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Elhalis H, Chin XH, Chow Y. Soybean fermentation: Microbial ecology and starter culture technology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024; 64:7648-7670. [PMID: 36916137 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2188951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Fermented soybean products, including Soya sauce, Tempeh, Miso, and Natto have been consumed for decades, mainly in Asian countries. Beans are processed using either solid-state fermentation, submerged fermentation, or a sequential of both methods. Traditional ways are still used to conduct the fermentation processes, which, depending on the fermented products, might take a few days or even years to complete. Diverse microorganisms were detected during fermentation in various processes with Bacillus species or filamentous fungi being the two main dominant functional groups. Microbial activities were essential to increase the bean's digestibility, nutritional value, and sensory quality, as well as lower its antinutritive factors. The scientific understanding of fermentation microbial communities, their enzymes, and their metabolic activities, however, still requires further development. The use of a starter culture is crucial, to control the fermentation process and ensure product consistency. A broad understanding of the spontaneous fermentation ecology, biochemistry, and the current starter culture technology is essential to facilitate further improvement and meet the needs of the current extending and sustainable economy. This review covers what is currently known about these aspects and reveals the limited available information, along with the possible directions for future starter culture design in soybean fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosam Elhalis
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Nanos, Singapore, Singapore
- Food Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xin Hui Chin
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Nanos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yvonne Chow
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Nanos, Singapore, Singapore
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Khodakarami Fard Z, Shirazinejad A, Mohammadi M, Hashemi SMB. Molecular Cloning of the Extracellular Lipases of Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens Isolated from Agrifood Wastes. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 22:e3797. [PMID: 39220339 PMCID: PMC11364930 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2024.417315.3797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Background The lipase enzyme (EC: 3.1.1.3) is one of the most important catalysts in food, dairy, detergent, and textile industries. Objective This study was performed to identify, isolate and characterize of lipase producing bacterial strain from agrifood wastes and to identify and characterize of their lipase genes. Materials and Methods In the present study, two lipase-producing isolates were identified from the effluent of Golbahar meat products and Soveyda vegetable oil factories using in silico and in vitro approaches. Results The results of morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterizations showed that both lipase-producing isolates belong to the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens species. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results of phenotypic, biochemical, and molecular characterizations. The results showed differences between LipA and LipB in the Golbahar and Soveyda isolates. Three different amino acids (residues 14, 100, and 165) were observed in LipA and one different amino acid (residue 102) was detected in LipB extracellular lipases. The protein molecular weight of the two extracted lipases ranged from 20 to 25 kDa. The identified extracellular lipases also had different physicochemical features. The maximum lipase activity of the Golbahar and Soveyda isolates was observed at 45 °C and at the pH of 8, but the Golbahar isolates exhibited higher lipase activity compared to the Soveyda isolates. The Golbahar and Soveyda isolates exhibited different activities in the presence of some ions, inhibitors, denaturing agents, and organic solvents and the Golbahar isolates showed better lipase activity than the Soveyda isolates. Conclusions In this study, two extracellular lipase-producing isolates of B. amyloliquefaciens were identified from different food industries, and their characteristics were investigated. The results of various investigations showed that the lipases produced by the Golbahar isolate have better characteristics than the lipases of the Soveyda isolate. The Golbahar lipases have a suitable temperature and pH activity range and maintain their activity in the presence of some ions, inhibitors, denaturing agents, and organic solvents. After further investigation, the Golbahar isolate lipase can be used in various industries. In addition, this lipase can be used enzyme engineering processes and its activity can be arbitrarily changed by targeted mutations. The results of this study can increase our knowledge of extracellular lipases and may turn out to have industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khodakarami Fard
