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Zeng L, Fu YQ, Gao Y, Wang F, Liang S, Yin JF, Fauconnier ML, Ke L, Xu YQ. Dynamic changes of key metabolites in Longjing green tea during processing revealed by widely targeted metabolomic profiling and sensory experiments. Food Chem 2024; 450:139373. [PMID: 38640534 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, widely targeted metabolomics and chemometrics were utilized to comprehensively analyse the formation of taste compounds in Longjing green tea. A total of 580 non-volatile metabolites were identified by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, and alterations in three metabolic pathways were investigated. Notably, the fixation process reduced phosphatidic acid levels, resulting in the formation of lyso-phosphatidylcholine and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, as well as the release of esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids. Baiye No.1 had high levels of L-glutamic acid and l-glutamine, while Longjing 43 showed elevated levels of flavones. Correlation analysis and sensory verification indicated that the specific concentration of L-leucine could decrease the umami of the tea. These findings advance our understanding of Longjing green tea quality improvement and cultivar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yan-Qing Fu
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jun-Feng Yin
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Lijing Ke
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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Chen X, Wang M, Wang Z, Liu X, Cao W, Zhang N, Qi Y, Cheng S, Huang W, Liu Z. Theabrownins in dark tea form complexes with tea polysaccharide conjugates. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5799-5806. [PMID: 38445688 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theabrownins (TBs) are one of most important quality components in dark tea, but have not been produced industrially. In this study, the aqueous extract was obtained from Pu-erh ripe tea, one kind of dark tea. Caffeine, theaflavin, catechin and saponin were removed by trichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol in turn to obtain a TB isolate. The TB isolate was subjected to column chromatography using a macroporous resin HPD-750 and eluted with a gradient of 0-700 g kg-1 ethanol aqueous solution. Four fractions were obtained, and named as TBs-FC1, TBs-FC2, TBs-FC3 and TBs-FC4. RESULTS These four fractions contained polysaccharides and no small molecules such as catechins, caffeine and theaflavins as well as average molecular weights of 123.000 kDa, 23.380 kDa, 89.870 kDa and 106.600 kDa. It was revealed that they were complexes of TBs and tea polysaccharide conjugates (TPCs). Ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible) and infrared (IR) spectra showed the properties of TBs and TPCs. Their zeta potentials ranged from -13.40 mV to -38.80 mV in aqueous solutions at pH 3.0-9.0. CONCLUSION This study reveals that TBs do not exist in free state but in combined state in dark tea, which provide the theoretical basis for the industrialization of TBs. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Chen
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengdie Wang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuling Liu
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wendan Cao
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonggang Qi
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education and Hubei Province), Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuiyuang Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Food and Cosmetics Testing Research Center (Innovation Development Service platform), Hubei Institute for Drug Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Technical research center, Hubei August Flower Food Co. Ltd, Xianning, China
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3
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Zheng X, Ali ZM, Lim PK, Mutwil M, Wang Y. Comparative transcriptome database for Camellia sinensis reveals genes related to the cold sensitivity and albino mechanism of 'Anji Baicha'. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14474. [PMID: 39139072 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Tea, a globally popular beverage, contains various beneficial secondary metabolites. Tea plants (Camellia sinensis) exhibit diverse genetic traits across cultivars, impacting yield, adaptability, morphology, and secondary metabolite composition. Many tea cultivars have been the subject of much research interest, which have led to the accumulation of publicly available RNA-seq data. As such, it has become possible to systematically summarize the characteristics of different cultivars at the transcriptomic level, identify functional genes, and infer gene functions through co-expression analysis. Here, the transcriptomes of 9 tea cultivars were assembled, and comparative analysis was conducted on the coding sequences of 13 cultivars. To give access to this data, we present TeaNekT (https://teanekt.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/), a web resource that facilitates the prediction of gene functions of various tea cultivars. We used TeaNekT to perform a cross-cultivar comparison of co-expressed gene clusters and tissue-specific gene expression. We observed that 'Anji Baicha' possesses the highest number of cultivar-specific genes and the second-highest number of expanded genes. These genes in 'Anji Baicha' tend to be enriched in functions associated with cold stress response, chloroplast thylakoid structure, and nitrogen metabolism. Notably, we identified three significantly expanded homologous genes in 'Anji Baicha' encoding the ICE1, SIZ1, and MAPKK2, which are closely associated with the cold sensitivity of 'Anji Baicha'. Additionally, one significantly expanded homologous gene in 'Anji Baicha' encoding regulatory factor RIQ may play a crucial role in the abnormal chloroplast structure and absence of thylakoid membranes in 'Anji Baicha'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zahin Mohd Ali
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Ken Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Liang S, Gao Y, Granato D, Ye JH, Zhou W, Yin JF, Xu YQ. Pruned tea biomass plays a significant role in functional food production: A review on characterization and comprehensive utilization of abandon-plucked fresh tea leaves. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13406. [PMID: 39030800 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Tea is the second largest nonalcoholic beverage in the world due to its characteristic flavor and well-known functional properties in vitro and in vivo. Global tea production reaches 6.397 million tons in 2022 and continues to rise. Fresh tea leaves are mainly harvested in spring, whereas thousands of tons are discarded in summer and autumn. Herein, pruned tea biomass refers to abandon-plucked leaves being pruned in the non-plucking period, especially in summer and autumn. At present, no relevant concluding remarks have been made on this undervalued biomass. This review summarizes the seasonal differences of intrinsic metabolites and pays special attention to the most critical bioactive and flavor compounds, including polyphenols, theanine, and caffeine. Additionally, meaningful and profound methods to transform abandon-plucked fresh tea leaves into high-value products are reviewed. In summer and autumn, tea plants accumulate much more phenols than in spring, especially epigallocatechin gallate (galloyl catechin), anthocyanins (catechin derivatives), and proanthocyanidins (polymerized catechins). Vigorous carbon metabolism induced by high light intensity and temperature in summer and autumn also accumulates carbohydrates, such as soluble sugars and cellulose. The characteristics of abandon-plucked tea leaves make them not ideal raw materials for tea, but suitable for novel tea products like beverages and food ingredients using traditional or hybrid technologies such as enzymatic transformation, microbial fermentation, formula screening, and extraction, with the abundant polyphenols in summer and autumn tea serving as prominent flavor and bioactive contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daniel Granato
