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Zhang X, Lu M, An H. Lysine acetylproteome analysis reveals the lysine acetylation in developing fruit and a key acetylated protein involved in sucrose accumulation in Rosa roxburghii Tratt. J Proteomics 2024; 305:105248. [PMID: 38964538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a common post-translational modification of proteins in plants. Rosa roxburghii Tratt. is an economically important fruit tree known for its high nutritional value. However, the characteristics of acetylome-related proteins during fruit development in this crop remain unknown. This study aimed to explore the global acetylproteome of R. roxburghii fruit to identify key lysine-acetylated proteins associated with its quality traits. A total of 4280 acetylated proteins were identified, among them, 981 proteins exhibited differential acetylation (DA) while 19 proteins showed increased acetylation level consistently on individual sites. Functional classification revealed that these DA proteins were primarily associated with central metabolic pathways, carbohydrate metabolism, terpenoids and polyketides metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, highlighting the importance of lysine acetylation in fruit quality formation. Notably, the most significant up-regulated acetylation occurred in sucrose synthase (SuS1), a key enzyme in sucrose biosynthesis. Enzyme assays, RNA-seq and proteome analysis indicated that SuS activity, which was independent of its transcriptome and proteome level, may be enhanced by up-acetylation, ultimately increasing sucrose accumulation. Thus, these findings offer a better understanding of the global acetylproteome of R. roxburghii fruit, while also uncover a novel mechanism of acetylated SuS-mediated in sucrose metabolism in plant. SIGNIFICANCE: Rosa roxburghii Tratt. is an important horticultural crop whose commercial value is closely linked to its fruit quality. Acetylation modification is a post-translational mechanism observed in plants, which regulates the physiological functions and metabolic fluxes involved in various biological processes. The regulatory mechanism of lysine acetylation in the fruit quality formation in perennial woody plants has not been fully elucidated, while most of the research has primarily focused on annual crops. Therefore, this study, for the first time, uses Rosaceae fruits as the research material to elucidate the regulatory role of lysine-acetylated proteins in fruit development, identify key metabolic processes influencing fruit quality formation, and provide valuable insights for cultivation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Min Lu
- Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Huaming An
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Wan X, Wu Z, Sun D, Long L, Song Q, Gao C. Cytological characteristics of blueberry fruit development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:184. [PMID: 38475704 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Using the blueberry cultivar "Powderblue" after pollination, fruits at different developmental stages were collected for study. The transverse and longitudinal diameters, individual fruit weight, and fruit water content were measured during their development. Employing tissue sectioning and microscopy techniques, we systematically studied the morphological features and anatomical structures of the fruits and seeds at various developmental stages, aiming to elucidate the cytological patterns during blueberry fruit development. The results of our study revealed that the "Powderblue" blueberry fruit growth and development followed a double "S" curve. Mature "Powderblue" blueberries were blue-black in color, elliptical in shape, with five locules, an inferior ovary, and an average fruit weight of 1.73 ± 0.17 g, and a moisture content of 78.865 ± 0.9%. Blueberry fruit flesh cells were densely arranged with no apparent intercellular spaces, and mesocarp cells accounted for 52.06 ± 7.4% of fruit cells. In the early fruit development stages, the fruit flesh cells were rapidly dividing, significantly increasing in number but without greatly affecting the fruit's morphological characteristics. During the later stages of fruit development, the expansion of the fruit flesh cells became prominent, resulting in a noticeable increase in the fruit's dimensions. Except for the epidermal cells, cells in all fruit tissues showed varying degrees of rupture as fruit development progressed, with the extent of cell rupture increasing, becoming increasingly apparent as the fruit gradually softened. Additionally, numerous brachysclereids (stone cells) appeared in the fruit flesh cells. Stone cells are mostly present individually in the fruit flesh tissue, while in the placental tissue, they often group together. The "Powderblue" blueberry seeds were light brown, 4.13 ± 0.42 mm long, 2.2 ± 0.14 mm wide, with each fruit containing 50-60 seeds. The "Powderblue" seeds mainly consisted of the seed coat, endosperm, and embryo. The embryo was located at the chalazal end in the center of the endosperm and was spatially separated. The endosperm, occupying the vast majority of the seed volume, comprised both the chalazal and outer endosperm, and the endosperm developed and matured before the embryo. As the seed developed, the seed coat was gradually lignified and consisted of palisade-like stone cells externally and epidermal layer cells internally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wan