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sarvestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sarvestan, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirazinejad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sarvestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sarvestan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Elhalis H, See XY, Osen R, Chin XH, Chow Y. The potentials and challenges of using fermentation to improve the sensory quality of plant-based meat analogs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1267227. [PMID: 37860141 PMCID: PMC10582269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1267227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the advancements made in improving the quality of plant-based meat substitutes, more work needs to be done to match the texture, appearance, and flavor of real meat. This review aims to cover the sensory quality constraints of plant-based meat analogs and provides fermentation as a sustainable approach to push these boundaries. Plant-based meat analogs have been observed to have weak and soft textural quality, poor mouth feel, an unstable color, and unpleasant and beany flavors in some cases, necessitating the search for efficient novel technologies. A wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, as well as fungi like Fusarium venenatum and Neurospora intermedia, have improved the product texture to mimic fibrous meat structures. Additionally, the chewiness and hardness of the resulting meat analogs have been further improved through the use of Bacillus subtilis. However, excessive fermentation may result in a decrease in the final product's firmness and produce a slimy texture. Similarly, several microbial metabolites can mimic the color and flavor of meat, with some concerns. It appears that fermentation is a promising approach to modulating the sensory profiles of plant-derived meat ingredients without adverse consequences. In addition, the technology of starter cultures can be optimized and introduced as a new strategy to enhance the organoleptic properties of plant-based meat while still meeting the needs of an expanding and sustainable economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosam Elhalis
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Food Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xin Yi See
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raffael Osen
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Hui Chin
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yvonne Chow
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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Elhalis H, See XY, Osen R, Chin XH, Chow Y. Significance of Fermentation in Plant-Based Meat Analogs: A Critical Review of Nutrition, and Safety-Related Aspects. Foods 2023; 12:3222. [PMID: 37685155 PMCID: PMC10486689 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based meat analogs have been shown to cause less harm for both human health and the environment compared to real meat, especially processed meat. However, the intense pressure to enhance the sensory qualities of plant-based meat alternatives has caused their nutritional and safety aspects to be overlooked. This paper reviews our current understanding of the nutrition and safety behind plant-based meat alternatives, proposing fermentation as a potential way of overcoming limitations in these aspects. Plant protein blends, fortification, and preservatives have been the main methods for enhancing the nutritional content and stability of plant-based meat alternatives, but concerns that include safety, nutrient deficiencies, low digestibility, high allergenicity, and high costs have been raised in their use. Fermentation with microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Neurospora intermedia, and Rhizopus oryzae improves digestibility and reduces allergenicity and antinutritive factors more effectively. At the same time, microbial metabolites can boost the final product's safety, nutrition, and sensory quality, although some concerns regarding their toxicity remain. Designing a single starter culture or microbial consortium for plant-based meat alternatives can be a novel solution for advancing the health benefits of the final product while still fulfilling the demands of an expanding and sustainable economy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yvonne Chow
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (H.E.); (X.Y.S.); (R.O.); (X.H.C.)
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Enespa, Chandra P, Singh DP. Sources, purification, immobilization and industrial applications of microbial lipases: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6653-6686. [PMID: 35179093 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2038076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipase is looking for better attention with the fast growth of enzyme proficiency and other benefits like easy, cost-effective, and reliable manufacturing. Immobilized enzymes can be used repetitively and are incapable to catalyze the reactions in the system continuously. Hydrophobic supports are utilized to immobilize enzymes when the ionic strength is low. This approach allows for the immobilization, purification, stability, and hyperactivation of lipases in a single step. The diffusion of the substrate is more advantageous on hydrophobic supports than on hydrophilic supports in the carrier. These approaches are critical to the immobilization performance of the enzyme. For enzyme immobilization, synthesis provides a higher pH value as well as greater heat stability. Using a mixture of immobilization methods, the binding force between enzymes and the support rises, reducing enzyme leakage. Lipase adsorption produces interfacial activation when it is immobilized on hydrophobic support. As a result, in the immobilization process, this procedure is primarily used for a variety of industrial applications. Microbial sources, immobilization techniques, and industrial applications in the fields of food, flavor, detergent, paper and pulp, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel, derivatives of esters and amino groups, agrochemicals, biosensor applications, cosmetics, perfumery, and bioremediation are all discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enespa
- School for Agriculture, Sri Mahesh Prasad Post Graduate College, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prem Chandra