- Bioactivity and Applications Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jian-Hui Ye
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun-Feng Yin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Zheng X, Lim PK, Mutwil M, Wang Y. A method for mining condition-specific co-expressed genes in Camellia sinensis based on k-means clustering. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:373. [PMID: 38714965 PMCID: PMC11077725 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the world's most important beverage crops, tea plants (Camellia sinensis) are renowned for their unique flavors and numerous beneficial secondary metabolites, attracting researchers to investigate the formation of tea quality. With the increasing availability of transcriptome data on tea plants in public databases, conducting large-scale co-expression analyses has become feasible to meet the demand for functional characterization of tea plant genes. However, as the multidimensional noise increases, larger-scale co-expression analyses are not always effective. Analyzing a subset of samples generated by effectively downsampling and reorganizing the global sample set often leads to more accurate results in co-expression analysis. Meanwhile, global-based co-expression analyses are more likely to overlook condition-specific gene interactions, which may be more important and worthy of exploration and research. RESULTS Here, we employed the k-means clustering method to organize and classify the global samples of tea plants, resulting in clustered samples. Metadata annotations were then performed on these clustered samples to determine the "conditions" represented by each cluster. Subsequently, we conducted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) separately on the global samples and the clustered samples, resulting in global modules and cluster-specific modules. Comparative analyses of global modules and cluster-specific modules have demonstrated that cluster-specific modules exhibit higher accuracy in co-expression analysis. To measure the degree of condition specificity of genes within condition-specific clusters, we introduced the correlation difference value (CDV). By incorporating the CDV into co-expression analyses, we can assess the condition specificity of genes. This approach proved instrumental in identifying a series of high CDV transcription factor encoding genes upregulated during sustained cold treatment in Camellia sinensis leaves and buds, and pinpointing a pair of genes that participate in the antioxidant defense system of tea plants under sustained cold stress. CONCLUSIONS To summarize, downsampling and reorganizing the sample set improved the accuracy of co-expression analysis. Cluster-specific modules were more accurate in capturing condition-specific gene interactions. The introduction of CDV allowed for the assessment of condition specificity in gene co-expression analyses. Using this approach, we identified a series of high CDV transcription factor encoding genes related to sustained cold stress in Camellia sinensis. This study highlights the importance of considering condition specificity in co-expression analysis and provides insights into the regulation of the cold stress in Camellia sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghai Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Peng Ken Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Wang Q, Hu GL, Qiu MH, Cao J, Xiong WY. Coffee, tea, and cocoa in obesity prevention: Mechanisms of action and future prospects. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100741. [PMID: 38694556 PMCID: PMC11061710 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a major public health problem, causes numerous complications that threaten human health and increase the socioeconomic burden. The pathophysiology of obesity is primarily attributed to lipid metabolism disorders. Conventional anti-obesity medications have a high abuse potential and frequently deliver insufficient efficacy and have negative side-effects. Hence, functional foods are regarded as effective alternatives to address obesity. Coffee, tea, and cocoa, three widely consumed beverages, have long been considered to have the potential to prevent obesity, and several studies have focused on their intrinsic molecular mechanisms in past few years. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which the bioactive ingredients in these three beverages counteract obesity from the aspects of adipogenesis, lipolysis, and energy expenditure (thermogenesis). The future prospects and challenges for coffee, tea, and cocoa as functional products for the treatment of obesity are also discussed, which can be pursued for future drug development and prevention strategies against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education), Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Gui-Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China (Ministry of Education), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Yong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education), Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
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Tian X, Wang H, Chen L, Yuan H, Peng C, Wang W. Distinct Changes in Metabolic Profile and Sensory Quality with Different Varieties of Chrysanthemum (Juhua) Tea Measured by LC-MS-Based Untargeted Metabolomics and Electronic Tongue. Foods 2024; 13:1080. [PMID: 38611384 PMCID: PMC11011348 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum tea, a typical health tea with the same origin as medicine and food, is famous for its unique health benefits and flavor. The taste and sensory quality of chrysanthemum (Juhua) tea are mainly determined by secondary metabolites. Therefore, the present research adopted untargeted metabolomics combined with an electronic tongue system to analyze the correlation between the metabolite profiles and taste characteristics of different varieties of chrysanthemum tea. The results of sensory evaluation showed that there were significant differences in the sensory qualities of five different varieties of chrysanthemum tea, especially bitterness and astringency. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that there were significant metabolic differences among the five chrysanthemum teas. A total of 1775 metabolites were identified by using untargeted metabolomics based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis. According to the variable importance in projection (VIP) values of the orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), 143 VIP metabolites were found to be responsible for metabolic changes between Huangju and Jinsi Huangju tea; among them, 13 metabolites were identified as the key metabolites of the differences in sensory quality between them. Kaempferol, luteolin, genistein, and some quinic acid derivatives were correlated with the "astringency" attributes. In contrast, l-(-)-3 phenyllactic acid and L-malic acid were found to be responsible for the "bitterness" and "umami" attributes in chrysanthemum tea. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that the flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis pathways had important effects on the sensory quality of chrysanthemum tea. These findings provide the theoretical basis for understanding the characteristic metabolites that contribute to the distinctive sensory qualities of chrysanthemum tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Tian
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Material Medical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (X.T.); (H.W.); (L.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.)