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key laboratory of forest cultivation in plateau mountain of Guizhou province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zewei Wu
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key laboratory of forest cultivation in plateau mountain of Guizhou province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Dongchan Sun
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key laboratory of forest cultivation in plateau mountain of Guizhou province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Li Long
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key laboratory of forest cultivation in plateau mountain of Guizhou province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qiling Song
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key laboratory of forest cultivation in plateau mountain of Guizhou province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Key laboratory of forest cultivation in plateau mountain of Guizhou province, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Lin Z, Yi X, Ali MM, Zhang L, Wang S, Chen F. Transcriptome Insights into Candidate Genes of the SWEET Family and Carotenoid Biosynthesis during Fruit Growth and Development in Prunus salicina 'Huangguan'. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3513. [PMID: 37836253 PMCID: PMC10574959 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese plum (Prunus salicina L.) is a fruit tree belonging to the Rosaceae family, native to south-eastern China and widely cultivated throughout the world. Fruit sugar metabolism and color change is an important physiological behavior that directly determines flavor and aroma. Our study analyzed six stages of fruit growth and development using RNA-seq, yielding a total of 14,973 DEGs, and further evaluation of key DEGs revealed a focus on sugar metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. Using GO and KEGG to enrich differential genes in the pathway, we selected 107 differential genes and obtained 49 significant differential genes related to glucose metabolism. The results of the correlation analyses indicated that two genes of the SWEET family, evm.TU.Chr1.3663 (PsSWEET9) and evm.TU.Chr4.676 (PsSWEET2), could be closely related to the composition of soluble sugars, which was also confirmed in the ethylene treatment experiments. In addition, analysis of the TOP 20 pathways between different growth stages and the green stage, as well as transient overexpression in chili, suggested that capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (PsCCS) of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway contributed to the color change of plum fruit. These findings provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the ripening and color change of plum fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Lin
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Biotechnology Institute, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (M.M.A.); (L.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Muhammad Moaaz Ali
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (M.M.A.); (L.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (M.M.A.); (L.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Shaojuan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (M.M.A.); (L.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.Y.); (M.M.A.); (L.Z.); (S.W.)
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Integrated untargeted metabolome, full-length sequencing, and transcriptome analyses reveal insights into the fruit quality at different harvest times of Chaenomeles speciosa. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112314. [PMID: 36737903 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chaenomeles speciosa fruit is a homologous medicine and food plant with a long history of multiple uses. It could be harvested near maturity and last for a long time. However, the optimal harvest strategy of Chaenomeles speciosa for various uses is currently unavailable. Here, untargeted metabolome at different harvest times during maturation was investigated for the first time, and 896 metabolites, including sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and phenylpropanoids, were identified. Optimal harvesting methods were proposed for different purposes. During the early maturation stages (before 105 days after full bloom), Ch. speciosa fruit could be harvested as Chinesemedicine. Whereas as snacks and food, Ch. speciosa fruit might be harvested at late maturity (after 120 days after full bloom). In addition, the overall network was revealed by integrating full-length Iso-seq and transcriptomics (RNA-seq) to investigate the association between quality-associated metabolites and Chaenomeles speciosa fruit gene expression during maturation. A few putative genes were captured via screening, dissecting and correlation analysis with the quality-associated metabolites (including d-glucose, catechin, gallocatechin, and succinic acid). Overall, in addition to providing a harvesting strategy for food and medicine, we also investigated the metabolism and gene expression pattern of Chaenomeles speciosa fruit during maturation. This comprehensive data and analyses laid the foundation for further investigating potential regulatory mechanisms during harvest and provided a new possibility for its development and utilization.