- Food Microbiology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Rani S, Kumari P, Poddar R, Chattopadhyay S. Study of lipase producing gene in wheat - an in silico approach. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:73. [PMID: 33999287 PMCID: PMC8128969 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze the hydrolysis of oil into free fatty acids and glycerol forming the 3rd largest group of commercialized enzymes. Plant lipases grab attention recently because of their specificity, less production and purified cost, and easy availability. In silico approach is the first step to identify different genes coding for lipase in a most common indigenous plant, wheat, to explore the possibility of this plant as an alternative source for commercial lipase production. As the hierarchy organization of genes reflects an ancient process of gene duplication and divergence, many of the theoretical and analytical tools of the phylogenetic systematics can be utilized for comparative genomic studies. Also, in addition to experimental identification and characterization of genes, for computational genomic analysis, Arabidopsis has become a popular strategy to identify crop genes which are economically important, as Arabidopsis genes had been well identified and characterized for lipase. A number of articles had been reported in which genes of wheat have shown strong homology with Arabidopsis. The complete genome sequences of rice and Arabidopsis constitute a valuable resource for comparative genome analysis as they are representatives of the two major evolutionary lineages within the angiosperms. Here, in this in silico approach, Arabidopsis and Oryza sativa serve as models for dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous species, respectively, and the genomic sequence data available was used to identify the lipase genes in wheat. RESULTS In this present study, Ensembl Plants database was explored for lipase producing gene present in wheat genome and 21 genes were screened down as they contain specific domain and motif for lipase (GXSXG). According to the evolutionary analysis, it was found that the gene TraesCS5B02G157100, located in 5B chromosome, has 58.35% sequence similarity with the reported lipase gene of Arabidopsis thaliana and gene TraesCS3A02G463500 located in the 3A chromosome has 51.74% sequence similarity with the reported lipase gene of Oryza sativa. Homology modeling was performed using protein sequences coded by aforementioned genes and optimized by molecular dynamic simulations. Further with the help of molecular docking of modeled structures with tributyrin, binding efficiency was checked, and the difference in energies (DE) was -9.83 kcal/mol and -6.67 kcal/mol, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present work provides a basic understanding of the gene-encoding lipase in wheat, which could be easily accessible and used as a potent industrial enzyme. The study enlightens another direction which can be used further to explore plant lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Rani
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Priya Kumari
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Raju Poddar
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Soham Chattopadhyay
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India.
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Zlatev R, Stoytcheva M, Gochev V, Velkova Z, Valdez B, Montero G. Rapid disposable lipase activity sensor for automatic industrial application. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1856719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roumen Zlatev
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México
| | - Margarita Stoytcheva
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México
| | - Velizar Gochev
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University “P. Hilendarski”, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Zdravka Velkova
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Benjamín Valdez
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México
| | - Gisela Montero
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, México
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Li J, Zhang Y, Wang P, Yu L, An J, Deng G, Sun Y, Seung Kim J. Reactive oxygen species, thiols and enzymes activable AIEgens from single fluorescence imaging to multifunctional theranostics. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lan K, Cai YM, Li LH, Zeng JM, Yu XG, Qu PH, Li HL, Liu YY, Chen L, Chen C, Huang B. Vogesella urethralis sp. nov., isolated from human urine, and emended descriptions of Vogesella perlucida and Vogesella mureinivorans. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:624-630. [PMID: 31697226 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Vogesella strain, YM-1T, was recovered from human urine in PR China in 2017. Cells of strain YM-1T were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating. The strain contained C16:1ω6c/C 16:1ω7c, C16:0 and C18:0ω7c as major fatty acids; phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospholipid as major polar lipids; and ubiquinone-8 as the predominant respiratory quinone. Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that this strain had highest similarities to Vogesella perlucida DS-28T (98.8 %) and Vogesella mureinivorans 389T (98.1 %). The results of phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the novel strain was clustered and well separated with V. perlucida DS-28T and V. mureinivorans 389T within the genus Vogesella. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and amino acid identity (AAI) analyses showed that this strain was not identified as V. perlucida DS-28T or V. mureinivorans 389T, with values well below the threshold limit for species demarcation (ANI <88.1 %, AAI <88.6 %). Based on the above results, strain YM-1T is proposed to be a novel species of the genus Vogesella with the name Vogesella urethralis sp. nov. (YM-1T=NBRC 113779=CGMCC 1.17135).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Yi-Mei Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Liang-Hui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Jian-Ming Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Xue-Gao Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Ping-Hua Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Hong-Lin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Yu-Yang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Liang Chen
