1
|
Esih H, Mezgec K, Billmeier M, Malenšek Š, Benčina M, Grilc B, Vidmar S, Gašperlin M, Bele M, Zidarn M, Zupanc TL, Morgan T, Jordan I, Sandig V, Schrödel S, Thirion C, Protzer U, Wagner R, Lainšček D, Jerala R. Mucoadhesive film for oral delivery of vaccines for protection of the respiratory tract. J Control Release 2024; 371:179-192. [PMID: 38795814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of vaccines plays a pivotal role in influencing the strength and longevity of the immune response and controlling reactogenicity. Mucosal immunization, as compared to parenteral vaccination, could offer greater protection against respiratory infections while being less invasive. While oral vaccination has been presumed less effective and believed to target mainly the gastrointestinal tract, trans-buccal delivery using mucoadhesive films (MAF) may allow targeted delivery to the mucosa. Here we present an effective strategy for mucosal delivery of several vaccine platforms incorporated in MAF, including DNA plasmids, viral vectors, and lipid nanoparticles incorporating mRNA (mRNA/LNP). The mRNA/LNP vaccine formulation targeting SARS-CoV-2 as a proof of concept remained stable within MAF consisting of slowly releasing water-soluble polymers and an impermeable backing layer, facilitating enhanced penetration into the oral mucosa. This formulation elicited antibody and cellular responses comparable to the intramuscular injection, but also induced the production of mucosal IgAs, highlighting its efficacy, particularly for use as a booster vaccine and the potential advantage for protection against respiratory infections. The MAF vaccine preparation demonstrates significant advantages, such as efficient delivery, stability, and simple noninvasive administration with the potential to alleviate vaccine hesitancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Esih
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Mezgec
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Billmeier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Špela Malenšek
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre for Technologies of Gene and Cell Therapy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Grilc
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Sara Vidmar
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirjana Gašperlin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Mihaela Zidarn
- University Clinic of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | | | - Tina Morgan
- University Clinic of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Ingo Jordan
- Applied Science & Technologies, ProBioGen AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Sandig
- Applied Science & Technologies, ProBioGen AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Schrödel
- SIRION Biotech GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Clinical Microbiology & Hygiene, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Duško Lainšček
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre for Technologies of Gene and Cell Therapy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre for Technologies of Gene and Cell Therapy, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pagliari S, Dema B, Sanchez-Martinez A, Montalvo Zurbia-Flores G, Rollier CS. DNA Vaccines: History, Molecular Mechanisms and Future Perspectives. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168297. [PMID: 37797831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The history of DNA vaccine began as early as the 1960s with the discovery that naked DNA can transfect mammalian cells in vivo. In 1992, the evidence that such transfection could lead to the generation of antigen-specific antibody responses was obtained and supported the development of this technology as a novel vaccine platform. The technology then attracted immense interest and high hopes in vaccinology, as evidence of high immunogenicity and protection against virulent challenges accumulated from several animal models for several diseases. In particular, the capacity to induce T-cell responses was unprecedented in non-live vaccines. However, the technology suffered its major knock when the success in animals failed to translate to humans, where DNA vaccine candidates were shown to be safe but remained poorly immunogenic, or not associated with clinical benefit. Thanks to a thorough exploration of the molecular mechanisms of action of these vaccines, an impressive range of approaches have been and are currently being explored to overcome this major challenge. Despite limited success so far in humans as compared with later genetic vaccine technologies such as viral vectors and mRNA, DNA vaccines are not yet optimised for human use and may still realise their potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sthefany Pagliari
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barbara Dema
- Pandemic Science Institute, Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine (IDRM), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Christine S Rollier
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin Y, Teng Q, Feng D, Pei Y, Zhao Y, Zhang G. Development of a Nanoparticle Multiepitope DNA Vaccine against Virulent Infectious Bronchitis Virus Challenge. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1396-1405. [PMID: 35217582 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To develop a safe and effective nanoparticle (NP) multiepitope DNA vaccine for controlling infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection, we inserted the multiepitope gene expression box SBNT into a eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+) to construct a recombinant plasmid pcDNA/SBNT. The NP multiepitope DNA vaccine pcDNA/SBNT-NPs were prepared using chitosan to encapsulate the recombinant plasmid pcDNA/SBNT, with a high encapsulation efficiency of 94.90 ± 1.35%. These spherical pcDNA/SBNT-NPs were 140.9 ± 73.2 nm in diameter, with a mean ζ potential of +16.8 ± 4.3 mV. Our results showed that the chitosan NPs not only protected the plasmid DNA from DNase degradation but also mediated gene transfection in a slow-release manner. Immunization with pcDNA/SBNT-NPs induced a significant IBV-specific immune response and partially protected chickens against homologous IBV challenge. Therefore, the chitosan NPs could be a useful gene delivery system, and NP multiepitope DNA vaccines may be a potential alternative for use in the development of a novel, safe, and effective IBV vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyuan Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Delan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Pei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mekonnen D, Mengist HM, Jin T. SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine adjuvants and their signaling pathways. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:69-81. [PMID: 34633259 PMCID: PMC8567292 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1991794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccines are the agreed upon weapon against the COVID-19 pandemic. This review discusses about COVID-19 subunit vaccines adjuvants and their signaling pathways, which could provide a glimpse into the selection of appropriate adjuvants for prospective vaccine development studies. AREAS COVERED In the introduction, a brief background about the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the vaccine development race and classes of vaccine adjuvants were provided. . The antigen, trial stage, and types of adjuvants were extracted from the included articles and thun assimilated. Finally, the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), their classes, cognate adjuvants, and potential signaling pathways were comprehended. EXPERT OPINION Adjuvants are unsung heroes of subunit vaccines. The in silico studies are very vital in avoiding several costly trial errors and save much work times. The majority of the (pre)clinical studies are promising. It is encouraging that most of the selected adjuvants are novel. Much emphasis must be paid to the optimal paring of antigen-adjuvant-PRRs for obtaining the desired vaccine effect. A good subunit vaccine/adjuvant is one that has high efficacy, safety, dose sparing, and rapid seroconversion rate and broad spectrum of immune response. In the years to come, COVID-19 adjuvanted subunit vaccines are expected to have superior utility than any other vaccines for various reasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mekonnen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Cas Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Cas Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Enhanced immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a tetravalent dengue DNA vaccine using electroporation and intradermal delivery. Vaccine 2019; 37:4444-4453. [PMID: 31279565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phase 1 clinical trials with a DNA vaccine for dengue demonstrated that the vaccine is safe and well tolerated, however it produced less than optimal humoral immune responses. To determine if the immunogenicity of the tetravalent dengue DNA vaccine could be enhanced, we explored alternate, yet to be tested, methods of vaccine administration in non-human primates. Animals were vaccinated on days 0, 28 and 91 with either a low (1 mg) or high (5 mg) dose of vaccine by the intradermal or intramuscular route, using either needle-free injection or electroporation devices. Neutralizing antibody, IFN-γ T cell and memory B cell responses were compared to a high dose group vaccinated with a needle-free intramuscular injection delivery device similar to what had been used in previous preclinical and clinical studies. All previously untested vaccination methodologies elicited improved immune responses compared to the high dose needle-free intramuscular injection delivery group. The highest neutralizing antibody responses were observed in the group that was vaccinated with the high dose formulation via intradermal electroporation. The highest IFN-γ T cell responses were also observed in the high dose intradermal electroporation group and the CD8+ T cells were the dominant contributors for the IFNγ response. Memory B cells were detected for all four serotypes. More than a year after vaccination, groups were challenged with dengue-1 virus. Both the low and high dose intradermal electroporation groups had significantly fewer days of dengue-1 virus RNAemia compared to the control group. The results from this study demonstrate that using either an electroporation device and/or the intradermal route of delivery increases the immune response generated by this vaccine in non-human primates and should be explored in humans.