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Yang YZ, Wei QP, Zhou J, Li MJ, Zhang Q, Li XL, Zhou BB, Zhang JK. Nano-Sized Antioxidative Trimetallic Complex Based on Maillard Reaction Improves the Mineral Nutrients of Apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.). Front Nutr 2022; 9:848857. [PMID: 35558743 PMCID: PMC9086434 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.848857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The metallic complex is widely used in agricultural applications. Due to the oxidation of the metal and environmental unfriendliness of ligand, maintaining an efficient mineral supply for plants without causing environmental damage is difficult. Herein, an antioxidative trimetallic complex with high stability was synthesized by interacting Ca2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ with the biocompatible ligands from the Maillard reaction. The composite structure elucidation was carried out by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Thermal stability was measured by thermogravimetric (TG). Antioxidative activities were evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power and radical scavenging activity assays. The three metals were successfully fabricated on the Maillard reaction products (MRPs) with contents of Ca (9.01%), Fe (8.25%), and Zn (9.67%). Microscopy images revealed that the three metals were uniformly distributed on the MRPs with partial aggregation of <30 nm. FTIR and XPS results revealed that the metals were interacted with MRPs by metal-O and metal-N bonds. TG and antioxidative activity assays showed that the trimetallic complex meets the requirements of thermodynamics and oxidation resistance of horticultural applications. Additionally, the results of the exogenous spraying experiment showed that the trimetallic complex significantly increased the mineral contents of the "Fuji" apple. By treatment with the complex, the concentrations of Ca, Fe, and Zn were increased by 85.4, 532.5, and 931.1% in the leaf; 16.0, 225.2, and 468.6% in the peel; and 117.6, 217.9, and 19.5% in the flesh, respectively. The MRP-based complexes offered a higher growth rate of the mineral content in apples than ones based on sugars or amino acids. The results of the spraying experiment carried out in 2 years show that the method has high reproducibility. This study thus promotes the development of green metallic complexes and expands the scope of agrochemical strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhang Yang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qin-Ping Wei
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Ji Li
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Liang Li
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhou
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Ke Zhang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Dias C, Ribeiro T, Rodrigues AC, Ferrante A, Vasconcelos MW, Pintado M. Improving the ripening process after 1-MCP application: Implications and strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Velázquez-López AA, De La Cruz-Medina J, García HS, Vela-Gutiérrez G, Torres-Palacios C, León-García E. Lipoxygenase and Its Relationship with Ethylene During Ripening of Genetically Modified Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum). Food Technol Biotechnol 2020; 58:223-229. [PMID: 32831574 PMCID: PMC7416120 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.58.02.20.6207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research background TomloxB is the main isoform of lipoxygenase associated with ripening and senescence of fruits. On the other hand, ethylene, a gaseous hormone, is essential for the regulation of ripening in climacteric fruits like tomatoes. However, the relationship between TomloxB and ethylene production has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, we aim to assess the effect of exogenous ethylene in transgenic tomatoes that contain a silenced TomloxB gene, and subsequently evaluate lipoxygenase activity, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase and ethylene production; as well as to quantify the expression of the genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase and TomloxB. Experimental approach To investigate the effect of lipoxygenase and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase activity, fruits harvested at the stages of break, turning and pink were used. Tomatoes at break stage collected from transgenic and wild type plants were used to determine ethylene production and gene expression. Genetically modified and wild type tomato fruits were exposed to 100 μL/L exogenous ethylene. Lipoxygenase activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase and ethylene production were determined by gas chromatography. Oligonucleotides for differentially expressed genes: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase and TomloxB were used to determine gene expression by real-time PCR. Results and conclusions The data showed that silencing of TomloxB caused a reduction in lipoxygenase activity and ethylene production in tomato fruits, and also reduced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase activity. Hence, the addition of exogenous ethylene increased lipoxygenase activity in all treatments and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase activity only in transgenic lines at break stage, consequently there was a positive regulation between TomloxB and ethylene, as increasing the amount of ethylene increased the activity of lipoxygenase. The results suggest that lipoxygenase may be a regulator of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase and production of ethylene at break stage. Novelty and scientific contribution These results lead to a better understanding of the metabolic contribution of TomloxB in fruit ripening and how it is linked to the senescence-related process, which can lead to a longer shelf life of fruits. Understanding this relationship between lipoxygenase and ethylene can be useful for better post-harvest handling of tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier De La Cruz-Medina
