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Zhang T, Ye H, Pang X, Liu X, Hu Y, Wang Y, Zheng C, Jiao J, Xu X. Seafood intake in childhood/adolescence and the risk of obesity: results from a Nationwide Cohort Study. Nutr J 2024; 23:77. [PMID: 39010085 PMCID: PMC11251353 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity has been linked to various detrimental health consequences. While there is established evidence of a negative correlation between seafood consumption and obesity in adults, the current research on the association between seafood intake in childhood/adolescence and the risk of obesity is lacking. Our aim was to evaluate the association between seafood intake in childhood/adolescence and the risk of obesity in a Chinese nationwide cohort. METHODS We utilized data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from the year of 1997 to 2015. Seafood consumption was evaluated through 3-day 24-hour recalls. In our study, overweight/obesity status was determined based on the Chinese Criteria of Overweight and Obesity in School-age Children and Adolescents (WS/T 586-2018), while abdominal obesity status was determined according to the Chinese Criteria of Waist Circumference Screening Threshold among Children and Adolescents (WS/T 611-2018). RESULTS During an average follow-up of 7.9 years, 404 cases developed overweight/obesity among 2206 participants in the seafood-overweight/obesity analysis, while 381 cases developed abdominal obesity among 2256 participants in the seafood-abdominal-obesity analysis. The high-consumer group was associated with 35% lower risk of overweight/obesity risk and 26% lower risk of abdominal obesity after fully adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, compared with the non-consumer group. Considering different cooking methods, boiled seafood consumption was associated with 43% lower risk of overweight/obesity and 23% lower risk of abdominal obesity in the fully adjusted model, while stir-fried seafood did not demonstrate a statistical significance. CONCLUSION Higher intake of seafood in childhood/adolescents, particularly in a boiled way, was associated with lower obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqin Pang
- Department of Endocrinology, Haiyan People's Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yepeng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyou Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Chen Y, Gao Y, Chen Y, Wang Z, Xu H, Hu F, Cai Y. Association between Dietary Patterns and All-Cause Mortality in the Chinese Old: Analysis of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey Cohort. Nutrients 2024; 16:1605. [PMID: 38892538 PMCID: PMC11174105 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Diet is one of the most important ways to intervene and promote the health of older adults and reduce all-cause mortality. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary patterns and all-cause mortality in the Chinese old. This study involved 11,958 subjects aged 65-116 years in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) from 2008 to 2018. Dietary patterns were derived from principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation. Four dietary patterns were derived: the 'milk-egg-sugar pattern', 'carnivorous pattern', 'healthy pattern', and 'northeastern pattern'. Cox proportional hazard models were built for males and females separately to estimate the relationship between different dietary patterns and all-cause mortality. After adjusting for all covariates, the milk-egg-sugar pattern played a reverse role in mortality risk in males and females in different quartiles. In the carnivorous pattern, only males in the fourth quartile were observed to have a significantly reduced mortality risk (HR = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77-0.93)). Both genders benefited from the healthy pattern, which consistently lowered mortality risk across all quartiles (males: HR = 0.87 (95% CI: 0.84-0.89); females: HR = 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92-0.97)). The northeastern pattern also showed an inverse association with all-cause mortality in males (HR = 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92-0.97)) and females (HR = 0.96 (95% CI: 0.93-0.98)). This study showed the association between dietary patterns and all-cause mortality in the Chinese old, which is significant for further quantitative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Chen
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.C.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
- Department of Public Health, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200050, China;
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Public Health, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200050, China;
| | - Yexin Chen
- School of Management, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Zuxin Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.C.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Huifang Xu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (Y.C.); (Z.W.); (H.X.)