- Department of Food and Drug Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Hunan Province Xiangnan Area Authentic Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yongzhou 425600, China
| | - Haodong Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Material Medical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (X.T.); (H.W.); (L.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.)
| | - Liang Chen
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Material Medical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (X.T.); (H.W.); (L.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.)
| | - Hanwen Yuan
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Material Medical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (X.T.); (H.W.); (L.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.)
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Hunan Province Xiangnan Area Authentic Chinese Medicinal Materials, Yongzhou 425600, China
| | - Caiyun Peng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Material Medical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (X.T.); (H.W.); (L.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.)
- Confucius Institute, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Material Medical Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (X.T.); (H.W.); (L.C.); (H.Y.); (C.P.)
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8
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Zhang J, Yu Y, Qian X, Zhang X, Li X, Sun X. Recent Advances in the Specialized Metabolites Mediating Resistance to Insect Pests and Pathogens in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:323. [PMID: 38276780 PMCID: PMC10818678 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Tea is the second most popular nonalcoholic beverage consumed in the world, made from the buds and young leaves of the tea plants (Camellia sinensis). Tea trees, perennial evergreen plants, contain abundant specialized metabolites and suffer from severe herbivore and pathogen attacks in nature. Thus, there has been considerable attention focusing on investigating the precise function of specialized metabolites in plant resistance against pests and diseases. In this review, firstly, the responses of specialized metabolites (including phytohormones, volatile compounds, flavonoids, caffeine, and L-theanine) to different attacks by pests and pathogens were compared. Secondly, research progress on the defensive functions and action modes of specialized metabolites, along with the intrinsic molecular mechanisms in tea plants, was summarized. Finally, the critical questions about specialized metabolites were proposed for better future research on phytohormone-dependent biosynthesis, the characteristics of defense responses to different stresses, and molecular mechanisms. This review provides an update on the biological functions of specialized metabolites of tea plants in defense against two pests and two pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Y.); (X.Q.); (X.Z.); (X.L.)
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9
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Wang Q, Zhang M, Guo Q, Wu C, Sun L. Predation evaluation of the green lacewing, Chrysopa pallens on the pink tea mite pest, Acaphylla theae (Watt) ( Acarina: Eriophyidae). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1307579. [PMID: 38152250 PMCID: PMC10751929 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1307579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of predator-prey interactions is crucial for the development of biological control strategies. The green lacewing, Chrysopa pallens, is a well-known generalist predator and reportedly functions as one of the most important biological control agents of insect pests. However, information regarding C. pallens' predation on tea plant pests, particularly notorious tea mites, remains largely unknown. In this study, we focused on the predator-prey relationship between C. pallens and an important tea mite pest, Acaphylla theae. We designed species-specific primers for the detection of A. theae DNA and established a PCR-based DNA gut content analysis assay. These results demonstrated that the primers were A. theae-specific and suitable for its molecular identification. The laboratory feeding experiment showed that the detectability success (DS50) of A. theae DNA remaining in C. pallens' guts was 2.9 h. We then performed a molecular detection of field predation, and achieved a 23.53% positive detection rate of A. theae DNA in the guts of field-collected C. pallens. This, for the first time, provides direct evidence that C. pallens can prey on A. theae in tea plantations. Finally, we tested the prey preference and estimated the predation ability of C. pallens on different developmental stages of A. theae. The results revealed that C. pallens had no significant preference for different developmental stages of A. theae. The functional responses of C. pallens' predation on different densities of A. theae at different developmental stages followed a Type II Holling model. The initial attack rate (a') ranged from 0.735 to 0.858 and the handling time (Th) was approximately 0.01. This study is the first to demonstrate the trophic interactions between C. pallens and A. theae and provides evidence for the development of biological control strategies against A. theae using C. pallens as a candidate predator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyu Guo
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenxin Wu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Ye K, Shen W, Zhao Y. External application of brassinolide enhances cold resistance of tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) by integrating calcium signals. PLANTA 2023; 258:114. [PMID: 37943407 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Exogenous brassinolide can activate the expression of key genes in the calcium signalling pathway to enhance cold resistance of tea plants. Brassinolide is an endogenous sterol phytohormone containing multiple hydroxyl groups that has the important function of improving plant cold resistance and alleviating freeze damage. To explore the molecular mechanism of how brassinolide improves the cold resistance of tea plants, "Qiancha 1" was used as the material, and the method of spraying brassinolide on the leaves was adopted to explore its effects on the tea plants under 4 °C low-temperature treatment. The results showed that brassinolide can significantly increase the protective enzyme activity of tea plants under cold stress and reduce cold damage. At the transcriptome level, brassinolide significantly enhanced the expression of key genes involved in calcium signal transduction, Calmodulin (CaM), Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) and calmodulin-binding transcriptional activators (CAMTA), which then activated the downstream key genes transcriptional regulator CBF1 (CBF1) and transcription factor ICE1 (ICE1) during cold induction. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT‒PCR) results showed that the expression of these genes was significantly induced after treatment with brassinolide, especially CaM and CBF1. When calcium signalling was inhibited, the upregulated expression of CBF1 and ICE1 disappeared, and when CAMTA was knocked down, the expression of other genes under cold stress was also significantly reduced. The above results indicate that brassinolide combined with the calcium signalling pathway can improve the cold resistance of tea plants. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the study of the cold resistance mechanism of brassinolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Tea Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Weijian Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Tea Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yichen Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Tea Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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11