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abdulrahman A, Ghanem A. Recent advances in chromatographic purification of plasmid DNA for gene therapy and DNA vaccines: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1025:41-57. [PMID: 29801607 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The wide spread of infectious diseases have provoked the scientists to develop new types of vaccines. Among the different types of vaccines, the recently discovered plasmid DNA vaccines, have gained tremendous attentions in the last few decades as a modern approach of vaccination. The scientific interest in plasmid DNA vaccines is attributed to their prominent efficacy as they trigger not only the cellular immune response but also the humoral immune responses. Moreover, pDNA vaccines are easily to be stored, shipped and produced. However, the purification of the pDNA vaccines is a crucial step in their production and administration, which is usually conducted by different chromatographic techniques. This review summarizes the most recent chromatographic purification methods provided in the literature during the last five years following our last review in 2013, including affinity chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, multimodal chromatography, sample displacement chromatography and miscellaneous chromatographic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdulrahman
- Chirality Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), 2617, Australia
| | - Ashraf Ghanem
- Chirality Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), 2617, Australia. http://www.chiralitygroup.com
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao K, Han J, Zhang Y, Wei L, Yu S, Wang X, Jin Z, Wang Y. Enhancing Mucosal Immune Response of Newcastle Disease Virus DNA Vaccine Using N-2-Hydroxypropyl Trimethylammonium Chloride Chitosan and N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles as Delivery Carrier. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:226-237. [PMID: 29172532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because mucosal sites are the entry ports of pathogens, immunization via mucosal routes can extremely enhance the immunity. To elevate the potential of N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride chitosan (N-2-HACC) and N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) nanoparticles as a mucosal immune delivery carrier for DNA vaccines, we prepared the NDV F gene plasmid DNA with C3d6 molecular adjuvant (pVAX I-F(o)-C3d6) encapsulated in the N-2-HACC-CMC nanoparticles (N-2-HACC-CMC/pFDNA-C3d6 NPs). The N-2-HACC-CMC/pFDNA-C3d6 NPs had regular spherical morphology and low toxicity with a mean diameter of 309.7 ± 6.52 nm, zeta potential of 49.9 ± 4.93 mV, encapsulation efficiency of 92.27 ± 1.48%, and loading capacity of 50.75 ± 1.35%. The N-2-HACC-CMC had high stability and safety. The pVAX I-F(o)-C3d6 could be sustainably released from the N-2-HACC-CMC/pFDNA-C3d6 NPs after an initial burst release. Immunization intranasally of chickens with N-2-HACC-CMC/pFDNA-C3d6 NPs not only produced higher anti-NDV IgG and sIgA antibody than chickens in other groups did, but also significantly stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and triggered higher the IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ levels. These findings indicated that the N-2-HACC-CMC could be used as an efficient delivery carrier for the mucosal immunity of Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine. The work laid a basis for the quaternized chitosan nanoparticles as efficient mucosal immunity delivery carrier for DNA vaccines and had immense application promise and potential for vaccines and drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jinyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS , Harbin 150001, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao K, Li S, Li W, Yu L, Duan X, Han J, Wang X, Jin Z. Quaternized chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the combined attenuated live vaccine against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis elicit immune response in chicken after intranasal administration. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1574-1586. [PMID: 29029568 PMCID: PMC8241129 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1388450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bronchitis (IB) are important diseases, which cause respiratory diseases in chickens, resulting in severely economic losses in the poultry industry. In this study, N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (N-2-HACC) and N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) were synthesized as adjuvant and delivery carrier for vaccine antigens. N-2-HACC-CMC/NDV/IBV nanoparticles (NPs) (NDV/La Sota and IBV/H120 encapsulated in N-2-HACC-CMC NPs) and N-2-HACC-CMC/NDV-IBV NPs (the mixing of N-2-HACC-CMC/NDV NPs and N-2-HACC-CMC/IBV NPs in a ratio of 1:1) were prepared by the polyelectrolyte composite method, respectively. Both nanoparticles exhibited lower cytotoxicity and higher stability. Their bioactivities were maintained when they were stored at 37 °C for three weeks. Release assay in vitro showed that both NDV and IBV could be sustainably released from the nanoparticles after an initial burst release. In vivo immunization of chickens showed that N-2-HACC-CMC/NDV/IBV NPs or N-2-HACC-CMC/NDV-IBV NPs intranasally induced higher titers of IgG and IgA antibodies, significantly promoted proliferation of lymphocytes and induced higher levels of interleukine-2 (IL-2), IL-4 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) than the commercially combined attenuated live vaccine did. This is the first study in the field of animal vaccines demonstrating that intranasal administration of chickens with antigens (NDV and IBV) encapsulated with chitosan derivative could induce humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses, which protected chickens from the infection of highly virulent NDV and IBV. This study indicated that N-2-HACC-CMC could be used as an efficient adjuvant and delivery carrier for further development of mucosal vaccines and drugs and could have an immense application potential in medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xutong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
IgA response and protection following nasal vaccination of chickens with Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine nanoencapsulated with Ag@SiO2 hollow nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25720. [PMID: 27170532 PMCID: PMC4864420 DOI: 10.1038/srep25720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease caused by ND virus (NDV) is a highly contagious disease of birds. Vaccine for effective protection of poultry animals from NDV infection is urgently needed. Mucosal immunity plays a very important role in the antiviral immune response. In this study, a NDV F gene-containing DNA vaccine encapsulated in Ag@SiO2 hollow nanoparticles (pFDNA-Ag@SiO2-NPs) with an average diameter of 500 nm were prepared to assess the mucosal immune response. These nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity and did not destroy the bioactivity of plasmid DNA, which could be expressed in vitro. The plasmid DNA was sustainably released after an initial burst release. In vivo immunization showed that the intranasal immunization of chickens with pFDNA-Ag@SiO2-NPs induced high titers of serum antibody, significantly promoted lymphocyte proliferation and induced higher expression levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that the Ag@SiO2 hollow nanoparticles could serve as an efficient and safe delivery carrier for NDV DNA vaccine to induce mucosal immunity. This study has provided promising results for the further development of mucosal vaccines encapsulated in inorganic nanoparticles.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