| | - Fan Hu
- Department of Public Health, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200050, China;
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Public Health, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200050, China;
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Santillana Farakos SM, Heilman J, Abt E, Dennis S. Approaches to risk-benefit assessment of seafood consumption: lessons learned from an evidence scan. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1290680. [PMID: 38425480 PMCID: PMC10902146 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1290680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative risk-benefit assessments (RBA) can be used to support public health decisions in food safety. We conducted an evidence scan to understand the state of the science regarding RBA in seafood to help inform seafood dietary advice in the United States. We collected published RBA studies assessing seafood consumption, designed inclusion and exclusion criteria to screen these studies, and conducted systematic data extraction for the relevant studies published since 2019. Our findings indicate the selection of health risks and benefits does not generally follow a systematic approach. Uncertainty and variability in RBAs is often not addressed, and quantitative RBAs making use of a single health metric generally have not been leveraged to directly support published regulatory decisions or dietary guidance. To elevate the role of RBA in supporting regulatory decision-making, risk assessors and risk managers must work together to set expectations and goals. We identified the need for a prioritization phase (e.g., multicriteria decision analysis model) to determine the risks and benefits of greatest public health impact to inform the RBA design. This prioritization would consider not only the degree of public health impact of each risk and benefit, but also the potential for risks and benefits to converge on common health outcomes and their importance to subpopulations. Including a prioritization could improve the utility of the RBAs to better inform risk management decisions and advance public health. Our work serves to guide the United States Food and Drug Administration's approaches to RBA in foods.
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Fiolet T, Nicolas G, Casagrande C, Horvath Z, Frenoy P, Weiderpass E, Gunter MJ, Manjer J, Sonestedt E, Palli D, Simeon V, Tumino R, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Huerta JM, Rodriguez-Barranco M, Abilleira E, Sacerdote C, Schulze MB, Heath AK, Rylander C, Skeie G, Nøst TH, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Pala V, Kvaskoff M, Huybrechts I, Mancini FR. Dietary intakes of dioxins and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and mortality: EPIC cohort study in 9 European countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 255:114287. [PMID: 37989047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic, endocrine disruptors and persistent chemicals for which the main exposure source is diet due to their bioaccumulation and biomagnification in food chains. Cohort studies in the general populations have reported inconsistent associations between these chemicals in serum/plasma and mortality. Our objective was to study the association between dietary intake of 17 dioxins and 35 PCBs and all-cause, cancer-specific and cardiovascular-specific mortalities were assessed in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Dietary intake of dioxins and PCBs was assessed combining EPIC food consumption data with European food contamination data provided by the European Food Safety Authority. We applied multivariable Cox regressions. The analysis included 451,390 adults (mean ± SD age:51.1 ± 9.7 years) with 46,627 deaths and a median follow-up of 17.4 years (IQR = 15.2-19.1). A U-shaped non-linear association with all-cause mortality for dietary intake of dioxins (Pnon-linearity<0.0001), DL-PCB (Pnon-linearity = 0.0001), and NDL-PCBs (Pnon-linearity<0.01) was observed. For example, the hazard ratios (95%Confidance interval) for all-cause mortality obtained with the spline model was equal to 1.03 (1.02-1.05) for low levels of intake to dioxins (7 pg TEQ/day), 0.93 (0.90-0.96) for moderate levels of intake (25 pg TEQ/day), while for high levels of intake (55 pg TEQ/day) it was 1.03 (0.97-1.09). Intake of dioxins, DL-PCBs and NDL-PCBs was not associated with cardiovascular mortality. There was no association between intakes of dioxins and cancer mortality, but a U-shaped association was observed for intake of DL-PCBs and intakes of NDL-PCBs and cancer mortality. The PCBs and dioxins are known to have endocrine disrupting properties which can lead to non-monotonic dose responses. These results need to be interpreted with caution and further studies are needed to better clarify the association between dietary intake of dioxins and PCB and mortality in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Fiolet
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805, Villejuif, France; European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Geneviève Nicolas
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Corinne Casagrande
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Zsuzsanna Horvath
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Pauline Frenoy
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Jonas Manjer
- Dept. Surgery, Skåne University Hospital Malmö. Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emily Sonestedt
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Vittorio Simeon
- Dipartimento di salute mentale e fisica e medicina preventive, Vanvitelli University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Hyblean Association for Cancer Epidemiology, AIRE ONLUS, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - José María Huerta
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodriguez-Barranco
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), 18011, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Eunate Abilleira
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Directorate for Public Health and Addictions, Public Health Laboratory in Gipuzkoa, San Sebastián, Spain; Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Epidemiology of Chronic and Communicable Diseases Group, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Via Santena 7, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Alicia K Heath
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotta Rylander
- Department of Community Medicine, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center Diet, Cancer and Health, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center Diet, Cancer and Health, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit. Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Kvaskoff
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, CEDEX 08, 69372, Lyon, France
| | - Francesca Romana Mancini
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" Team, CESP, F-94805, Villejuif, France.