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Zagoskina NV, Zubova MY, Nechaeva TL, Kazantseva VV, Goncharuk EA, Katanskaya VM, Baranova EN, Aksenova MA. Polyphenols in Plants: Structure, Biosynthesis, Abiotic Stress Regulation, and Practical Applications (Review). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13874. [PMID: 37762177 PMCID: PMC10531498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds or polyphenols are among the most common compounds of secondary metabolism in plants. Their biosynthesis is characteristic of all plant cells and is carried out with the participation of the shikimate and acetate-malonate pathways. In this case, polyphenols of various structures are formed, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and various oligomeric and polymeric compounds of phenolic nature. Their number already exceeds 10,000. The diversity of phenolics affects their biological activity and functional role. Most of their representatives are characterized by interaction with reactive oxygen species, which manifests itself not only in plants but also in the human body, where they enter through food chains. Having a high biological activity, phenolic compounds are successfully used as medicines and nutritional supplements for the health of the population. The accumulation and biosynthesis of polyphenols in plants depend on many factors, including physiological-biochemical, molecular-genetic, and environmental factors. In the review, we present the latest literature data on the structure of various classes of phenolic compounds, their antioxidant activity, and their biosynthesis, including their molecular genetic aspects (genes and transfactors). Since plants grow with significant environmental changes on the planet, their response to the action of abiotic factors (light, UV radiation, temperature, and heavy metals) at the level of accumulation and composition of these secondary metabolites, as well as their metabolic regulation, is considered. Information is given about plant polyphenols as important and necessary components of functional nutrition and pharmaceutically valuable substances for the health of the population. Proposals on promising areas of research and development in the field of plant polyphenols are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V. Zagoskina
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.Z.); (T.L.N.); k.v.- (V.V.K.); (E.A.G.); (V.M.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Maria Y. Zubova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.Z.); (T.L.N.); k.v.- (V.V.K.); (E.A.G.); (V.M.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Tatiana L. Nechaeva
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.Z.); (T.L.N.); k.v.- (V.V.K.); (E.A.G.); (V.M.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Varvara V. Kazantseva
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.Z.); (T.L.N.); k.v.- (V.V.K.); (E.A.G.); (V.M.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Evgenia A. Goncharuk
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.Z.); (T.L.N.); k.v.- (V.V.K.); (E.A.G.); (V.M.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Vera M. Katanskaya
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.Z.); (T.L.N.); k.v.- (V.V.K.); (E.A.G.); (V.M.K.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Ekaterina N. Baranova
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia;
- All Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Aksenova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (M.Y.Z.); (T.L.N.); k.v.- (V.V.K.); (E.A.G.); (V.M.K.); (M.A.A.)
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12
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Qu H, Long Y, Wang X, Wang K, Chen L, Yang Y, Chen L. Diversity and Abundance of Bacterial and Fungal Communities Inhabiting Camellia sinensis Leaf, Rhizospheric Soil, and Gut of Agriophara rhombata. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2188. [PMID: 37764032 PMCID: PMC10536862 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Agriophara rhombata is a tea leaf moth that is considered one of the most destructive pests of Camellia sinensis (tea plant). Several recent studies have shown that many insects acquire part of the microbiome from their host and soil, but the pattern and diversity of their microbiome have not been clearly demonstrated. The present study aimed to investigate the bacterial and fungal communities present in the rhizospheric soil and leaf of tea plant compared to the gut of tea moth at different developmental stages (larvae, pupae, adult female and male) using Illumina MiSeq technology. Alpha diversity (Shannon index) showed higher (p < 0.05) bacterial and fungal diversity in soil samples than in leaf and tea moth larvae, pupae, and adult gut samples. However, during different developmental stages of tea moth, bacterial and fungal diversity did not differ (p > 0.05) between larvae, pupae, female, and male guts. Beta diversity also revealed more distinct bacterial and fungal communities in soil and leaf samples compared with tea moth gut samples, which had a more similar microbiome. Furthermore, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Tenericutes were detected as the dominant bacterial phyla, while Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota were the most abundant fungal phyla among all groups, but their relative abundance was comparatively higher (p < 0.05) in soil and leaf samples compared to tea moth gut samples. Similarly, Klebsiella, Streptophyta, and Enterococcus were the top three bacterial genera, while Candida, Aureobasidium, and Strelitziana were the top three fungal genera, and their relative abundance varied significantly (p < 0.05) among all groups. The KEGG analysis also revealed significantly higher (p < 0.5) enrichment of the functional pathways of bacterial communities in soil and leaf samples than in tea moth gut samples. Our study concluded that the bacterial and fungal communities of soil and tea leaves were more diverse and were significantly different from the tea moth gut microbiome at different developmental stages. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the gut microbiota of the tea moth and its potential application in the development of pest management techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Qu
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650000, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China
| | - Yaqin Long
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650000, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650000, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China
| | - Kaibo Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650000, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China
| | - Long Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650000, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China
| | - Yunqiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Linbo Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650000, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Science, Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai 666201, China
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13
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Liang X, Cai J, Fan Y. Causal association between tea intake and risk for gout: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Genet 2023; 14:1220931. [PMID: 37519890 PMCID: PMC10374259 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1220931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gout, an increasingly prevalent form of inflammatory arthritis, is caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints, resulting in severe pain, swelling and stiffness that adversely affect physical, mental and emotional wellbeing. The management of gout requires a combination of medication and lifestyle modifications. Recent studies suggest that tea intake may reduce the risk of developing gout; however, further research is needed to establish a causal relationship. Methods: In this study, we employed a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, utilizing genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics, to investigate the causal association between increased tea intake and gout. We meticulously selected instrumental variables (IVs) based on rigorous criteria and employed five different MR methods. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q statistic, and pleiotropy was evaluated using the MR Egger intercept and MR-PRESSO tests. Weak IVs were identified using F values. The Phenoscanner database was consulted to exclude single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with confounding factors or outcomes. Results: The study included one dataset related to tea intake (ukb-b-6066) and three datasets related to gout (ukb-b-12765, finn-b-M13_GOUT, and finn-b-GOUT_STRICT). Our forward MR analysis suggest a causal relationship between increased tea intake and reduced risk of gout in all three gout-related datasets [OR (95% CI): 0.9966 (0.9938-0.9993), p = 0.0167; 0.4842 (0.2683-0.8737), p-value = 0.0160; and 0.4554 (0.2155-0.9623), p = 0.0393, respectively]. The reveres MR showed increased risk of gout (ukb-b-12765) was significantly associated with low tea intake according to the IVW analysis [OR (95% CI): 0.0062 (0.0002-0.154), p = 0.0020]. However, this association was not observed in the Finn-b-M13_GOUT and Finn-b-GOUT_STRICT [OR (95% CI): 0.9992 (0.9909-1.0075), p = 0.8453 and OR (95% CI): 0.9996 (0.9932-1.0059), p = 0.8896, respectively]. No significant heterogeneity or potential pleiotropy was detected, and the possibility of weak IVs was also excluded. Conclusion: Our MR analysis suggest a causal relationship between genetically predicted tea intake and a decreased risk of gout. These findings underscore the potential advantages of increasing tea intake for preventing gout. However, further research is needed to validate these results and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuchao Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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14