DNA plasmids can be used to induce a protective (or therapeutic) immune response by delivering genes encoding vaccine antigens. That naked DNA (without the refinement of coat proteins or host evasion systems) can cross from outside the cell into the nucleus and be expressed is particularly remarkable given the sophistication of the immune system in preventing infection by pathogens. As a result of the ease, low cost, and speed of custom gene synthesis, DNA vaccines dangle a tantalizing prospect of the next wave of vaccine technology, promising individual designer vaccines for cancer or mass vaccines with a rapid response time to emerging pandemics. There is considerable enthusiasm for the use of DNA vaccination as an approach, but this enthusiasm should be tempered by the successive failures in clinical trials to induce a potent immune response. The technology is evolving with the development of improved delivery systems that increase expression levels, particularly electroporation and the incorporation of genetically encoded adjuvants. This review will introduce some key concepts in the use of DNA plasmids as vaccines, including how the DNA enters the cell and is expressed, how it induces an immune response, and a summary of clinical trials with DNA vaccines. The review also explores the advances being made in vector design, delivery, formulation, and adjuvants to try to realize the promise of this technology for new vaccines. If the immunogenicity and expression barriers can be cracked, then DNA vaccines may offer a step change in mass vaccination.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao K, Rong G, Guo C, Luo X, Kang H, Sun Y, Dai C, Wang X, Wang X, Jin Z, Cui S, Sun Q. Synthesis, characterization, and immune efficacy of layered double hydroxide@SiO2 nanoparticles with shell-core structure as a delivery carrier for Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2895-911. [PMID: 25926734 PMCID: PMC4403701 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s76312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Layered double hydroxide (LDH)@SiO2 nanoparticles were developed as a delivery carrier for the plasmid DNA expressing the Newcastle disease virus F gene. The LDH was hydrotalcite-like materials. The plasmid DNA encapsulated in the LDH@SiO2 nanoparticles (pFDNA-LDH@SiO2-NPs) was prepared by the coprecipitation method, and the properties of pFDNA-LDH@SiO2-NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results demonstrated that the pFDNA-LDH@SiO2-NPs had a regular morphology and high stability with a mean diameter of 371.93 nm, loading capacity of 39.66%±0.45%, and a zeta potential of +31.63 mV. A release assay in vitro showed that up to 91.36% of the total plasmid DNA could be sustainably released from the pFDNA-LDH@SiO2-NPs within 288 hours. The LDH@SiO2 nanoparticles had very low toxicity. Additionally, their high transfection efficiency in vitro was detected by fluorescent microscopy. Intranasal immunization of specific pathogen-free chickens with pFDNA-LDH@SiO2-NPs induced stronger cellular, humoral, and mucosal immune responses and achieved a greater sustained release effect than intramuscular naked plasmid DNA, and the protective efficacy after challenge with the strain F48E9 with highly virulent (mean death time of chicken embryos ≤60 hours, intracerebral pathogenicity index in 1 -day-old chickens >1.6) was 100%. Based on the results, LDH@SiO2 nanoparticles can be used as a delivery carrier for mucosal immunity of Newcastle disease DNA vaccine, and have great application potential in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Rong
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao K, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Shi C, Wang X, Wang X, Jin Z, Cui S. Chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles as an efficient delivery system for Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:4609-19. [PMID: 25356070 PMCID: PMC4207079 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s70633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the efficacy and safety of chitosan (CS)-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid
(PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) as a delivery system for a vaccine to protect chickens against Newcastle
disease virus (NDV). The newly constructed vaccine contained DNA (the F gene) of NDV. The Newcastle
disease virus (NDV) F gene deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) plasmid (pFDNA)-CS/PLGA-NPs were spherical
(diameter =699.1±5.21 nm [mean ± standard deviation]) and smooth,
with an encapsulation efficiency of 98.1% and a Zeta potential of +6.35 mV. An in vitro release
assay indicated that CS controlled the burst release of plasmid DNA, such that up to 67.4% of the
entire quantity of plasmid DNA was steadily released from the pFDNA-CS/PLGA-NPs. An in vitro
expression assay indicated that the expression of nanoparticles (NPs) was maintained in the NPs. In
an immunization test with specific pathogen-free chickens, the pFDNA-CS/PLGA-NPs induced stronger
cellular, humoral, and mucosal immune responses than the plasmid DNA vaccine alone. The
pFDNA-CS/PLGA-NPs did not harm 293T cells in an in vitro assay and did not harm chickens in an in
vivo assay. Overall, the results indicated that CS-coated PLGA NPs can serve as an efficient and
safe mucosal immune delivery system for NDV DNA vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Shi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun Z, Liu B, Ruan X, Liu Q. An enhanced immune response against G250, induced by a heterologous DNA prime‑protein boost vaccination, using polyethyleneimine as a DNA vaccine adjuvant. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2657-62. [PMID: 25190325 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterologous DNA prime‑protein boost vaccination approach has been widely applied as an immune treatment for carcinoma. However, inefficient delivery of DNA remains a major issue. In the present study, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was used as a DNA vector carrier to improve the transfection efficiency of the DNA vaccine and stimulate the humoral and cellular immunity against the renal carcinoma‑associated antigen G250. A protein vaccine was included in the immunization strategy in order to produce a prime‑boost effect. A DNA plasmid encoding an antigen G250 fragment was constructed and complexed with PEI. A protein vaccine against G250 was expressed in BL21 (DE3) Escherichia coli cells, by transformation with a pET28a(+)/C‑G250 plasmid. The protein was purified using a nickel‑nitriloacetic acid purification system. The in vitro transfection efficiency of the DNA vaccine was analyzed in HEK293 human endothelial kidney cells. The in vitro transfection efficiency in HEK293 cells was highest 48 h after transfection. Furthermore, mice were primed with 200 µg pVAX1/C‑250 plasmid complexed with PEI, and boosted using 50 µg of purified C‑G250 protein. In order to evaluate the immune response the antibody titer, splenocyte response, and interferon‑γ levels from CD8+ T‑cell splenocytes were analyzed using ELISA, lymphocyte proliferation or enzyme‑linked immunosorbent spot assays. Firstly, the pVAX1/C‑G250 plasmid was shown to be constructed successfully. As compared with the DNA group, the antibody titer, lymphocyte proliferation percentage, and cytokine production level induced by the DNA‑PEI and DNA‑PEI+C‑G250 groups were significantly higher. Furthermore, the DNA‑PEI+C‑G250 group exhibited the strongest humoral and cellular response. Owing to the adjuvant effect of PEI, the pVAX1/C‑G250‑PEI prime plus C‑G250 protein boost regimen could induce a strong immune response, and has been proved to be a potent vaccine candidate against renal cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeqiang Sun
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Jinin Medical College, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Xiyun Ruan
- Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Qingyong Liu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shangdong 250013, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao K, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li W, Shi C, Guo C, Dai C, Chen Q, Jin Z, Zhao Y, Cui H, Wang Y. Preparation and efficacy of Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:389-402. [PMID: 24426783 PMCID: PMC3890423 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s54226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal preparation conditions of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) F gene deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (pFNDV-CS-NPs) were determined. The pFNDV-CS-NPs were prepared according to a complex coacervation method. The pFNDV-CS-NPs were produced with good morphology, high stability, a mean diameter of 199.5 nm, encapsulation efficiency of 98.37%±0.87%, loading capacity of 36.12%±0.19%, and a zeta potential of +12.11 mV. The in vitro release assay showed that the plasmid DNA was sustainably released from the pFNDV-CS-NPs, up to 82.9%±2.9% of the total amount. Cell transfection test indicated that the vaccine expressed the F gene in cells and maintained good bioactivity. Additionally, the safety of mucosal immunity delivery system of the pFNDV-CS-NPs was also tested in vitro by cell cytotoxicity and in vivo by safety test in chickens. In vivo immunization showed that better immune responses of specific pathogen-free chickens immunized with the pFNDV-CS-NPs were induced, and prolonged release of the plasmid DNA was achieved compared to the chickens immunized with the control plasmid. This study lays the foundation for the further development of mucosal vaccines and drugs encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Shi
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China ; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Guo
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Vaccines to prevent HIV remain desperately needed, but a number of challenges, including retroviral integration, establishment of anatomic reservoir sites, high sequence diversity, and heavy envelope glycosylation. have precluded development of a highly effective vaccine. DNA vaccines have been utilized as candidate HIV vaccines because of their ability to generate cellular and humoral immune responses, the lack of anti-vector response allowing for repeat administration, and their ability to prime the response to viral-vectored vaccines. Because the HIV epidemic has disproportionately affected the developing world, the favorable thermostability profile and relative ease and low cost of manufacture of DNA vaccines offer additional advantages. In vivo electroporation (EP) has been utilized to improve immune responses to DNA vaccines as candidate HIV-1 vaccines in standalone or prime-boost regimens with both proteins and viral-vectored vaccines in several animal models and, more recently, in human clinical trials. This chapter describes the preclinical and clinical development of candidate DNA vaccines for HIV-1 delivered by EP, including challenges to bringing this technology to the developing world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Vasan