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Lehel J, Magyar M, Palotás P, Abonyi-Tóth Z, Bartha A, Budai P. To Eat or Not to Eat?-Food Safety Aspects of Essential Metals in Seafood. Foods 2023; 12:4082. [PMID: 38002139 PMCID: PMC10670376 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The popularity of seafoods is high due to their superb dietary properties and healthy composition. However, it is crucial to understand whether they adequately contribute to our essential nutritional needs. Small amounts of essential metals are indispensable in the human body to proper physiological functioning; their deficiency can manifest in various sets of symptoms that can only be eliminated with their intake during treatment or nutrition. However, the excessive consumption of metals can induce undesirable effects, or even toxicosis. Shellfish, oyster, and squid samples were collected directly from a fish market. After sample preparation, the concentration of essential metals (cobalt, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc) was detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. The results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and two-sample t-tests. The average concentration of the investigated essential elements and the calculated burden based on the consumption were below the Recommended Dietary Allowances and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. Based on these results, the trace element contents of the investigated seafoods do not cover the necessary recommended daily intake of them, but their consumption poses no health hazard due to their low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Lehel
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Magyar
- Department of Food Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Péter Palotás
- The Fishmarket Fish Trading Company, Törökbálinti u. 23, 2040 Budaörs, Hungary;
| | - Zsolt Abonyi-Tóth
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - András Bartha
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2., 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Péter Budai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Georgikon Campus, Deák F. u. 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
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Hirshfeld B, Lavelle K, Lee KY, Atwill ER, Kiang D, Bolkenov B, Gaa M, Li Z, Yu A, Li X, Yang X. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Vibrio spp. and Enterococcus spp. in retail shrimp in Northern California. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1192769. [PMID: 37455729 PMCID: PMC10338826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1192769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp is one of the most consumed seafood products globally. Antimicrobial drugs play an integral role in disease mitigation in aquaculture settings, but their prevalent use raises public health concerns on the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms. Vibrio spp., as the most common causative agents of seafood-borne infections in humans, and Enterococcus spp., as an indicator organism, are focal bacteria of interest for the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in seafood. In this study, 400 samples of retail shrimp were collected from randomly selected grocery stores in the Greater Sacramento, California, area between September 2019 and June 2020. The prevalence of Vibrio spp. and Enterococcus spp. was 60.25% (241/400) and 89.75% (359/400), respectively. Subsamples of Vibrio (n = 110) and Enterococcus (n = 110) isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Vibrio isolates had high phenotypic resistance to ampicillin (52/110, 47.27%) and cefoxitin (39/110, 35.45%). Enterococcus were most frequently resistant to lincomycin (106/110, 96.36%), quinupristin-dalfopristin (96/110, 87.27%), ciprofloxacin (93/110, 84.55%), linezolid (86/110, 78.18%), and erythromycin (58/110, 52.73%). For both Vibrio and Enterococcus, no significant associations were observed between multidrug resistance (MDR, resistance to ≥3 drug classes) in isolates from farm raised and wild caught shrimp (p > 0.05) and in isolates of domestic and imported origin (p > 0.05). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of a subset of Vibrio isolates (n = 42) speciated isolates as primarily V. metschnikovii (24/42; 57.14%) and V. parahaemolyticus (12/42; 28.57%), and detected 27 unique antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) across these isolates, most commonly qnrVC6 (19.05%, 8/42), dfrA31 (11.90%, 5/42), dfrA6 (9.5%, 4/42), qnrVC1 (9.5%, 4/42). Additionally, WGS predicted phenotypic resistance in Vibrio isolates with an overall sensitivity of 11.54% and specificity of 96.05%. This study provides insights on the prevalence and distribution of AMR in Vibrio spp. and Enterococcus spp. from retail shrimp in California which are important for food safety and public health and exemplifies the value of surveillance in monitoring the spread of AMR and its genetic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Hirshfeld
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kurtis Lavelle
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Katie Yen Lee
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Edward Robert Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David Kiang
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, United States
| | - Bakytzhan Bolkenov
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Megan Gaa
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Zhirong Li
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, United States
| | - Alice Yu
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, United States
| | - Xunde Li
- Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xiang Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Chen Z, Zhan X, Zhang J, Diao J, Su C, Sun Q, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Bi R, Ye M, Wang T. Bioaccumulation and risk mitigation of legacy and novel perfluoroalkyl substances in seafood: Insights from trophic transfer and cooking method. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:108023. [PMID: 37301048 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have widespread application in industrial and civil areas due to their unique physical and chemical properties. With the increasingly stringent regulations of legacy PFAS, various novel alternatives have been developed and applied to meet the market demand. Legacy and novel PFAS pose potential threats to the ecological safety of coastal areas, however, little is known about their accumulation and transfer mechanism, especially after cooking treatment. This study investigated the biomagnification and trophic transfer characteristics of PFAS in seafood from the South China Sea, and assessed their health risks after cooking. Fifteen target PFAS were all detected in the samples, of which perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was dominant with concentrations ranging from 0.76 to 4.12 ng/g ww. Trophic magnification factors (TMFs) > 1 were observed for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid (F-53B), indicating that these compounds experienced trophic magnification in the food web. The effects of different cooking styles on PFAS occurrence were further explored and the results suggested that ΣPFAS concentrations increased in most organisms after baking, while ΣPFAS amounts decreased basically after boiling and frying. Generally, there is a low health risk of exposure to PFAS when cooked seafood is consumed. This work provided quantitative evidence that cooking methods altered PFAS in seafood. Further, suggestions to mitigate the health risks of consuming PFAS-contaminated seafood were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xinyi Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Academic of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Jieyi Diao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Chuanghong Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Qiongping Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Academic of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Ran Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Mai Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Academic of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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Wei Z, Li W, Lei C, Caixia A, Chuan Z, Jianqin W. Maternal seafood consumption and fetal growth: a birth cohort study in urban China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:253. [PMID: 37055723 PMCID: PMC10099888 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05431-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seafood is a good source of essential fatty acids which has a presumably beneficial effect on developing embryos and fetuses, although it is also a source of contaminants. In this context, pregnant women are faced with conflicting reports on the risk and benefits of seafood consumption. This study aims to assess whether the consumption of seafood during pregnancy was associated with fetal growth in an inland city in China. METHODS This study included 10,179 women who delivered a singleton live birth in Lanzhou, China. Seafood consumption was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Maternal data including birth outcomes and maternal complications information is extracted from the medical records. Associations between seafood consumption and fetal growth indicators were analyzed using multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS There was a positive association between total seafood consumption and birth weight (β = 0.027, 95%CI:0.030-0.111) but no association concerning birth length or head circumference. Seafood consumption was associated with decreased risk of low birth weight (OR = 0.575, 95% CI: 0.480, 0.689). The frequency of seafood consumption during pregnancy showed a trend toward a positive association with low birth weight. Significantly reduced rates of low birth weight were found in women who consumed more than 75 g of seafood/week during pregnancy as compared to women with no or very low intakes (P for trend 0.021). A significant interaction was observed between pre-pregnancy BMI and seafood consumption on birth weight among underweight women, but not among overweight women. Gestational weight gain partially mediated the association between seafood consumption and birth weight. CONCLUSIONS Maternal seafood consumption was associated with decreased risk of low birth weight and increased birth weight. This association was mainly driven by freshwater fish and shellfish. These results further corroborate the present dietary recommendation to the Chinese Nutrition Society for pregnant women, especially those with underweight pre-pregnancy BMI and inadequate GWG. In addition, our findings provide implications for future interventions to improve seafood consumption among pregnant women to prevent low birth weight babies in the inland city in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Wei
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82, Cui Yingmen, Linxia Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou City, 730050, Gansu Province, China
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, 143 North Road Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wang Li
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, 143 North Road Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu Province, China
| | - Cao Lei
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, 143 North Road Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu Province, China
| | - An Caixia
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, 143 North Road Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhang Chuan
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, 143 North Road Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wang Jianqin
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82, Cui Yingmen, Linxia Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou City, 730050, Gansu Province, China.