- Hackensack-Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Cha Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, PR China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, PR China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
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Sandi J, Mata-Araya I, Aguilar F. Diversity of Lipase-Producing Microorganisms from Tropical Oilseeds Elaeis guineensis, Ricinus communis, and Jatropha curcas L. from Costa Rica. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:943-952. [PMID: 31982967 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tropical oleaginous seeds are an unexplored source for the discovery of novel lipolytic microorganisms, which could be applied to the bioremediation of agro-industrial oily wastes and solve numerous environmental issues. Such wastes hold potential to be revalorized towards a variety of products through microbial bioremediation. In this study, we investigate the microbial diversity and lipase activity from bacterial and fungal isolates obtained from the oil seeds of Elaeis guineensis, Ricinus communis, and Jatropha curcas L. from Costa Rica. A total of 27 strains were confirmed as lipase-producing strains via fluorogenic and colorimetric agar plate assays. The diversity of the isolates comprises 12 fungal ascomycetes from the genera Aspergillus and Fusarium and 15 bacterial isolates classified into four genera: Serratia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus. Microbial isolates from E. guineensis showed the highest diversity of lipolytic microorganisms (6 genera) followed by J. curcas (4 genera) and R. communis (2 genera). Isolates showing the highest activity in agar plates were tested further by submerged fermentation and the specific lipase activity was measured with 4-nitrophenyl laurate as substrate. Accordingly, the highest specific lipase activity was demonstrated by Bacillus pumilus B5 (24.98 U mg-1), Serratia marcescens B10 (17.65 U mg-1), Pseudomonas mendocina B16 (8.62 U mg-1), and Bacillus pumilus B1 (5.72 U mg-1) in submerged fermentation. These findings indicate the presence of a specialized microbial diversity in tropical oil seeds and highlight their potential to be applied in the bioremediation of agro-industrial oily wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sandi
- School of Biology, Costa Rican Institute of Technology, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Iray Mata-Araya
- Bioprocess Unit, National Center for Biotechnological Innovations of Costa Rica - CENIBiot, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Francisco Aguilar
- Bioprocess Unit, National Center for Biotechnological Innovations of Costa Rica - CENIBiot, San José, Costa Rica.
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Simple impedimetric sensor for rapid lipase activity quantification. Talanta 2019; 203:161-167. [PMID: 31202322 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid impedimetric sensor applicable for industrial lipase activity quantification was developed and characterized. It is based on the lipase catalyzed degradation by hydrolysis of a thin nanocomposite substrate sensitive layer deposited on a PCB stick electrode usable as disposable or regenerable. The sensitive layer degradation rate was evaluated by the impedance changes registration along time resulting from its thickness diminution applying a small amplitude AC voltage with a constant frequency. The AC current phase shift variations along the time caused by the impedance changes were registered as s sensor response. The sensor was characterized in terms of linear quantification range, LOD, precision and quantification time. The response time was found to be from 80 to 6 s for the linear concentration range from 0.99x10-2 to 1.68 U.S.P. U mL-1 with relative errors from 3.75% to 1.24% respectively and a LOD of 8x10-3 U.S.P. U mL-1. Finally, lipase spiked whey samples taken from milk industry were quantified and the results were validated by a titrimetric method revealing a good agreement (relative error less than 4.5%).
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Park MK, Seo JA, Kim YS. Comparative study on metabolic changes of Aspergillus oryzae isolated from fermented foods according to culture conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 307:108270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Isiaka Adetunji A, Olufolahan Olaniran A. Optimization of culture conditions for enhanced lipase production by an indigenousBacillus aryabhattaiSE3-PB using response surface methodology. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1514985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adegoke Isiaka Adetunji
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ademola Olufolahan Olaniran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, Republic of South Africa
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14
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Identification of lipolytic enzymes isolated from bacteria indigenous to Eucalyptus wood species for application in the pulping industry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 15:114-124. [PMID: 28794998 PMCID: PMC5545822 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phenol red screening plates is the best method for detecting lipolytic activity. Substrate specificity is affected by temperature and pH. Essential to test substrates at various pH and temperature to determine optima. Lipolytic enzymes indigenous to Eucalyptus sp. can assist in pitch control.