- Department of Retrovirology, US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Current trends in separation of plasmid DNA vaccines: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 760:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Sun J, Hou J, Li D, Liu Y, Hu N, Hao Y, Fu J, Hu Y, Shao Y. Enhancement of HIV-1 DNA vaccine immunogenicity by BCG-PSN, a novel adjuvant. Vaccine 2012; 31:472-9. [PMID: 23174201 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the importance of DNA vaccines, especially as a priming immunization has been well established in numerous HIV vaccine studies, the immunogenictiy of DNA vaccines is generally moderate. Novel adjuvant is in urgent need for improving the immunogenicity of DNA vaccine. Polysaccharide and nucleic acid fraction extracted by hot phenol method from Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin, known as BCG-PSN, is a widely used immunomodulatory product in China clinical practice. In this study, we evaluated whether the BCG-PSN could serve as a novel adjuvant of DNA vaccine to trigger better cellular and humoral immune responses against the HIV-1 Env antigen in Balb/C mouse model. The BCG-PSN was mixed with 10 μg or 100 μg of pDRVI1.0gp145 (HIV-1 CN54 gp145 gene) DNA vaccine and intramuscularly immunized two or three times. We found that BCG-PSN could significantly improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccine when co-administered with DNA vaccine. Further, at the same vaccination schedule, BCG-PSN co-immunization with 10 μg DNA vaccine could elicit cellular and humoral immune responses which were comparable to that induced by 100 μg DNA vaccine alone. Moreover, our results demonstrate that BCG-PSN can activate TLR signaling pathways and induce Th1-type cytokines secretion. These findings suggest that BCG-PSN can serve as a novel and effective adjuvant for DNA vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shah K, Connolly RJ, Chapman T, Jaroszeski MJ, Ugen KE. Electrogenetherapy of B16.F10 murine melanoma tumors with an interleukin-28 expressing DNA plasmid. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1722-8. [PMID: 23151446 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Augmented delivery of cytokine-expressing DNA plasmids to subcutaneous tumors has been demonstrated to result in a level of enhanced anti-tumor activity. One delivery enhancement method which has been evaluated is in vivo electroporation (EP), a contact-dependent delivery technique where electric pulses are hypothesized to augment the transfer of DNA into cells and tissues through the induction of temporary cell membrane pores. Previous work by members of our group, as well as others, has demonstrated the anti-tumor effects of DNA plasmids expressing the cytokines IL-12 and IL-15. In this report the potential anti-tumor activity of a relatively newly-described cytokine, IL-28, was measured when administered intratumorally as a DNA expression plasmid (designated pIL28) to established murine (B16.F10) melanoma tumors. The administration of the IL-28 expressing plasmid was performed through enhanced delivery methods. One method was EP and the other a non-contact dependent technique using a helium plasma stream. IL-28 is a member of the type III interferon family of cytokines that has been characterized as possessing potent anti-viral activity. This cytokine has been demonstrated to function as an adjuvant in small animal model vaccination protocols and stimulates CD8+ CTL responses. In addition, stimulation of anti-tumor activity has been demonstrated in several studies using IL-28. Based on these activities, it was hypothesized that this cytokine could, when delivered through a DNA expression plasmid, mediate anti-tumor activity. The results of this study indicated that enhanced delivery of pIL-28 resulted in attenuation of tumor growth, compared with non-enhanced delivery. Of note, this is the first proof-of-concept experiment, of our knowledge, documenting the ability of a non-contact dependent helium plasma-based delivery method to mediate the enhancement of an anti-tumor effect by a cytokine-expressing DNA plasmid. This suggests the use of the helium plasma delivery method as an alternative or adjunctive method to EP for the effective delivery of agents that possess potential anti-tumor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Shah
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Morsani College of Medicine; Tampa, FL USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dumonteil E. DNA Vaccines against Protozoan Parasites: Advances and Challenges. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2007:90520. [PMID: 17710244 PMCID: PMC1940056 DOI: 10.1155/2007/90520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, DNA vaccines have gone from a scientific curiosity to one of the most dynamic research field and may offer new alternatives for the control of parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. We review here some of the advances and challenges for the development of DNA vaccines against these diseases. Many studies have validated the concept of using DNA vaccines for both protection and therapy against these protozoan parasites in a variety of mouse models. The challenge now is to translate what has been achieved in these models into veterinary or human vaccines of comparable efficacy. Also, genome-mining and new antigen discovery strategies may provide new tools for a more rational search of novel vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dumonteil
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, 97000 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
- *Eric Dumonteil:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Connolly RJ, Chapman T, Hoff AM, Kutzler MA, Jaroszeski MJ, Ugen KE. Non-contact helium-based plasma for delivery of DNA vaccines. Enhancement of humoral and cellular immune responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1729-33. [PMID: 22894954 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-viral in vivo administration of plasmid DNA for vaccines and immunotherapeutics has been hampered by inefficient delivery. Methods to enhance delivery such as in vivo electroporation (EP) have demonstrated effectiveness in circumventing this difficulty. However, the contact-dependent nature of EP has resulting side effects in animals and humans. Noncontact delivery methods should, in principle, overcome some of these obstacles. This report describes a helium plasma-based delivery system that enhanced humoral and cellular antigen-specific immune responses in mice against an intradermally administered HIV gp120-expressing plasmid vaccine (pJRFLgp120). The most efficient plasma delivery parameters investigated resulted in the generation of geometric mean antibody-binding titers that were 19-fold higher than plasmid delivery alone. Plasma mediated delivery of pJRFLgp120 also resulted in a 17-fold increase in the number of interferon-gamma spot-forming cells, a measure of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, compared with non-facilitated plasmid delivery. This is the first report demonstrating the ability of this contact-independent delivery method to enhance antigen-specific immune responses against a protein generated by a DNA vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Connolly
- Center for Molecular Delivery, University of South Florida; Tampa, FL, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhong L, Srirangan K, Scharer J, Moo-Young M, Fenner D, Crossley L, Howie Honeyman C, Suen SY, Perry Chou C. Developing an RNase-free bioprocess to produce pharmaceutical-grade plasmid DNA using selective precipitation and membrane chromatography. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
22
|
Systemic administration of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and levamisole as adjuvants for gene-gun-delivered antitumor DNA vaccines. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:176759. [PMID: 22028727 PMCID: PMC3199051 DOI: 10.1155/2011/176759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines showed great promise in preclinical models of infectious and malignant diseases, but their potency was insufficient in clinical trials and is needed to be improved. In this study, we tested systemic administration of two conventional adjuvants, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide carrying immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) and levamisole (LMS), and evaluated their effect on immune reactions induced by DNA vaccines delivered by a gene gun. DNA vaccination was directed either against the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 or against the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein characteristic for chronic myeloid leukemia. High doses of both adjuvants reduced activation of mouse splenic CD8(+) T lymphocytes, but the overall antitumor effect was enhanced in both tumor models. High-dose CpG-ODN exhibited a superior adjuvant effect in comparison with any combination of CpG-ODN with LMS. In summary, our results demonstrate the benefit of combined therapy with gene-gun-delivered antitumor DNA vaccines and systemic administration of CpG-ODN or LMS.