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Metabolic Variations among Three New Tea Varieties Cultivated in Shandong, China. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061299. [PMID: 36981225 PMCID: PMC10048610 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultivar identification is a necessary step in tea breeding programs. Rapid identification methods would greatly improve these breeding processes. To preliminarily identify the three new Lucha tea varieties (LC6, LC7, and LC17) cultivated in Shandong, we measured their main agronomic characters and biochemical components. Then, we analyzed the metabolic profiles of these tea varieties and Fuding Dabaicha (FD) using a UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system. Their biochemical components indicated that the Lucha varieties had excellent varietal characteristics, with higher amino acid contents. Furthermore, secondary metabolism changed a lot in the Lucha tea varieties compared with that in the FD, with their accumulations of flavonoids and phenolic acids showing significant differences. These differential flavonoids were dominated by flavones and flavanone, flavonols, flavonoid carbonosides, and flavanols monomer. Flavanols especially, including epicatechin glucoside, epicatechin-3-(3″-O-methyl)gallate, epigallocatechin-3-O-(3,5-O-dimethyl)gallate, and epitheaflavic acid-3-O-Gallate, showed higher levels in the Lucha varieties. The phenolic acids containing caffeoyl groups showed higher levels in the Lucha varieties than those in the FD, while those containing galloyl groups showed a reverse pattern. Nitrogen metabolism, including amino acids, also showed obvious differences between the Lucha varieties and FD. The differential amino acids were mainly higher in the Lucha varieties, including 5-L-glutamyl-L-amino acid, N-monomethyl-L-arginine, and N-α-acetyl-L-ornithine. By using these approaches, we found that LC6, LC7, and LC17 were excellent varieties with a high yield and high quality for making green teas in Shandong.
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15
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Yang G, Meng Q, Shi J, Zhou M, Zhu Y, You Q, Xu P, Wu W, Lin Z, Lv H. Special tea products featuring functional components: Health benefits and processing strategies. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1686-1721. [PMID: 36856036 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The functional components in tea confer various potential health benefits to humans. To date, several special tea products featuring functional components (STPFCs) have been successfully developed, such as O-methylated catechin-rich tea, γ-aminobutyric acid-rich tea, low-caffeine tea, and selenium-rich tea products. STPFCs have some unique and enhanced health benefits when compared with conventional tea products, which can meet the specific needs and preferences of different groups and have huge market potential. The processing strategies to improve the health benefits of tea products by regulating the functional component content have been an active area of research in food science. The fresh leaves of some specific tea varieties rich in functional components are used as raw materials, and special processing technologies are employed to prepare STPFCs. Huge progress has been achieved in the research and development of these STPFCs. However, the current status of these STPFCs has not yet been systematically reviewed. Here, studies on STPFCs have been comprehensively reviewed with a focus on their potential health benefits and processing strategies. Additionally, other chemical components with the potential to be developed into special teas and the application of tea functional components in the food industry have been discussed. Finally, suggestions on the promises and challenges for the future study of these STPFCs have been provided. This paper might shed light on the current status of the research and development of these STPFCs. Future studies on STPFCs should focus on screening specific tea varieties, identifying new functional components, evaluating health-promoting effects, improving flavor quality, and elucidating the interactions between functional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaozhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Meng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengxue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiushuang You
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenliang Wu
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Ren N, Gong W, Zhao Y, Zhao DG, Xu Y. Innovation in sweet rice wine with high antioxidant activity: Eucommia ulmoides leaf sweet rice wine. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1108843. [PMID: 36704789 PMCID: PMC9871602 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1108843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The dried leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., which have a high nutritional value, are mainly used in both medicine and food. In this study, we used Eucommia ulmoides leaf superfine powder as an additive in the fermentation of glutinous rice (Semen Oryzae Glutinosae) to develop a new healthcare product, Eucommia leaf sweet rice wine. The fermentation conditions were optimized, and the nutrient value was evaluated through analyses of metabolites, functional compositions, antioxidant capacity, and antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and antihypertensive abilities. The metabolic analysis demonstrated that Eucommia leaf sweet rice wine contained a large number of flavonoids and other metabolites. Eucommia leaf sweet rice wine had higher contents of flavonoid (729.0 ± 0.11 μg/g), free amino acids (55.0 ± 0.37 μg/g), polyphenol (150.0 ± 0.43 μg/g), and polysaccharide (0.25 ± 0.03 μg/g) than traditional sweet rice wine, with increases of 14.7, 2.6, 6.8, and 6.3 times, respectively. In addition, an analysis of antioxidant capacity in vitro revealed that Eucommia leaf sweet rice wine had a high level of activity in scavenging 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as in reducing iron, indicating that it was a strong antioxidant. Furthermore, Eucommia leaf sweet rice wine had a high cholate binding capacity and could significantly inhibit α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. In conclusion, this study developed a new application of Eucommia leaf in sweet rice wine fermentation and brewed Eucommia leaf sweet rice wine with strong antioxidant activity and positive antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic effects in vitro. This study suggests new opportunities for the wider use of Eucommia ulmoides leaves and adds variety to sweet rice wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ren
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Weiwei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yichen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China,*Correspondence: Yichen Zhao ✉
| | - De-gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China,Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China,De-gang Zhao ✉
| | - Yiwen Xu
- Guizhou Sauce Wine Group Liquor Production Co., Ltd., Guiyang, China
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17