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9
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Budani MC, Tiboni GM. Nutrition, female fertility and in vitro fertilization outcomes. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 118:108370. [PMID: 37001829 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of modifiable factors that may exert influences on female reproductive health and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes is increasing. Growing attention is being paid to nutrition. The aim of the present review is to recapitulate the current understanding on the effects of nutrition on female fertility and IVF outcomes. In particular, the three main classes of macromolecules have been analysed i.e. carbohydrates, proteins and fatty acids. An increasing number of studies have focused on the potential benefit of whole grain, vegetables and omega-3 polynsatured fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on reproductive outcomes. Controversial results exist regarding the consumption of omega-6 (ω-6) PUFAs and dairy. Overall, nutrition appears to represent a modifiable factor that may play a significant role in the context of female reproduction and IVF outcomes, but the limited number of studies and the discrepancies between the available data call for further research in the area.
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10
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Boué G, Hoekstra J, Pires SM, Naska A. Editorial: Risk-benefit assessment of foods: Advances in public health. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1089870. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1089870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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Boué G, Ververis E, Niforou A, Federighi M, Pires SM, Poulsen M, Thomsen ST, Naska A. Risk–Benefit assessment of foods: Development of a methodological framework for the harmonized selection of nutritional, microbiological, and toxicological components. Front Nutr 2022; 9:951369. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.951369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the impact of diet on public health using risk–benefit assessment (RBA) methods that simultaneously consider both beneficial and adverse health outcomes could be useful for shaping dietary policies and guidelines. In the field of food safety and nutrition, RBA is a relatively new approach facing methodological challenges and being subject to further developments. One of the methodological aspects calling for improvement is the selection of components to be considered in the assessment, currently based mainly on non-harmonized unstandardized experts’ judgment. Our aim was to develop a harmonized, transparent, and documented methodological framework for selecting nutritional, microbiological, and toxicological RBA components. The approach was developed under the Novel foods as red meat replacers—an insight using Risk-Benefit Assessment methods (NovRBA) case study, which attempted to estimate the overall health impact of replacing red meat with an edible insect species, Acheta domesticus. Starting from the compositional profiles of both food items, we created a “long list” of food components. By subsequently applying a series of predefined criteria, we proceeded from the “long” to the “short list.” These criteria were established based on the occurrence and severity of health outcomes related to these components. For nutrition and microbiology, the occurrence of health outcomes was evaluated considering the presence of a component in the raw material, as well as the effect of processing on the respective component. Regarding toxicology, the presence and exposure relative to reference doses and the contribution to total exposure were considered. Severity was graded with the potential contribution to the background diet alongside bioavailability aspects (nutrition), the disability-adjusted life years per case of illness of each hazard (microbiology), and disease incidence in the population, potential fatality, and lifelong disability (toxicology). To develop the “final list” of components, the “short list” was refined by considering the availability and quality of data for a feasible inclusion in the RBA model. The methodology developed can be broadly used in food RBA, to guide and reinforce a harmonized selection of nutritional, microbiological, and toxicological components and will contribute to facilitating RBA implementation, enabling the generation of transparent, robust, and comparable outcomes.
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12
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Threshold values on environmental chemical contaminants in seafood in the European Economic Area. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Exposure to Toxic Metals and Health Risk Assessment through Ingestion of Canned Sardines Sold in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137678. [PMID: 35805336 PMCID: PMC9266115 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in the environment is increasing, which can be a danger to public health. Fish exposed to contaminated environments tend to have higher concentrations of some metals in their tissues. Monitoring these elements remains urgent as it is a matter of global concern. Canned sardines from the Brazilian market were analyzed for elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) of metals and metalloids, including some toxic, using inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry (ICP OES) in two types of sardines (preserved in oil and tomato sauce) from five different brands. The results were compared to limit levels for consumption set by FAO/WHO. Moreover, we assessed the associated risk regarding the elemental intake of these elements through the samples, using the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR). All samples had unfavorable HQ and HI, primarily due to arsenic content. In the same manner, CR for arsenic was above the proposed limit of 10−4, and cadmium and chromium, which were within the acceptable limit (10−6 to 10−4), require attention. These results show that chronic consumption of canned sardines sold in Brazil is unsafe, and quality surveillance is needed to ensure there is no risk to the population that ingests these products.