Collapse
|
23
|
Dolter KE, Evans CF, Ellefsen B, Song J, Boente-Carrera M, Vittorino R, Rosenberg TJ, Hannaman D, Vasan S. Immunogenicity, safety, biodistribution and persistence of ADVAX, a prophylactic DNA vaccine for HIV-1, delivered by in vivo electroporation. Vaccine 2011; 29:795-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
24
|
Ongkudon CM, Ho J, Danquah MK. Mitigating the looming vaccine crisis: production and delivery of plasmid-based vaccines. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 31:32-52. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.483460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
25
|
Jalilian B, Omar AR, Bejo MH, Alitheen NB, Rasoli M, Matsumoto S. Development of avian influenza virus H5 DNA vaccine and MDP-1 gene of Mycobacterium bovis as genetic adjuvant. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2010; 8:4. [PMID: 20497569 PMCID: PMC2887864 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that DNA vaccines can induce protective immunity, which demonstrated the high potential of DNA vaccines as an alternative to inactivated vaccines. Vaccines are frequently formulated with adjuvants to improve their release, delivery and presentation to the host immune system. Methods The H5 gene of H5N1 virus (A/Ck/Malaysia/5858/04) was cloned separately into pcDNA3.1 + vector. The immunogenicity of the cloned H5 DNA vaccine was tested on SPF chickens using two different approaches. First approach was using H5 DNA vaccine (pcDNA3.1/H5) and the second was using H5 DNA vaccine in addition to the pcDNA3.1/MDP1 vaccine. Ten days old chickens inoculated three times with two weeks intervals. The spleen and muscle samples from chickens immunized with H5 (pcDNA3.1/H5) and H5 + MDP1 (pcDNA3.1/H5 + pcDNA3.1/MDP1) vaccines were collected after sacrificing the chickens and successfully expressed H5 and MDP1 RNA transcripts. The sera of immunized chickens were collected prior to first immunization and every week after immunization; and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Results Results of competitive ELISA showed successful antibody responses two weeks post immunization. The HI test showed an increased in antibody titers during the course of experiment in group immunized with H5 and H5 + MDP1 vaccines. The result showed that the constructed DNA vaccines were able to produce detectable antibody titer in which the group immunized with H5 + MDP1 vaccine produced higher antibody comparing to H5 vaccine alone. Conclusions This study shows for the first time the usefulness of MDP1 as a genetic adjuvant for H5 DNA vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Jalilian
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Synthesis of biodegradable polymer–mesoporous silica composite microspheres for DNA prime-protein boost vaccination. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 39:412-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
27
|
Ansari HR, Flower DR, Raghava GPS. AntigenDB: an immunoinformatics database of pathogen antigens. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:D847-53. [PMID: 19820110 PMCID: PMC2808902 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing threat of infectious disease and future pandemics, coupled to the continuous increase of drug-resistant pathogens, makes the discovery of new and better vaccines imperative. For effective vaccine development, antigen discovery and validation is a prerequisite. The compilation of information concerning pathogens, virulence factors and antigenic epitopes has resulted in many useful databases. However, most such immunological databases focus almost exclusively on antigens where epitopes are known and ignore those for which epitope information was unavailable. We have compiled more than 500 antigens into the AntigenDB database, making use of the literature and other immunological resources. These antigens come from 44 important pathogenic species. In AntigenDB, a database entry contains information regarding the sequence, structure, origin, etc. of an antigen with additional information such as B and T-cell epitopes, MHC binding, function, gene-expression and post translational modifications, where available. AntigenDB also provides links to major internal and external databases. We shall update AntigenDB on a rolling basis, regularly adding antigens from other organisms and extra data analysis tools. AntigenDB is available freely at http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/antigendb and its mirror site http://www.bic.uams.edu/raghava/antigendb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hifzur Rahman Ansari
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gardiner DF, Rosenberg T, Zaharatos J, Franco D, Ho DD. A DNA vaccine targeting the receptor-binding domain of Clostridium difficile toxin A. Vaccine 2009; 27:3598-604. [PMID: 19464540 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a pathogen with increasing severity for which host antibody responses provide protection from disease. DNA vaccination has several advantages compared to traditional vaccine methods, however no study has examined this platform against C. difficile toxins. A synthetic gene was created encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of C. difficile toxin A, optimized for expression in human cells. Gene expression was examined in vitro. Mice were inoculated and then challenged with parenteral toxin A. Vaccination provided high titer antibodies and protected mice from death. This represents the first report of DNA vaccine inducing neutralizing antibodies to C. difficile toxin A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David F Gardiner
- Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Han Y, Liu S, Ho J, Danquah MK, Forde GM. Using DNA as a drug—Bioprocessing and delivery strategies. Chem Eng Res Des 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Williams JA, Carnes AE, Hodgson CP. Plasmid DNA vaccine vector design: impact on efficacy, safety and upstream production. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:353-70. [PMID: 19233255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Critical molecular and cellular biological factors impacting design of licensable DNA vaccine vectors that combine high yield and integrity during bacterial production with increased expression in mammalian cells are reviewed. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), World Health Organization (WHO) and European Medical Agencies (EMEA) regulatory guidance's are discussed, as they relate to vector design and plasmid fermentation. While all new vectors will require extensive preclinical testing to validate safety and performance prior to clinical use, regulatory testing burden for follow-on products can be reduced by combining carefully designed synthetic genes with existing validated vector backbones. A flowchart for creation of new synthetic genes, combining rationale design with bioinformatics, is presented. The biology of plasmid replication is reviewed, and process engineering strategies that reduce metabolic burden discussed. Utilizing recently developed low metabolic burden seed stock and fermentation strategies, optimized vectors can now be manufactured in high yields exceeding 2 g/L, with specific plasmid yields of 5% total dry cell weight.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ólafsdóttir G, Svansson V, Ingvarsson S, Marti E, Torsteinsdóttir S. In vitro analysis of expression vectors for DNA vaccination of horses: the effect of a Kozak sequence. Acta Vet Scand 2008; 50:44. [PMID: 18983656 PMCID: PMC2600637 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the prerequisite for developing DNA vaccines for horses are vectors that are efficiently expressed in horse cells. We have analysed the ectopic expression of the human serum albumin gene in primary horse cells from different tissues. The vectors used are of pcDNA and pUC origin and include the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The pUC vectors contain CMV intron A whereas the pcDNA vectors do not. Insertion of intron A diminished the expression from the pcDNA vectors whereas insertion of a Kozak sequence upstream of the gene in two types of pUC vectors increased significantly the in vitro expression in primary horse cells derived from skin, lung, duodenum and kidney. We report for the first time the significance of full consensus Kozak sequences for protein expression in horse cells in vitro.