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Chen Y, Li Y, Shen C, Xiao L. Topics and trends in fresh tea ( Camellia sinensis) leaf research: A comprehensive bibliometric study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1092511. [PMID: 37089662 PMCID: PMC10118041 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1092511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is a widely cultivated cash crop and tea is a favorite functional food in the world. Fresh tea leaves (FTLs) play a critical role in bridging the two fields closely related to tea cultivation and tea processing, those are, tea plant biology and tea biochemistry. To provide a comprehensive overview of the development stages, authorship collaboration, research topics, and hotspots and their temporal evolution trends in the field of FTLs research, we conducted a bibliometric analysis, based on 971 publications on FTLs-related research published during 2001-2021 from Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace, R package Bibliometrix, and VOSviewer were employed in this research. The results revealed that the development history can be roughly divided into three stages, namely initial stage, slow development stage and rapid development stage. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry published most articles in this field, while Frontiers in Plant Science held the highest total citations and h-index. The most influential country, institution, and author in this field was identified as China, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Xiaochun Wan, respectively. FTLs-related research can be categorized into three main topics: the regulation mechanism of key genes, the metabolism and features of essential compounds, and tea plants' growth and stress responses. The most concerning hotspots are the application of advanced technologies, essential metabolites, leaf color variants, and effective cultivation treatments. There has been a shift from basic biochemical and enzymatic studies to studies of molecular mechanisms that depend on multi-omics technologies. We also discussed the future development in this field. This study provides a comprehensive summary of the research field, making it easier for researchers to be informed about its development history, status, and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiQin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - YunFei Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - ChengWen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Chengwen Shen, ; Lizheng Xiao,
| | - LiZheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Chengwen Shen, ; Lizheng Xiao,
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18
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Wan C, Ouyang J, Li M, Rengasamy KRR, Liu Z. Effects of green tea polyphenol extract and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications: Recent advances. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5719-5747. [PMID: 36533409 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2157372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the major non-communicable diseases accounting for millions of death annually and increasing economic burden. Hyperglycemic condition in diabetes creates oxidative stress that plays a pivotal role in developing diabetes complications affecting multiple organs such as the heart, liver, kidney, retina, and brain. Green tea from the plant Camellia sinensis is a common beverage popular in many countries for its health benefits. Green tea extract (GTE) is rich in many biologically active compounds, e.g., epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), which acts as a potent antioxidant. Recently, several lines of evidence have shown the promising results of GTE and EGCG for diabetes management. Here, we have critically reviewed the effects of GTE and EGCC on diabetes in animal models and clinical studies. The concerns and challenges regarding the clinical use of GTE and EGCG against diabetes are also briefly discussed. Numerous beneficial effects of green tea and its catechins, particularly EGCG, make this natural product an attractive pharmacological agent that can be further developed to treat diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpeng Wan
- Research Center of Tea and Tea Culture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Research Center of Tea and Tea Culture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry (LNPMC), Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wang P, Gu M, Yu X, Shao S, Du J, Wang Y, Wang F, Chen S, Liao Z, Ye N, Zhang X. Allele-specific expression and chromatin accessibility contribute to heterosis in tea plants (Camellia sinensis). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1194-1211. [PMID: 36219505 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterosis is extensively used to improve crop productivity, yet its allelic and chromatin regulation remains unclear. Based on our resolved genomes of the maternal TGY and paternal HD, we analyzed the contribution of allele-specific expression (ASE) and chromatin accessibility of JGY and HGY, the artificial hybrids of oolong tea with the largest cultivated area in China. The ASE genes (ASEGs) of tea hybrids with maternal-biased were mainly related to the energy and terpenoid metabolism pathways, whereas the ASEGs with paternal-biased tend to be enriched in glutathione metabolism, and these parental bias of hybrids may coordinate and lead to the acquisition of heterosis in more biological pathways. ATAC-seq results showed that hybrids have significantly higher accessible chromatin regions (ACRs) compared with their parents, which may confer broader and stronger transcriptional activity of genes in hybrids. The number of ACRs with significantly increased accessibility in hybrids was much greater than decreased, and the associated alleles were also affected by differential ACRs across different parents, suggesting enhanced positive chromatin regulation and potential genetic effects in hybrids. Core ASEGs of terpene and purine alkaloid metabolism pathways with significant positive heterosis have greater chromatin accessibility in hybrids, and were potentially regulated by several members of the MYB, DOF and TRB families. The binding motif of CsMYB85 in the promoter ACR of the rate-limiting enzyme CsDXS was verified by DAP-seq. These results suggest that higher numbers and more accessible ACRs in hybrids contribute to the regulation of ASEGs, thereby affecting the formation of heterotic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjie Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mengya Gu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xikai Yu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Shuxian Shao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiayin Du
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yibin Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Feiquan Wang
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian, 354300, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Zhenyang Liao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Naixing Ye
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
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Adsorption Behavior of the L-Theanine onto Cation Exchange Resin ZGSPC106Na and D001SD. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223625. [PMID: 36429218 PMCID: PMC9689365 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adsorption is an important technology for the separation of different tea components. The adsorption behavior of L-theanine onto adsorbents was comprehensively studied in this paper. Among tested adsorbents, cation exchange resin ZGSPC106Na and D001SD were suitable for separating L-theanine, PVPP and PA-6 for catechins and macroporous resin HPD-400 for caffeine. Adsorption of L-theanine onto the cation resins was significantly influenced by the acidity, contact time and temperature. The adsorption behavior could be described by the pseudo-second-order rate equation and fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models. ZGSPC106Na exhibited higher adsorption capacity, while D001SD showed higher adsorption selectivity. These might be attributed to the distinctive structure of the two resins and different ionization of the adsorbates. A method for simultaneous preparation of decaffeinated polyphenols, caffeine-enriched extract and decaffeinated L-theanine was established through successive separation on the columns fulfilled with PA-6, HPD-400 and D001SD, respectively.