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Poultry Meat and Eggs as an Alternative Source of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Human Nutrition. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091969. [PMID: 35565936 PMCID: PMC9099610 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) on human health are widely known. Humans are rather inefficient in synthesizing n-3 LC-PUFA; thus, these compounds should be supplemented in the diet. However, most Western human diets have unbalanced n-6/n-3 ratios resulting from eating habits and the fact that fish sources (rich in n-3 LC-PUFA) are not sufficient (worldwide deficit ~347,956 t/y) to meet the world requirements. In this context, it is necessary to find new and sustainable sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. Poultry products can provide humans n-3 LC-PUFA due to physiological characteristics and the wide consumption of meat and eggs. The present work aims to provide a general overview of the main strategies that should be adopted during rearing and postproduction to enrich and preserve n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The strategies include dietary supplementation of α-Linolenic acid (ALA) or n-3 LC-PUFA, or enhancing n-3 LC-PUFA by improving the LA (Linoleic acid)/ALA ratio and antioxidant concentrations. Moreover, factors such as genotype, rearing system, transport, and cooking processes can impact the n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The use of a multifactorial view in the entire production chain allows the relevant enrichment and preservation of n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products.
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15
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Mantovani A, Aquilina G, Cubadda F, Marcon F. Risk-Benefit Assessment of Feed Additives in the One Health Perspective. Front Nutr 2022; 9:843124. [PMID: 35223963 PMCID: PMC8866873 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.843124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Safety and sustainability of animal feeds is a pillar of the safety of the entire food chain. Feed additive assessment incorporates consumer safety as well as animal health and welfare, which, in turn, can affect productivity and hence food security. The safety of feed users and the environment are other important components of the assessment process which, therefore, builds on a One Health perspective. In several instances the assessment entails a balanced assessment of benefits and risks for humans, animals and/or the environment. Three case studies are selected to discuss issues for a consistent framework on Risk-Benefit Assessment (RBA) of feed additives, based on EFSA opinions and literature: (a) Supplementation of feeds with trace elements with recognized human toxicity (cobalt, iodine) - RBA question: can use levels, hence human exposure, be reduced without increasing the risk of deficiency in animals?; (b) Aflatoxin binders in dairy animals - RBA question: can the use reduce the risk for human health due to aflatoxin M1, without unexpected adverse effects for animals or humans?; (c) Use of formaldehyde as preservative in feedstuffs to prevent microbial contamination - RBA question: is the reduction of microbiological risks outweighed by risks for the consumers, farmed animals or the workers? The case studies indicate that the safety of use of feed additives can involve RBA considerations which fit into a One Health perspective. As in other RBA circumstances, the main issues are defining the question and finding “metrics” that allow a R/B comparison; in the case of feed additives, R and B may concern different species (farm animals and humans). A robust assessment of animal requirements, together with sustainability considerations, might be a significant driving force for a RBA leading to a safe and effective use.