- Mexican National Technology/Technological Institute of Veracruz, 2779 M.A. de Quevedo, 91897 Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Hugo Sergio García
- Mexican National Technology/Technological Institute of Veracruz, 2779 M.A. de Quevedo, 91897 Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Food and Nutrition Sciences, University of Science and Arts of Chiapas, 1150 Northwest bypass, 29000 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Cristóbal Torres-Palacios
- Mexican National Technology/Technological Institute of Veracruz, 2779 M.A. de Quevedo, 91897 Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth León-García
- National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research, La Posta Experimental Field, Km 22.5 Federal Highway Veracruz-Córdoba, Medellín de Bravo, 94277 Veracruz, Mexico
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Huang Y, Ren Z, Li D, Liu X. Phenotypic techniques and applications in fruit trees: a review. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:107. [PMID: 32782454 PMCID: PMC7412798 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00649-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic information is of great significance for irrigation management, disease prevention and yield improvement. Interest in the evaluation of phenotypes has grown with the goal of enhancing the quality of fruit trees. Traditional techniques for monitoring fruit tree phenotypes are destructive and time-consuming. The development of advanced technology is the key to rapid and non-destructive detection. This review describes several techniques applied to fruit tree phenotypic research in the field, including visible and near-infrared (VIS-NIR) spectroscopy, digital photography, multispectral and hyperspectral imaging, thermal imaging, and light detection and ranging (LiDAR). The applications of these technologies are summarized in terms of architecture parameters, pigment and nutrient contents, water stress, biochemical parameters of fruits and disease detection. These techniques have been shown to play important roles in fruit tree phenotypic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Huang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Zhenhui Ren
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Dongming Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
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Del Ángel-Coronel OA, León-García E, Vela-Gutiérrez G, Rojas-Reyes JO, Gómez-Lim MÁ, García HS. Lipoxygenase activity associated to fruit ripening and senescence in chayote (Sechium eduleJacq. Sw. cv. “virens levis”). J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Andrés Del Ángel-Coronel
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779; Veracruz Ver. 91897 México
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Huatusco, Av. 25 Poniente No. 100, Col. Reserva Territorial, Huatusco; Veracruz, C.P. 94100 México
| | - Elizabeth León-García
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779; Veracruz Ver. 91897 México
| | - Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779; Veracruz Ver. 91897 México
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Nte. Pte. No. 1150, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Lajas Maciel; Tuxtla Gutiérrez Chiapas, C.P. 29000 México
| | - José Orlando Rojas-Reyes
- Centro Regional Universitario Oriente, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Km. 6 Carretera Huatusco-Xalapa; Huatusco Veracruz, C.P. 94100 México
| | - Miguel Ángel Gómez-Lim
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Lib. Nte. Carretera León; Irapuato Guanajuato, C.P. 36821 México
| | - Hugo Sergio García
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779; Veracruz Ver. 91897 México
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Brulé V, Rafsanjani A, Pasini D, Western TL. Hierarchies of plant stiffness. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 250:79-96. [PMID: 27457986 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants must meet mechanical as well as physiological and reproductive requirements for survival. Management of internal and external stresses is achieved through their unique hierarchical architecture. Stiffness is determined by a combination of morphological (geometrical) and compositional variables that vary across multiple length scales ranging from the whole plant to organ, tissue, cell and cell wall levels. These parameters include, among others, organ diameter, tissue organization, cell size, density and turgor pressure, and the thickness and composition of cell walls. These structural parameters and their consequences on plant stiffness are reviewed in the context of work on stems of the genetic reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), and the suitability of Arabidopsis as a model system for consistent investigation of factors controlling plant stiffness is put forward. Moving beyond Arabidopsis, the presence of morphological parameters causing stiffness gradients across length-scales leads to beneficial emergent properties such as increased load-bearing capacity and reversible actuation. Tailoring of plant stiffness for old and new purposes in agriculture and forestry can be achieved through bioengineering based on the knowledge of the morphological and compositional parameters of plant stiffness in combination with gene identification through the use of genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Brulé
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield Ave., Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Ahmad Rafsanjani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A OC3, Canada.