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Li J, Xiao Y, Zhou X, Liao Y, Wu S, Chen J, Qian J, Yan Y, Tang J, Zeng L. Characterizing the cultivar-specific mechanisms underlying the accumulation of quality-related metabolites in specific Chinese tea (Camellia sinensis) germplasms to diversify tea products. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Goncharuk EA, Zubova MY, Nechaeva TL, Kazantseva VV, Gulevich AA, Baranova EN, Lapshin PV, Katanskaya VM, Aksenova MA, Zagoskina NV. Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on In Vitro Cultures of Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) Grown in the Dark and in the Light: Morphology, Content of Malondialdehyde, and Accumulation of Various Polyphenols. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196674. [PMID: 36235213 PMCID: PMC9572957 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) are phenol-accumulating crops that are widely used for public health. The healing effect of tea leaf products is due to the biosynthesis of such phenolic compounds (PCs) as flavans, which have P-vitamin capillary-strengthening activity. Due to their limited habitat and the value of their specialized metabolites of a phenolic nature, a promising approach is to establish in vitro cultures from them that retain the ability to form PCs, which is characteristic of ex vivo tea plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenic H2O2 (0.01 mM; 0.1 mM; 1 mM) on the growth, morphology, degree of stress response, and accumulation of various phenolic compounds in tea plant callus cultures of different ages (24 or 36 days) grown under different cultivation conditions (darkness or light). According to the results obtained, the H2O2 effect on tea callus cultures of different ages did not cause changes in their morphophysiological characteristics, both after 2 h of exposure (rapid response of callus culture, RRCC) and after 48 h (delayed response of callus culture, DRCC). The determination of the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, which serves as an indicator of changes in the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the presence of stress responses in plant cells, indicated either its maintenance at the control level, a decrease, or an increase. All these effects depended on the growth conditions of the tea callus cultures (darkness or light), their age, the duration of exposure (rapid or delayed response), and the H2O2 concentration. Similar trends were noted for the total content of PCs as well as the amount of flavans, proanthocyanidins (soluble and insoluble forms), and lignin. The plant cell responses reflected changes in its adaptation programs, when specialized metabolites act as a target for the action of H2O2, thereby contributing to an increase in their resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia A. Goncharuk
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.A.G.); (A.A.G.); (N.V.Z.)
| | - Maria Yu. Zubova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana L. Nechaeva
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Varvara V. Kazantseva
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Gulevich
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.A.G.); (A.A.G.); (N.V.Z.)
| | - Ekaterina N. Baranova
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127550 Moscow, Russia
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr V. Lapshin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera M. Katanskaya
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Aksenova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Zagoskina
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.A.G.); (A.A.G.); (N.V.Z.)
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Aktar S, Bai P, Wang L, Xun H, Zhang R, Wu L, He M, Cheng H, Wang L, Wei K. Identification of a BAHD Acyltransferase Gene Involved in Plant Growth and Secondary Metabolism in Tea Plants. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192483. [PMID: 36235354 PMCID: PMC9572432 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant acyl-CoA dominated acyltransferases (named BAHD) comprise a large appointed protein superfamily and play varied roles in plant secondary metabolism like synthesis of modified anthocyanins, flavonoids, volatile esters, etc. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an important non-alcoholic medicinal and fragrancy plant synthesizing different secondary metabolites, including flavonoids. In the tea (C.A sinensis) cultivar Longjing 43 (LJ43), eight samples were performed into three groups for transcriptome analysis under three biological replications. Among the BAHD acyltransferase genes in tea cultivars, the expression of TEA031065 was highest in buds and young leaves following the RNA sequencing data, which was coincident with the tissue rich in catechins and other flavonoids. We then transformed this gene into wild-type Arabidopsis as an over-expression (OX) line 1 and line 2 in ½ MS media to verify its function. In the wild types (WT), the primary root length, number of secondary roots, and total root weight were significantly higher at 24%, 15%, and 53.92%, respectively, compared to the transgenic lines (OX1 and OX2). By contrast, the leaves displayed larger rosettes (21.58%), with higher total leaf weight (32.64%) in the transgenic lines than in the wild type (WT). This result is consistent with DCR mutant At5g23940 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, anthocyanin content in transgenic lines was also increased (21.65%) as compared to WT. According to the RNA sequencing data, a total of 22 growth regulatory genes and 31 structural genes with TFs (transcription factors) that are correlative with plant growth and anthocyanin accumulation were identified to be differentially expressed in the transgenic lines. It was found that some key genes involved in IAA (Auxin) and GA (Gibberellin) biosynthesis were downregulated in the transgenic lines, which might be correlated with the phenotype changes in roots. Moreover, the upregulation of plant growth regulation genes, such as UGT73C4 (zeatin), ARR15, GH3.5, ETR2, ERS2, APH4, and SAG113 might be responsible for massive leaf growth. In addition, transgenic lines shown high anthocyanin accumulation due to the upregulation of the (1) 3AT1 and (3) GSTF, particularly, GSTF12 genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. However, the TFs such as, CCoAMT, bHLH, WRKY, CYP, and other MYBs were also significantly upregulated in transgenic lines, which increased the content of anthocyanins in A. thaliana seedlings. In conclusion, a BAHD acyltransferase (TEA031065) was identified, which might play a vital role in tea growth and secondary metabolites regulation. This study increases our knowledge concerning the combined functionality of the tea BAHD acyltransferase gene (TEA031065).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Aktar
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peixian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liubin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hanshuo Xun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Mengdi He
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (K.W.); Tel.:+86-571-86650575 (L.W.); +86-13656637415 (K.W.)