Collapse
|
32
|
Xiong AS, Peng RH, Zhuang J, Gao F, Li Y, Cheng ZM, Yao QH. Chemical gene synthesis: strategies, softwares, error corrections, and applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:522-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
33
|
DNA vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice: current perspectives. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32:341-56. [PMID: 18425596 PMCID: PMC7089108 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Inoculation of plasmid DNA, encoding an immunogenic protein gene of an infectious agent, stands out as a novel approach for developing new generation vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases of animals. The potential of DNA vaccines to act in presence of maternal antibodies, its stability and cost effectiveness and the non-requirement of cold chain have heightened the prospects. Even though great strides have been made in nucleic acid vaccination, still there are many areas that need further research for its wholesome practical implementation. Major areas of concern are vaccine delivery, designing of suitable vectors and cytotoxic T cell responses. Also, the induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines is inconclusive due to the lack of knowledge regarding the concentration of the protein expressed in vivo. Alternative delivery systems having higher transfection efficiency and the use of cytokines, as immunomodulators, needs to be further explored. Recently, efforts are being made to modulate and prolong the active life of dendritic cells, in order to make antigen presentation a more efficacious one. For combating diseases like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), influenza, malaria and tuberculosis in humans; and foot and mouth disease, Aujesky’s disease, swine fever, rabies, canine distemper and brucellosis in animals, DNA vaccine clinical trials are underway. This review highlights the salient features of DNA vaccines, and measures to enhance their efficacy so as to devise an effective and novel vaccination strategy against animal diseases.
Collapse
|
34
|
Huang Y, Chen A, Li X, Chen Z, Zhang W, Song Y, Gurner D, Gardiner D, Basu S, Ho DD, Tsuji M. Enhancement of HIV DNA vaccine immunogenicity by the NKT cell ligand, alpha-galactosylceramide. Vaccine 2008; 26:1807-16. [PMID: 18329757 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have shown that the natural killer T cell (NKT) ligand alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) serves as an adjuvant for various vaccines, including viral vaccines, parasite vaccines and protein vaccines. In this report, we investigated the adjuvant activity of alpha-GalCer on HIV-1 DNA vaccines in mice. This is a first study to show that alpha-GalCer can enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, since co-administration of alpha-GalCer with suboptimal doses of DNA vaccines greatly enhanced antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell and CD8+ T-cell responses. Differently from other vaccines, alpha-GalCer was also able to enhance HIV-specific antibody response 10-fold. It is of practical importance to find out that, in a DNA prime-DNA boost regimen, the adjuvant activity of alpha-GalCer was most profound when co-administered at the priming, but not at the boosting phase. In a dose-sparing experiment, we found that the level of cell-mediated immune responses in mice vaccinated with 5 microg of DNA in the presence of alpha-GalCer was equivalent to that of mice vaccinated with 50 microg of DNA in the absence of alpha-GalCer. Finally, results from CD1d and interferon-gamma receptor knockout mice confirm our previous data and determine the mechanistic dependence upon these molecules. These results illustrate that alpha-GalCer enhances the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in a mechanism-based fashion. Since both mice and humans share the CD1d molecule, this information may aid in designing more effective DNA vaccines and vaccine adjuvants against HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hou YH, Chen J, Tong GZ, Tian ZJ, Zhou YJ, Li GX, Li X, Peng JM, An TQ, Yang HC. A recombinant plasmid co-expressing swine ubiquitin and the GP5 encoding-gene of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces protective immunity in piglets. Vaccine 2008; 26:1438-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
36
|
Jiang G, Charoenvit Y, Moreno A, Baraceros MF, Banania G, Richie N, Abot S, Ganeshan H, Fallarme V, Patterson NB, Geall A, Weiss WR, Strobert E, Caro-Aquilar I, Lanar DE, Saul A, Martin LB, Gowda K, Morrissette CR, Kaslow DC, Carucci DJ, Galinski MR, Doolan DL. Induction of multi-antigen multi-stage immune responses against Plasmodium falciparum in rhesus monkeys, in the absence of antigen interference, with heterologous DNA prime/poxvirus boost immunization. Malar J 2007; 6:135. [PMID: 17925026 PMCID: PMC2147027 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-6-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study has evaluated the immunogenicity of single or multiple Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) antigens administered in a DNA prime/poxvirus boost regimen with or without the poloxamer CRL1005 in rhesus monkeys. Animals were primed with PfCSP plasmid DNA or a mixture of PfCSP, PfSSP2/TRAP, PfLSA1, PfAMA1 and PfMSP1-42 (CSLAM) DNA vaccines in PBS or formulated with CRL1005, and subsequently boosted with ALVAC-Pf7, a canarypox virus expressing the CSLAM antigens. Cell-mediated immune responses were evaluated by IFN-γ ELIspot and intracellular cytokine staining, using recombinant proteins and overlapping synthetic peptides. Antigen-specific and parasite-specific antibody responses were evaluated by ELISA and IFAT, respectively. Immune responses to all components of the multi-antigen mixture were demonstrated following immunization with either DNA/PBS or DNA/CRL1005, and no antigen interference was observed in animals receiving CSLAM as compared to PfCSP alone. These data support the down-selection of the CSLAM antigen combination. CRL1005 formulation had no apparent effect on vaccine-induced T cell or antibody responses, either before or after viral boost. In high responder monkeys, CD4+IL-2+ responses were more predominant than CD8+ T cell responses. Furthermore, CD8+ IFN-γ responses were detected only in the presence of detectable CD4+ T cell responses. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential for multivalent Pf vaccines based on rational antigen selection and combination, and suggests that further formulation development to increase the immunogenicity of DNA encoded antigens is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Jiang
- Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Vaccination with DNA is one of the most promising novel immunization techniques against a variety of pathogens and tumors, for which conventional vaccination regimens have failed. DNA vaccines are able to stimulate both arms of the immune system simultaneously, without carrying the safety risks associated with live vaccines, therefore representing not only an alternative to conventional vaccines but also significant progress in the prevention and treatment of fatal diseases and infections. However, translation of the excellent results achieved in small animals to similar success in primates or large animals has so far proved to be a major hurdle. Moreover, biosafety issues, such as the removal of antibiotic resistance genes present in plasmid DNA used for vaccination, remain to be addressed adequately. This review describes strategies to improve the design and production of conventional plasmid DNA, including an overview of safety and regulatory issues. It further focuses on novel systems for the optimization of plasmid DNA and the development of diverse plasmid DNA delivery systems for vaccination purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jechlinger
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A- 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fuller DH, Loudon P, Schmaljohn C. Preclinical and clinical progress of particle-mediated DNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Methods 2007; 40:86-97. [PMID: 16997717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of studies employing particle-mediated epidermal delivery (PMED) or the gene gun to administer DNA vaccines for infectious diseases in preclinical studies employing large animal models and in human clinical trials. It reviews the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of PMED DNA vaccines in nonhuman primates and swine and studies that have directly compared the effectiveness of PMED in these large animal models to existing licensed vaccines and intramuscular or intradermal delivery of DNA vaccines with a needle. Various clinical trials employing PMED have been completed and an overview of the immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of this approach in humans is described. Finally, efforts currently in progress for commercial development of particle-mediated DNA vaccines are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 260 Kappa Drive, PA 15238, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Li YP, Kang HN, Babiuk LA, Liu Q. Elicitation of strong immune responses by a DNA vaccine expressing a secreted form of hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 in murine and porcine animal models. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:7126-35. [PMID: 17131474 PMCID: PMC4087773 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i44.7126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterize the immunogenicity of a hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 DNA vaccine alone or with a protein vaccine boost in murine and porcine animal models.