| | - Damiano Pasini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A OC3, Canada.
| | - Tamara L Western
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield Ave., Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
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Oikawa A, Otsuka T, Nakabayashi R, Jikumaru Y, Isuzugawa K, Murayama H, Saito K, Shiratake K. Metabolic Profiling of Developing Pear Fruits Reveals Dynamic Variation in Primary and Secondary Metabolites, Including Plant Hormones. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131408. [PMID: 26168247 PMCID: PMC4500446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolites in the fruits of edible plants include sweet sugars, visually appealing pigments, various products with human nutritional value, and biologically active plant hormones. Although quantities of these metabolites vary during fruit development and ripening because of cell division and enlargement, there are few reports describing the actual dynamics of these changes. Therefore, we applied multiple metabolomic techniques to identify the changes in metabolite levels during the development and ripening of pear fruits (Pyrus communis L. ‘La France’). We quantified and classified over 250 metabolites into six groups depending on their specific patterns of variation during development and ripening. Approximately half the total number of metabolites, including histidine and malate, accumulated transiently around the blooming period, during which cells are actively dividing, and then decreased either rapidly or slowly. Furthermore, the amounts of sulfur-containing amino acids also increased in pear fruits around 3–4 months after the blooming period, when fruit cells are enlarging, but virtually disappeared from ripened fruits. Some metabolites, including the plant hormone abscisic acid, accumulated particularly in the receptacle prior to blooming and/or fruit ripening. Our results show several patterns of variation in metabolite levels in developing and ripening pear fruits, and provide fundamental metabolomic data that is useful for understanding pear fruit physiology and enhancing the nutritional traits of new cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Oikawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997–8555, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takao Otsuka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Jikumaru
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
| | - Kanji Isuzugawa
- Yamagata Integrated Agricultural Research Center, Sagae, 999–7601, Japan
| | - Hideki Murayama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, 997–8555, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230–0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260–8675, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shiratake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464–8601, Japan
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12
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Freilich S, Lev S, Gonda I, Reuveni E, Portnoy V, Oren E, Lohse M, Galpaz N, Bar E, Tzuri G, Wissotsky G, Meir A, Burger J, Tadmor Y, Schaffer A, Fei Z, Giovannoni J, Lewinsohn E, Katzir N. Systems approach for exploring the intricate associations between sweetness, color and aroma in melon fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:71. [PMID: 25887588 PMCID: PMC4448286 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melon (Cucumis melo) fruits exhibit phenotypic diversity in several key quality determinants such as taste, color and aroma. Sucrose, carotenoids and volatiles are recognized as the key compounds shaping the above corresponding traits yet the full network of biochemical events underlying their synthesis have not been comprehensively described. To delineate the cellular processes shaping fruit quality phenotypes, a population of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) was used as a source of phenotypic and genotypic variations. In parallel, ripe fruits were analyzed for both the quantified level of 77 metabolic traits directly associated with fruit quality and for RNA-seq based expression profiles generated for 27,000 unigenes. First, we explored inter-metabolite association patterns; then, we described metabolites versus gene association patterns; finally, we used the correlation-based associations for predicting uncharacterized synthesis pathways. RESULTS Based on metabolite versus metabolite and metabolite versus gene association patterns, we divided metabolites into two key groups: a group including ethylene and aroma determining volatiles whose accumulation patterns are correlated with the expression of genes involved in the glycolysis and TCA cycle pathways; and a group including sucrose and color determining carotenoids whose accumulation levels are correlated with the expression of genes associated with plastid formation. CONCLUSIONS The study integrates multiple processes into a genome scale perspective of cellular activity. This lays a foundation for deciphering the role of gene markers associated with the determination of fruit quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Freilich
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Shery Lev
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Itay Gonda
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Eli Reuveni
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Vitaly Portnoy
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Elad Oren
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | | | - Navot Galpaz
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
- Migal Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel.
| | - Einat Bar
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Galil Tzuri
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Guy Wissotsky
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Ayala Meir
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Joseph Burger
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Yaakov Tadmor
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Arthur Schaffer
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- USDA-ARS and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - James Giovannoni
- USDA-ARS and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
| | - Nurit Katzir
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
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