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou 310008, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (K.W.); Tel.:+86-571-86650575 (L.W.); +86-13656637415 (K.W.)
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24
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Zhou B, Chen Y, Zeng L, Cui Y, Li J, Tang H, Liu J, Tang J. Soil nutrient deficiency decreases the postharvest quality-related metabolite contents of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) leaves. Food Chem 2022; 377:132003. [PMID: 35008025 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.132003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The long-term cultivation of tea plants without fertilization can severely decrease yield, but it remains unclear whether this soil nutrient deficiency affects tea quality. In this study, tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) cultivated in unfertilized soil for 11 years were analyzed. The soil nutrient deficiency down-regulated protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase-encoding gene expression, which adversely affected chlorophyll biosynthesis, ultimately leading to leaf etiolation. Because of decreased synthesis and increased degradation in response to nutrient deficiency, l-theanine content decreased to 11.4% of the control level, which increased the phenol-ammonia ratio and decreased taste quality. Soil nutrient deficiency also decreased the abundance of many aroma compounds (e.g., green leaf volatile, linalool and its oxides, and methyl salicylate). Thus, nutrient deficiency adversely influences tea color, taste, and aroma. This study provides researchers and tea growers with important information regarding the effects of soil nutrient deficiency on tea quality and the rational fertilization of tea gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yiyong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yingying Cui
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jinchi Tang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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25
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Zhao S, Cheng H, Xu P, Wang Y. Regulation of biosynthesis of the main flavor-contributing metabolites in tea plant ( Camellia sinensis): A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10520-10535. [PMID: 35608014 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the process of adapting to the environment, tea plants (Camellia sinensis) endow tea with unique flavor and health functions, which should be attributed to secondary metabolites, including catechins, L-theanine, caffeine and terpene volatiles. Since the content of these flavor-contributing metabolites are mainly determined by the growth of tea plant, it is very important to understand their alteration and regulation mechanisms. In the present work, we first summarize the distribution, change characteristics of the main flavor-contributing metabolites in different cultivars, organs and under environmental stresses of tea plant. Subsequently, we discuss the regulating mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites based on the existing evidence. Finally, we propose the remarks and perspectives on the future study relating flavor-contributing metabolites. This review would contribute to the acceleration of research on the characteristic secondary metabolites and the breeding programs in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Cheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Yang J, Gu D, Wu S, Zhou X, Chen J, Liao Y, Zeng L, Yang Z. Feasible strategies for studying the involvement of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the stress-induced formation of quality-related metabolites in tea (Camellia sinensis). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:253. [PMID: 34848699 PMCID: PMC8632975 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tea plants are subjected to multiple stresses during growth, development, and postharvest processing, which affects levels of secondary metabolites in leaves and influences tea functional properties and quality. Most studies on secondary metabolism in tea have focused on gene, protein, and metabolite levels, whereas upstream regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we exemplify DNA methylation and histone acetylation, summarize the important regulatory effects that epigenetic modifications have on plant secondary metabolism, and discuss feasible research strategies to elucidate the underlying specific epigenetic mechanisms of secondary metabolism regulation in tea. This information will help researchers investigate the epigenetic regulation of secondary metabolism in tea, providing key epigenetic data that can be used for future tea genetic breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Dachuan Gu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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27
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Wang Y, Shi Y, Li K, Yang D, Liu N, Zhang L, Zhao L, Zhang X, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T, Wang P. Roles of the 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Superfamily in the Flavonoid Pathway: A Review of the Functional Diversity of F3H, FNS I, FLS, and LDOX/ANS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216745. [PMID: 34771153 PMCID: PMC8588099 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-OGD) superfamily is one of the largest protein families in plants. The main oxidation reactions they catalyze in plants are hydroxylation, desaturation, demethylation, epimerization, and halogenation. Four members of the 2-OGD superfamily, i.e., flavonone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H), flavones synthase I (FNS I), flavonol synthase (FLS), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)/leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), are present in the flavonoid pathway, catalyzing hydroxylation and desaturation reactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress on these proteins, from the discovery of their enzymatic activity, to their functional verification, to the analysis of the response they mediate in plants towards adversity. Substrate diversity analysis indicated that F3H, FNS Ⅰ, ANS/LDOX, and FLS perform their respective dominant functions in the flavonoid pathway, despite the presence of functional redundancy among them. The phylogenetic tree classified two types of FNS Ⅰ, one mainly performing FNS activity, and the other, a new type of FNS present in angiosperms, mainly involved in C-5 hydroxylation of SA. Additionally, a new class of LDOXs is highlighted, which can catalyze the conversion of (+)-catechin to cyanidin, further influencing the starter and extension unit composition of proanthocyanidins (PAs). The systematical description of the functional diversity and evolutionary relationship among these enzymes can facilitate the understanding of their impacts on plant metabolism. On the other hand, it provides molecular genetic evidence of the chemical evolution of flavonoids from lower to higher plants, promoting plant adaptation to harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yufeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Dong Yang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Nana Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (T.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (T.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Peiqiang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.W.); (K.L.); (D.Y.); (N.L.); (L.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (T.X.); (P.W.)
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