METHODS: A DNA vaccine expressing a secreted form of HCV E2 protein was constructed and used to vaccinate mice and piglets with or without boosting with a recombinant E2 protein vaccine formulated with CpG ODN and 10% Emulsigen. The immunogenicity of HCV E2 vaccines was analyzed by ELISA for antibody responses, MTT assay for lymphocyte proliferation, ELISPOT for the number of interferon-γ secreting cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte assays.
RESULTS: Intradermal injection of E2 DNA vaccine induced strong Th1-like immune responses in mice. In piglets, E2 DNA vaccine elicited moderate and more balanced immune responses. A DNA vaccine prime and protein boost vaccination strategy induced significantly higher E2-specific antibody levels and shifted the immune response towards Th2-like ones in piglets.
CONCLUSION: A DNA vaccine expressing a secreted form of HCV E2 protein elicited E2-specific immune responses in mice and piglets. Recombinant E2 protein vaccination following DNA immunization significantly increased the antibody response in piglets. These HCV E2 vaccines may represent promising hepatitis C vaccine candidates for further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gaudreau MC, Lacasse P, Talbot BG. Protective immune responses to a multi-gene DNA vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus. Vaccine 2006; 25:814-24. [PMID: 17027124 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the strategy of using a multivalent polyprotein DNA vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus, a series of plasmids was used to immunize mice followed by infectious challenge. The plasmid vaccines expressed Clumping factor A (Clfa), fibronectin binding protein A (FnBPA) and the enzyme Sortase (Srt) as single proteins or combined as a polyprotein. All animals produced a mixed Th1 and Th2 response including functional antigen-specific, mostly IgG2a antibodies, sustained production of IFN-gamma and a predominantly CD8+ T-cell response. Upon challenge with a virulent S. aureus isolate (Sa042), after 21 days, 55% of the multi-gene vaccinated mice survived infection compared to only 15% of the control groups. Vaccinated mice showed no signs of arthritis when challenged with the less virulent "Newman" strain that caused reactive arthritis in the controls. The results suggest that a multi-gene polyprotein-expressing nucleic acid vaccine alone produces a combined Th1 and Th2 response that can contribute to protection against the complex pathogenesis of S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Gaudreau
- Centre d'Etude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cruz-Revilla C, Sonabend AM, Rosas G, Toledo A, Meneses G, Lopez-Casillas F, Hernández B, Fragoso G, Sciutto E. Intrahepatic DNA vaccination: unexpected increased resistance against murine cysticercosis induced by non-specific enhanced immunity. J Parasitol 2006; 92:655-7. [PMID: 16884018 DOI: 10.1645/ge-665r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental murine cysticercosis caused by Taenia crassiceps has proved to be a useful model with which to test the efficacy of new vaccine candidates and delivery systems against pig cysticercosis. A high level of protection against murine cysticercosis was previously observed by intramuscular or intradermal DNA immunization with the use of the sequence of the recombinant KETc7 antigen cloned in pcDNA3 (pTc-sp7). To determine the effect of KETc7 differential expression in DNA vaccination, KETc7 was cloned in pGEM 11Zf(+) under the control of the tissue-specific regulatory promoter phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pPc-sp7). A high level of protection was induced by intrahepatic immunization with pPc-sp7, pTc-sp7 and the empty vector in the absence of any specific immunity. The empty vector pGEM 11Zf(+), the plasmid with the highest content of CpG sequences, provided to the most efficient protection. This protection was related to an increased number of splenocytes, enhanced nonspecific splenocyte proliferation, and intensified intrahepatic INF-gamma production. Overall, intrahepatic plasmid CpG-DNA immunization provokes an exacerbated nonspecific immune response that can effectively control Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Cruz-Revilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Couvreur P, Vauthier C. Nanotechnology: intelligent design to treat complex disease. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1417-50. [PMID: 16779701 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this expert review is to discuss the impact of nanotechnology in the treatment of the major health threats including cancer, infections, metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and inflammations. Indeed, during the past 30 years, the explosive growth of nanotechnology has burst into challenging innovations in pharmacology, the main input being the ability to perform temporal and spatial site-specific delivery. This has led to some marketed compounds through the last decade. Although the introduction of nanotechnology obviously permitted to step over numerous milestones toward the development of the "magic bullet" proposed a century ago by the immunologist Paul Ehrlich, there are, however, unresolved delivery problems to be still addressed. These scientific and technological locks are discussed along this review together with an analysis of the current situation concerning the industrial development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Couvreur
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Université de Paris Sud, 5 Rue J.B. Clément, 92 296, Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kerro-Dego O, Prysliak T, Potter AA, Perez-Casal J. DNA-protein immunization against the GapB and GapC proteins of a mastitis isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 113:125-38. [PMID: 16777237 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the most economically important diseases that affect the dairy industry is bovine mastitis caused by strains of S. aureus. The development of an effective vaccine has been hampered by the antigenic diversity of the bacterium. Immunization with plasmid DNAs, encoding S. aureus antigens either as single molecule or as chimeric products containing at least two antigens, has been proposed as a novel strategy to prevent this costly disease. We continued our studies on a chimeric protein composed of the surface-located GapB and GapC proteins of S. aureus and in this work we tested the effects of DNA vaccination with plasmids encoding the individual antigens as well as the GapC/B protein with or without a boost with the recombinant proteins. The results showed that DNA vaccination alone was unable to elicit a significant humoral response and barely able to elicit a detectable cell-mediated response to the recombinant antigens. These effects were overcome by boosting with the proteins indicating that these DNA vaccines alone were not sufficient to mount an immune response against the S. aureus GapB and GapC proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oudessa Kerro-Dego
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon SK, Canada S7N 5E3
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sleator RD, Hill C. Patho-biotechnology: using bad bugs to do good things. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2006; 17:211-6. [PMID: 16459072 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved sophisticated strategies to overcome host defences, to interact with the immune system and to interfere with essential host systems. We coin the term 'patho-biotechnology' to describe the exploitation of these valuable traits in biotechnology, medicine and food. This approach shows promise for the development of novel vaccine and drug delivery systems, as well as for the design of more technologically robust and effective probiotic cultures with improved biotechnological and clinical applications. The genetic tractability of Listeria monocytogenes, the availability of the complete genome sequence of this intracellular pathogen, its ability to cope with stress, and its ability to traverse the gastrointestinal tract and induce a strong cellular immune response make L. monocytogenes an ideal model organism for demonstrating the patho-biotechnology concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy D Sleator
