involving the alveoli and lung interstitium, steered by Th(1) cells and IgG and, in its chronic form, accompanied by fibrosis. Although pathologically very different and commonly approached as separate disorders, as discussed in this review, clinical studies as well as data from animal models reveal undeniable parallels between both airway diseases. Danger signaling elicited by the allergenic agent or by accompanying microbial patterns emerges as critical in enabling immune sensitization and in determining the type of sensitization and ensuing allergic disease. On this basis, we propose that asthma allergens cause severe noneosinophilic asthma because of sensitization in the presence of hypersensitivity pneumonitis-promoting danger signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Bogaert
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Park MS. Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2009. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2009.52.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moo Suk Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Korea.
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21
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Barrios RJ. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: histopathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:199-203. [PMID: 18251576 DOI: 10.5858/2008-132-199-hph] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The classic histopathology of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HSP) is well known but variations do occur and at times the diagnosis can be difficult. This is particularly true in the chronic stage of the disease. OBJECTIVE To review the wide variety of histopathologic changes that can be seen in HSP and to offer a practical approach to diagnosis, including the diagnosis of recently described variants of HSP such as the so-called hot tub lung. DATA SOURCES This review draws from the author's own experience and a concurrent search of national and international literature. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of HSP can be made with confidence only in light of clinical, serologic, and radiographic data. A particular challenge for pathologists is the recognition of the disease in its chronic stage. In this stage, the identification of poorly formed granulomas in association with (1) a pattern of homogeneous linear fibrosis and (2) irregular fibrosis in a partially peribronchiolar distribution would facilitate the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Barrios
- Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, Room M227, 6565 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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Hoy RF, Pretto JJ, van Gelderen D, McDonald CF. Mushroom worker's lung: organic dust exposure in the spawning shed. Med J Aust 2007; 186:472-4. [PMID: 17484710 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two people employed for several years in the spawning shed of a mushroom farm developed mushroom worker's lung. The first patient presented in respiratory failure, with radiological features characteristic of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The condition of the second patient was subacute on presentation, with a computed tomography (CT) scan showing ground-glass opacities. With absence from the workplace and no steroid therapy, the symptoms of both patients subsided and the results of lung function tests and CT scans improved markedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Hoy
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Sueblinvong V, Allen GB. A woman with cough, fever, and micronodular infiltrates on chest radiograph. South Med J 2006; 99:873-5. [PMID: 16929884 DOI: 10.1097/01.smj.0000209281.04610.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hot tub lung is a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) reported to be associated with exposure to large aerosolized inocula of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Although the pathogenesis of the disease is still poorly understood, the pathology of MAC-related HP can be similar to that of sarcoidosis, with well-formed granulomas. We describe a patient with HP featuring well-formed granulomas on transbronchial biopsy specimens, a finding believed to be unique to MAC-related HP, also referred to as "hot tub lung".