This study highlights the importance of determining substrate specificity at variable experimental conditions. Lipases and esterases were isolated from microorganisms cultivated from Eucalyptus wood species and then concentrated (cellulases removed) and characterized. Phenol red agar plates supplemented with 1% olive oil or tributyrin was ascertained to be the most favourable method of screening for lipolytic activity. Lipolytic activity of the various enzymes were highest at 45–61 U/ml at the optimum temperature and pH of between at 30–35 °C and pH 4–5, respectively. Change in pH influenced the substrate specificity of the enzymes tested. The majority of enzymes tested displayed a propensity for longer aliphatic acyl chains such as dodecanoate (C12), myristate (C14), palmitate (C16) and stearate (C18) indicating that they could be characterised as potential lipases. Prospective esterases were also detected with specificity towards acetate (C2), butyrate (C4) and valerate (C5). Enzymes maintained up to 95% activity at the optimal pH and temperature for 2–3 h. It is essential to test substrates at various pH and temperature when determining optimum activity of lipolytic enzymes, a method rarely employed. The stability of the enzymes at acidic pH and moderate temperatures makes them excellent candidates for application in the treatment of pitch during acid bi-sulphite pulping, which would greatly benefit the pulp and paper industry.
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15
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Functional characterization of recombinant major envelope protein (rB2L) of orf virus. Arch Virol 2016; 162:953-962. [PMID: 27995337 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Orf, or contagious ecthyma, a highly contagious transboundary disease of sheep and goats, is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus (ORFV) belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. The ORFV genome encodes the major envelope proteins B2L and F1L, which have been found to be highly immunogenic and have multiple functional characteristics. In order to investigate the functional properties of the B2L protein, in this study, the B2L gene of ORFV strain 59/05, encoding recombinant mature B2L (aa 1M-D334), was produced as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The functional characteristics of purified rB2L fusion protein (~60 kDa) were evaluated in vivo and in vitro, showing that this protein had lipase and immunomodulatory activities. Immunization trials involving laboratory animals (mice, rabbits and guinea pigs) using either constant or graded doses of rB2L fusion protein with or without adjuvants (FCA, alum) as well as co-administration with candidate rErns-Ag protein of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) indicated that the rB2L protein is immunogenic and has immunomodulatory properties. This study shows the potential utility of the rB2L protein as a safe and novel adjuvant in veterinary vaccine formulations.
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Vasiee A, Behbahani BA, Yazdi FT, Moradi S. Optimization of the production conditions of the lipase produced by Bacillus cereus from rice flour through Plackett-Burman Design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Microb Pathog 2016; 101:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Lipases from the genus Rhizopus : Characteristics, expression, protein engineering and application. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fan Y, Ortiz-Urquiza A, Garrett T, Pei Y, Keyhani NO. Involvement of a caleosin in lipid storage, spore dispersal, and virulence in the entomopathogenic filamentous fungus,Beauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4600-14. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Fan
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing Beibei China
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Almudena Ortiz-Urquiza
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Timothy Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine; College of Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing Beibei China
| | - Nemat O. Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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A Sensitive and Robust Method for Direct Determination of Lipolytic Activity in Natural Milk Environment. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lipase-Secreting Bacillus Species in an Oil-Contaminated Habitat: Promising Strains to Alleviate Oil Pollution. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:820575. [PMID: 26180812 PMCID: PMC4477129 DOI: 10.1155/2015/820575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are of great interest for different industrial applications due to their diversity and versatility. Among different lipases, microbial lipases are preferable due to their broad substrate specificity, and higher stability with lower production costs compared to the lipases from plants and animals. In the past, a vast number of bacterial species have been reported as potential lipases producers. In this study, the lipases-producing bacterial species were isolated from an oil spillage area in the conventional night market. Isolated species were identified as Bacillus species by biochemical tests which indicate their predominant establishment, and further screened on the agar solid surfaces using lipid and gelatin as the substrates. Out of the ten strains tested, four potential strains were subjected to comparison analysis of the lipolytic versus proteolytic activities. Strain 10 exhibited the highest lipolytic and proteolytic activity. In all the strains, the proteolytic activity is higher than the lipolytic activity except for strain 8, suggesting the possibility for substrate-based extracellular gene induction. The simultaneous secretion of both the lipase and protease is a mean of survival. The isolated bacterial species which harbour both lipase and protease enzymes could render potential industrial-based applications and solve environmental issues.