- Department of Microbiology & Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kennedy NJ, Spithill TW, Tennent J, Wood PR, Piedrafita D. DNA vaccines in sheep: CTLA-4 mediated targeting and CpG motifs enhance immunogenicity in a DNA prime/protein boost strategy. Vaccine 2006; 24:970-9. [PMID: 16242220 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have proven to be an efficient means of inducing immune responses in small laboratory animals; however, their efficacy in large out-bred animal models has been much less promising. In addressing this issue, we have investigated the ability of ovine cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) mediated targeting and ruminant specific CpG optimised plasmids, both alone and in combination, to enhance immune responses in sheep to the pro cathepsin B (FhCatB) antigen from Fasciola hepatica. In this study, CTLA-4 mediated targeting enhanced the speed and magnitude of the primary antibody response and effectively primed for a potent memory response compared to conventional DNA vaccination alone, which failed to induce a detectable immune response. While the CpG-augmentation of the CTLA-4 targeted construct did not further enhance the magnitude or isotype profile of the CTLA-4 induced antibody titres, it did result in the induction of significant antigen-specific, lymphocyte-proliferative responses that were not observed in any other treatment group, showing for the first time that significant cellular responses can be induced in sheep following DNA vaccination. In contrast, CpG-augmentation in the absence of CTLA-4 mediated targeting failed to induce a detectable immune response. This is the first study to explore the potential adjuvant effects of ruminant specific CpG motifs on DNA vaccine induced immune responses in sheep. The ability of CpG-augmented CTLA-4 mediated targeting to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in this study suggests that this may be an effective approach for enhancing the efficacy of DNA vaccines in large out-bred animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhao YG, Peng B, Deng H, Chen G, Yang F, Shao M, Lu H, Li Y, Peng J, Xu L, Xu Y. Anti-HBV immune responses in rhesus macaques elicited by electroporation mediated DNA vaccination. Vaccine 2006; 24:897-903. [PMID: 16253404 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Electroporation has been shown to be an effective method to improve the efficiency of gene expression and the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. In order to optimize the procedure and test for its efficacy in more clinically relevant large animal models, we examined the detailed immune responses in rhesus macaques after vaccination intramuscularly with electroporation using the plasmid encoding for HBV preS(2)-S antigen and an adjuvant plasmid encoding for hIL-2 and hIFN-gamma. Several important factors were examined, including the dose response relationships, the effect of various prime and boost regimens, and different combinations of electro-pulse parameters. The immune responses were closely followed for more than a year. The results showed that in rhesus macaques, electroporation can significantly enhance the immunogenicity of the DNA vaccines, resulting in greatly improved antibody responses as well as peptide-stimulated IFN-gamma producing T cell responses. In addition, we also reported the different antibody response behaviors resulted from different electro-pulse parameters. The detailed data would be useful to suggest possible optimization strategies for better DNA vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Zhao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Woo PC, Lau SK, Tsoi HW, Chen ZW, Wong BH, Zhang L, Chan JK, Wong LP, He W, Ma C, Chan KH, Ho DD, Yuen KY. SARS coronavirus spike polypeptide DNA vaccine priming with recombinant spike polypeptide from Escherichia coli as booster induces high titer of neutralizing antibody against SARS coronavirus. Vaccine 2005; 23:4959-68. [PMID: 15993989 PMCID: PMC7115571 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/29/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Different forms of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein-based vaccines for generation of neutralizing antibody response against SARS-CoV were compared using a mouse model. High IgG levels were detected in mice immunized with intraperitoneal (i.p.) recombinant spike polypeptide generated by Escherichia coli (S-peptide), mice primed with intramuscular (i.m.) tPA-optimize800 DNA vaccine (tPA-S-DNA) and boosted with i.p. S-peptide, mice primed with i.m. CTLA4HingeSARS800 DNA vaccine (CTLA4-S-DNA) and boosted with i.p. S-peptide, mice primed with oral live-attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (Salmonella-S-DNA-control) and boosted with i.p. S-peptide, mice primed with oral live-attenuated S. typhimurium that contained tPA-optimize800 DNA vaccine (Salmonella-tPA-S-DNA) and boosted with i.p. S-peptide, and mice primed with oral live-attenuated S. typhimurium that contained CTLA4HingeSARS800 DNA vaccine (Salmonella-tPA-S-DNA) and boosted with i.p. S-peptide. No statistical significant difference was observed among the Th1/Th2 index among these six groups of mice with high IgG levels. Sera of all six mice immunized with i.p. S-peptide, i.m. DNA vaccine control and oral Salmonella-S-DNA-control showed no neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV. Sera of the mice immunized with i.m. tPA-S-DNA, i.m. CTLA4-S-DNA, oral Salmonella-S-DNA-control boosted with i.p. S-peptide, oral Salmonella-tPA-S-DNA, oral Salmonella-tPA-S-DNA boosted with i.p S-peptide, oral Salmonella-CTLA4-S-DNA and oral Salmonella-CTLA4-S-DNA boosted with i.p. S-peptide showed neutralizing antibody titers of <1:20-1:160. Sera of all the mice immunized with i.m. tPA-S-DNA boosted with i.p. S-peptide and i.m. CTLA4-S-DNA boosted with i.p. S-peptide showed neutralizing antibody titers of >or=1:1280. The present observation may have major practical value, such as immunization of civet cats, since production of recombinant proteins from E. coli is far less expensive than production of recombinant proteins using eukaryotic systems.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/analysis
- Interleukin-4/analysis
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Animal
- Neutralization Tests
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C.Y. Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna K.P. Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi-wah Tsoi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | | | - Beatrice H.L. Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | | | - Jim K.H. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Lei-po Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Wei He
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kwok-hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Kwok-yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +852 28554892; fax: +852 28551241.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rajcáni J, Mosko T, Rezuchová I. Current developments in viral DNA vaccines: shall they solve the unsolved? Rev Med Virol 2005; 15:303-25. [PMID: 15906276 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the mechanisms of immune response following DNA vaccination. The efficacy of DNA vaccines in animal models is highlighted, especially in viral diseases against which no widely accepted vaccination is currently available. Emphasis is given to possible therapeutic vaccination in chronic infections due to persisting virus genomes, such as recurrent herpes (HSV-1 and HSV-2), pre-AIDS (HIV-1) and/or chronic hepatitis B (HBV). In these, the problem of introducing foreign viral DNA may not be of crucial importance, since the immunised subject is already a viral DNA (or provirus) carrier. The DNA-based immunisation strategies may overcome several problems of classical viral vaccines. Novel DNA vaccines could induce immunity against multiple viral epitopes including the conservative type common ones, which do not undergo antigenic drifts. Within the immunised host, they mimic the effect of live attenuated viral vaccines when continuously expressing the polypeptide in question. For this reason they directly stimulate the antigen-presenting cells, especially dendritic cells. The antigen encoded by plasmid elicits T helper cell activity (Th1 and Th2 type responses), primes the cytotoxic T cell memory and may induce a satisfactory humoral response. The efficacy of DNA vaccines can be improved by adding plasmids encoding immunomodulatory cytokines and/or their co-receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rajcáni
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cook RF, Cook SJ, Bolin PS, Howe LJ, Zhou W, Montelaro RC, Issel CJ. Genetic immunization with codon-optimized equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) surface unit (SU) envelope protein gene sequences stimulates immune responses in ponies. Vet Microbiol 2005; 108:23-37. [PMID: 15885929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the context of DNA vaccines the native equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)-envelope gene has proven to be an extremely weak immunogen in horses probably because the RNA transcripts are poorly expressed owing to an unusual codon-usage bias, the possession of multiple RNA splice sites and potential adenosine-rich RNA instability elements. To overcome these problems a synthetic version of sequences encoding the EIAV surface unit (SU) envelope glycoprotein was produced (SYNSU) in which the codon-usage bias was modified to conform to that of highly expressed horse and human genes. In transfected COS-1 cell cultures, the steady state expression levels of SYNSU were at least 30-fold greater than equivalent native SU sequences. More importantly, EIAV-specific humoral and lymphocyte proliferation responses were induced in ponies immunized with a mammalian expression vector encoding SYNSU. However, these immunological responses were unable to confer protection against infection with a virulent EIAV strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Frank Cook
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|