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Affiliation(s)
- Viranuj Sueblinvong
- University of Vermont/Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
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Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is traditionally divided on clinical grounds into acute, subacute, and chronic stages. Most biopsy specimens come from patients in the subacute stage, in which there is a relatively mild, usually peribronchiolar, chronic interstitial inflammatory infiltrate, accompanied in most cases by poorly formed interstitial granulomas or isolated giant cells. However, the pathologic features in the chronic, ie, fibrotic stage, are poorly defined in the literature. These features are important to recognize because the chronic stage of HP is often associated with a poor prognosis. We reviewed 13 cases of chronic HP. Where information was available, exposures to the sensitizing agent had generally occurred over a long period of time. Three patterns of fibrosis were seen: 1) predominantly peripheral fibrosis in a patchy pattern with architectural distortion and fibroblast foci resembling, microscopically, usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP); 2) relatively homogeneous linear fibrosis resembling fibrotic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP); and 3) irregular predominantly peribronchiolar fibrosis. In some instances, mixtures of the UIP-like and peribronchiolar patterns were found. In all cases, the presence of scattered poorly formed granulomas, or isolated interstitial giant cells, or sometimes only Schaumann bodies indicated the correct diagnosis. In 7 cases, areas of typical subacute HP were present as well. High-resolution CT scans showed variable patterns ranging from severe fibrosis, in some instances with an upper zone predominance, to predominantly ground glass opacities with peripheral reticulation. We conclude that, at the level of morphology, chronic HP may closely mimic UIP or fibrotic NSIP. If no areas of subacute HP are evident, the presence of isolated giant cells, poorly formed granulomas, or Schaumann bodies is crucial to arriving at the correct diagnosis, and the finding of peribronchiolar fibrosis may be helpful. Despite the presence of extensive fibrosis, some patients responded to removal from exposure and steroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Churg
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Kohli R, Melin-Aldana H, Sentongo TA. Mesalamine-induced pneumonitis during therapy for chronic inflammatory bowel disease: a pediatric case report. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41:479-82. [PMID: 16205520 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000173601.31647.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kohli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Memorial Medical Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Jacobs RL, Andrews CP, Coalson JJ. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: beyond classic occupational disease-changing concepts of diagnosis and management. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 95:115-28. [PMID: 16136760 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review inhaled antigens in home environments that cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) of varied clinical expressions and histopathologic patterns. DATA SOURCES Computer-assisted MEDLINE and manual searches for articles concerning HP, interstitial lung disease (ILD), epidemiology of HP and ILD, challenge procedures of HP, and indoor fungi. STUDY SELECTION Published articles concerning inhaled antigens in home environments and HP were selected. RESULTS Current criteria for the diagnosis of HP are too restrictive, because most apply only to the classic acute presentation and are of limited value in the subacute and insidious forms. Clinical expressions vary across the gamut of respiratory tract signs and symptoms. Patterns on lung biopsy may include all histopathologic descriptions of idiopathic ILD. The home is the likely causative environment rather than the workplace. Exposures may be occult and require in-depth environmental histories and on-site investigations to detect antigens and sources. CONCLUSIONS Natural or environmental challenges have become an important tool for diagnosing HP and determining effectiveness of remediation. Early diagnosis and effective remediation of the cause lead to a high survival rate, whereas diagnosis in advanced stages leads to disability and/or premature death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Jacobs
- Biogenics Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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28
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Chang C, Gershwin ME. Indoor air quality and human health: truth vs mass hysteria. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2005; 27:219-39. [PMID: 15630158 PMCID: PMC7091175 DOI: 10.1385/criai:27:3:219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Indoor air quality is an important issue, because anything we breathe can potentially affect our health. To determine if there is a real health risk, well-designed scientifically valid studies must be performed. Although much attention has focused on sick building syndrome, chemical sensitivities, and mycotoxicosis, there actually is very little evidence that these conditions have an adverse effect on human health. In contrast, real health issues have been shown to exist regarding indoor air triggers of allergies and asthma. Outdoor allergens are difficult to avoid because the pollen grains we encounter outdoors, which are the size that can cause allergies, are windborne and can travel for miles. However, indoor allergens can cause severe allergic symptoms and may also have a priming effect on an individual’s susceptibility to simultaneous or subsequent exposure of other outdoor allergens. Therefore, it is important to minimize exposure to indoor allergens. Determination of individual susceptibility can be paired with knowledge of the patient’s indoor exposure pattern to produce a customized management plan of avoidance, which can be used in conjunction with pharmacological treatment of allergies and asthma, as well as immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, TB 192, Davis, CA and Air MD, Sacramento, CA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, TB 192, Davis, CA and Air MD, Sacramento, CA
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29
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Moore JE, Convery RP, Millar BC, Rao JR, Elborn JS. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Associated with Mushroom Worker’s Lung: An Update on the Clinical Significance of the Importation of Exotic Mushroom Varieties. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 136:98-102. [PMID: 15644640 DOI: 10.1159/000083298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis remains an important industrial disease in mushroom workers. It has a significant morbidity, and early diagnosis and removal from exposure to the antigen are critically important in its management. Recently, several new allergens have been described, particularly those from mushroom species originating in the Far East, which are of clinical significance to workers occupationally exposed to such allergens in cultivation, picking, and packing of commercial mushroom crops. Importing of exotic mushrooms including Shiitake is common in EU countries, and some of the exotic species of mushrooms are cultivated for local markets. This practice may contribute to an increase in clinical cases of mushroom hypersensitivity pneumonitis. This update reviews the recent literature and examines changing trends of mushroom worker's lung, with increased movement of commercial product and labour markets worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Moore
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast.