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16
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Masiá P, Ardura A, Garcia-Vazquez E. Microplastics in seafood: relative input of Mytilus galloprovincialis and table salt in mussel dishes. Food Res Int 2022; 153:110973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.110973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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A vision on the ‘foodture’ role of dietary exposure sciences in the interplay between food safety and nutrition. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Boehm E, Borzekowski D, Ververis E, Lohmann M, Böl GF. Communicating Food Risk-Benefit Assessments: Edible Insects as Red Meat Replacers. Front Nutr 2022; 8:749696. [PMID: 34977112 PMCID: PMC8716732 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.749696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk-benefit Assessment (RBA) is an emerging methodology in the area of Food and Nutrition that offers a simultaneous evaluation of both risks and benefits linked to dietary choices. Communication of such research to consumers may present a challenge due to the dual nature of RBA. We present a case study of a communication strategy developed for the NovRBA-project. The NovRBA-project (Novel foods as red meat replacers—an insight using Risk Benefit Assessment methods) performed a risk-benefit assessment to evaluate the overall health impact of substituting red meat (beef) by a novel food (house cricket), considering the microbial, toxicological and nutritional characteristics of the respective dietary choices. A literature review of risk perceptions and acceptance of beef and insects as food formed the basis of the communication strategy for the study's results, drawing on environmental and emotional as well as health-related motivations to consume or avoid either food and considering the sociodemographic characteristics of likely consumers. Challenges and future directions for consumer protection organizations communicating findings of risk-benefit analyses on food safety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Boehm
- Department Risk Communication, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dan Borzekowski
- Department Risk Communication, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ermolaos Ververis
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy.,School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Mark Lohmann
- Department Risk Communication, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gaby-Fleur Böl
- Department Risk Communication, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Malcorps W, Newton RW, Sprague M, Glencross BD, Little DC. Nutritional Characterisation of European Aquaculture Processing By-Products to Facilitate Strategic Utilisation. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.720595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainability analyses of aquaculture typically ignore the fate and value of processing by-products. The aim of this study was to characterise the nutritional content of the common processing by-products (heads, frames, trimmings, skin, and viscera) of five important finfish species farmed in Europe; Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and turbot (Psetta maxima) to inform on best utilisation strategies. Our results indicate a substantially higher total flesh yield (64–77%) can be achieved if fully processed, compared to fillet only (30–56%). We found that heads, frames, trimmings and skin from Atlantic salmon, European seabass, gilthead seabream and turbot frames showed medium to high edible yields, medium to high lipid, and medium to high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content, indicating significant potential for direct use in human food. By-products which are unattractive for use in food directly but have low ash content and medium to high crude protein, lipid and EPA and DHA content, such as viscera, could be directed to animal feed. Skin showed interesting nutritional values, but has more potential in non-food applications, such as the fashion, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The results indicate potential to increase the direct food, animal feed and non-food value of European aquaculture, without an increase in production volumes or the use of additional resources. The importance of changing consumer perceptions and addressing infrastructure and legislative barriers to maximise utilisation is emphasised.
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Ferraris F, Iacoponi F, Raggi A, Baldi F, Fretigny M, Mantovani A, Cubadda F. Essential and toxic elements in sustainable and underutilized seafood species and derived semi-industrial ready-to-eat products. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 154:112331. [PMID: 34118348 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou), pouting (Trisopterus luscus) and common dab (Limanda limanda) are underutilized fish species attractive in terms of sustainability. However, there is limited information about their nutritional characteristics as well as potential presence of environmental contaminants. Specimens caught in European waters were characterised for their content of essential and toxic elements. The three species, along with common carp and blue mussels, relevant for sustainable production too, were employed as raw materials for the development of semi-industrial ready-to-eat products. Calcium, copper, iodine, iron, selenium, zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury, and nickel were determined by ICP-MS, whereas methylmercury was determined by HPLC-ICP-MS. These two techniques were also used to determine arsenic and inorganic arsenic, respectively, in blue mussel and derived products. Differences in element contents were related to the biology and ecology of the examined species. Intake of nutrients and exposure to contaminants were assessed in relation to the relevant DRVs and HBGVs, respectively. All the species were found to be valuable dietary sources of selenium. Pouting was rich in iodine and mussels were good sources of iodine and iron. These two species had comparatively higher levels of mercury and lead, respectively. However, the levels of contaminants were generally of no concern in both raw materials and products. Iodine bioaccessibility was studied in blue whiting, a species with an intermediate iodine content, and found to be 98%. Selenium:mercury molar ratios were assessed and found to be favourable. The semi-industrial products were found to be good sources of selenium and many of them provided appreciable amounts of calcium, iron, copper and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferraris
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Institute of Health, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Iacoponi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Institute of Health, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Raggi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Institute of Health, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Baldi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Institute of Health, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Institute of Health, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cubadda
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità - National Institute of Health, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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