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Cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of lipase 3646 from thermophilic indigenous Cohnella sp. A01. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 109:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Murtaza MA, Ur-Rehman S, Anjum FM, Huma N, Hafiz I. Cheddar Cheese Ripening and Flavor Characterization: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1309-21. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.634531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gopinath SCB, Anbu P, Lakshmipriya T, Hilda A. Strategies to characterize fungal lipases for applications in medicine and dairy industry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:154549. [PMID: 23865040 PMCID: PMC3705982 DOI: 10.1155/2013/154549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are water-soluble enzymes that act on insoluble substrates and catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain triglycerides. Lipases play a vital role in the food, detergent, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. In the past, fungal lipases gained significant attention in the industries due to their substrate specificity and stability under varied chemical and physical conditions. Fungal enzymes are extracellular in nature, and they can be extracted easily, which significantly reduces the cost and makes this source preferable over bacteria. Soil contaminated with spillage from the products of oil and dairy harbors fungal species, which have the potential to secrete lipases to degrade fats and oils. Herein, the strategies involved in the characterization of fungal lipases, capable of degrading fatty substances, are narrated with a focus on further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash C. B. Gopinath
- Center for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
- Electronics and Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Periasamy Anbu
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Thangavel Lakshmipriya
- Department of Mathematics, SBK College, Madurai Kamaraj University, Aruppukottai, Tamil Nadu 626101, India
| | - Azariah Hilda
- Center for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
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Khusaini MS, Rahman RNZRA, Mohamad Ali MS, Leow TC, Basri M, Salleh AB. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of a thermostable organic solvent-tolerant lipase from Bacillus sp. strain 42. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:401-3. [PMID: 21393852 PMCID: PMC3053172 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An organic solvent-tolerant lipase from Bacillus sp. strain 42 was crystallized using the capillary-tube method. The purpose of studying this enzyme was in order to better understand its folding and to characterize its properties in organic solvents. By initially solving its structure in the native state, further studies on protein-solvent interactions could be performed. X-ray data were collected at 2.0 Å resolution using an in-house diffractometer. The estimated crystal dimensions were 0.09×0.19×0.08 mm. The crystal belonged to the monoclinic space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a=117.41, b=80.85, c=99.44 Å, β=96.40°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Saif Khusaini
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd. Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mahiran Basri
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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Maillard N, Babiak P, Syed S, Biswas R, Mandrich L, Manco G, Reymond JL. Five-Substrate Cocktail as a Sensor Array for Measuring Enzyme Activity Fingerprints of Lipases and Esterases. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1437-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102994n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noélie Maillard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Babiak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Salahuddin Syed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Rasomoy Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Mandrich
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
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Contesini FJ, da Silva VCF, Maciel RF, de Lima RJ, Barros FFC, de Oliveira Carvalho P. Response surface analysis for the production of an enantioselective lipase from Aspergillus niger by solid-state fermentation. J Microbiol 2009; 47:563-71. [PMID: 19851729 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The lipase produced by the Aspergillus niger strain AC-54 has been widely studied due to its enantioselectivity for racemic mixtures. This study aimed to optimize the production of this enzyme using statistical methodology. Initially a Plackett-Burman (PB) design was used to evaluate the effects of the culture medium components and the culture conditions. Twelve factors were screened: water content, glucose, yeast extract, peptone, olive oil, temperature, NaH(2)P0(4), KH(2)P0(4), MgS0(4)-7H(2)0, CaCl(2), NaCI, and MnS0(4). The screening showed that the significant factors were water content, glucose, yeast extract, peptone, NaH(2)P0(4), and KH(2)P0(4), which were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and a mathematical model obtained to explain the behavioral process. The best lipase activity was attained using the following conditions: water content (20%), glucose (4.8%), yeast extract (4.0%), and NaH2P04 (4.0%). The predicted lipase activity was 33.03 U/ml and the experimental data confirmed the validity of the model. The enzymatic activity was expressed as micromoles of oleic acid released per minute of reaction (micromol/min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Jares Contesini