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30
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Suchard JR, McLaren CJ. Clinicopathological Conference: A 38-year-old Man with Respiratory Failure—The Case of the Underground Illness. Acad Emerg Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2005.tb01482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Moore JE, Matsuda M, Yamamoto S, Buckley T, Millar B. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the horse: an underdiagnosed condition? J Equine Vet Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) represents a complex pulmonary disorder of varying intensity and clinical presentation, which is characterized by a diffuse Tc1 immune response of lung parenchyma and airways in patients previously sensitized to one of more than 300 etiologic agents that may favor the HP reaction. This review describes recent data that have clarified some of the events that govern the development of the hypersensitivity reaction following exposure to the causative agents involved in this disease. RECENT FINDINGS A number of recent data clearly demonstrate that several cytokines and chemokines, which are secreted at sites of disease activity, participate in the pulmonary inflammatory responses taking place in the lung of patients with HP. SUMMARY The past few years have seen outstanding advances in the understanding of immunologic and molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of HP. It is possible that these data could allow the discovery of therapeutic targets in individuals chronically exposed to HP antigens and evolving towards pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Agostini
- Padua University School of Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Padua, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a group of immunologically mediated diseases caused by an abnormal response to a wide variety of inhaled antigens. Its pathogenesis is complex and involves many immunological concepts. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. RECENT FINDINGS Over the last 3 years, several studies on the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis have been published. New antigens have been identified. We now have a better understanding of the role of inflammatory cells and mediators, and promoting and protective factors have been suggested. SUMMARY Most of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis remain incompletely understood. Current and future findings will not only help our understanding of the disease and its prevention, but also improve its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Girard
- Institute of Cardiology and Pneumology Research Centre, Laval University, Laval Hospital, Quebec, Canada
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Gattie DK, Lewis DL. A high-level disinfection standard for land applying sewage sludges (biosolids). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:126-31. [PMID: 14754565 PMCID: PMC1241820 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Complaints associated with land-applied sewage sludges primarily involve irritation of the skin, mucous membranes, and the respiratory tract accompanied by opportunistic infections. Volatile emissions and organic dusts appear to be the main source of irritation. Occasionally, chronic gastrointestinal problems are reported by affected residents who have private wells. To prevent acute health effects, we recommend that the current system of classifying sludges based on indicator pathogen levels (Class A and Class B) be replaced with a single high-level disinfection standard and that methods used to treat sludges be improved to reduce levels of irritant chemicals, especially endotoxins. A national opinion survey of individuals impacted by or concerned about the safety of land-application practices indicated that most did not consider the practice inherently unsafe but that they lacked confidence in research supported by federal and state agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Gattie
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4435, USA.
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35
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Drent M, du Bois RM, Poletti V. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2003; 9:411-7. [PMID: 12904713 DOI: 10.1097/00063198-200309000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia is a heterogeneous group of diseases. Recently, the importance of a detailed differentiation of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia from other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias has been demonstrated. Most critical appeared to be a proper classification based on clinical presentation, high-resolution CT findings, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell findings, and histopathology. This classification may guide the most appropriate therapeutic approach and has significant implications regarding prognosis. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, cellular and fibrosing variants, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Drent
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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