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Yu XW, Wang LL, Xu Y. Rhizopus chinensis lipase: Gene cloning, expression in Pichia pastoris and properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Moncla BJ, Pryke KM. Oleate lipase activity in Gardnerella vaginalis and reconsideration of existing biotype schemes. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:78. [PMID: 19386125 PMCID: PMC2680412 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gardnerella vaginalis is a facultative gram positive organism that requires subculture every 1-2 days to maintain viability. It has been linked with bacterial vaginosis (BV), a syndrome that has been associated with increased risk for preterm delivery, pelvic inflammatory disease and HIV acquisition. About 10% of the G. vaginalis isolates have been reported to produce sialidase, but there have not been any studies relating sialidase production and biotype. Sialidase activity is dramatically increased in the vaginal fluid of women with BV and bacterial sialidases have been shown to increase the infectivity of HIV in vitro. There are 8 different biotypes of G. vaginalis. Biotypes 1-4 produce lipase and were reported to be associated with BV and the association of these biotypes with BV is under dispute. Other studies have demonstrated that G. vaginalis biotype 1 can stimulate HIV-1 production. Because of the discrepancies in the literature we compared the methods used to biotype G. vaginalis and investigated the relationship of biotype and sialidase production. RESULTS A new medium for maintenance of Gardnerella vaginalis which allows survival for longer than one week is described. Some isolates only grew well under anaerobic conditions. Sialidase producing isolates were observed in 5 of the 6 biotypes tested. Using 4-methylumbelliferyl-oleate to determine lipase activity, instead of egg yolk agar, resulted in erroneous biotypes and does not provide reliable results. CONCLUSION Previous studies associating G. vaginalis biotype with bacterial vaginosis were methodologically flawed, suggesting there is not an association of G. vaginalis biotypes and bacterial vaginosis. Sialidase activity was observed in 5 of the 8 biotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Moncla
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3180, USA.
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Kim JH, Jang KS, Yang YH, Kim YG, Lee JH, Oh MK, Kim BG, Lee CS. Rapid functional identification of putative genes based on the combined in vitro protein synthesis with mass spectrometry: A tool for functional genomics. Anal Biochem 2008; 375:11-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Cloning, purification and characterization of two lipases from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Enzyme Microb Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hasan F, Shah AA, Hameed A. Purification and characterization of a mesophilic lipase from Bacillus subtilis FH5 stable at high temperature and pH. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2007; 58:115-32. [PMID: 17385549 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.58.2007.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipases are a class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of long-chain triglycerides. Microbial lipases are currently receiving much attention with the rapid development of enzyme technology. Bacillus subtilis FH5, isolated from tannery wastes, produced a thermostable alkalophilic lipase and was purified to homogeneity as judged by SDS-PAGE. The purification steps included acetone fractionation and sequential column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-75 and adsorption chromatography on Hydroxylapatite. The results of chromatographies showed that two types of lipases were present having molecular weights approximately 62 kDa and 24 kDa, respectively. The purified enzyme was found to be 100% stable at pH 10 and about 80% residual activity was present at 60 degrees C. The enzyme was found to be stable in the presence of Mg2+, Mn2+ and Ca2+ ions. Km value was calculated as 5.05 mM and Vmax as 0.416 micromol/ml/min. Bacillus subtilis FH5 was isolated from tannery waste, therefore, enzyme is environmentally compatible for application in leather degreasing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariha Hasan
- Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Azarnia S, Robert N, Lee B. Biotechnological methods to accelerate cheddar cheese ripening. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2006; 26:121-43. [PMID: 16923531 DOI: 10.1080/07388550600840525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cheese is one of the dairy products that can result from the enzymatic coagulation of milk. The basic steps of the transformation of milk into cheese are coagulation, draining, and ripening. Ripening is the complex process required for the development of a cheese's flavor, texture and aroma. Proteolysis, lipolysis and glycolysis are the three main biochemical reactions that are responsible for the basic changes during the maturation period. As ripening is a relatively expensive process for the cheese industry, reducing maturation time without destroying the quality of the ripened cheese has economic and technological benefits. Elevated ripening temperatures, addition of enzymes, addition of cheese slurry, attenuated starters, adjunct cultures, genetically engineered starters and recombinant enzymes and microencapsulation of ripening enzymes are traditional and modern methods used to accelerate cheese ripening. In this context, an up to date review of Cheddar cheese ripening is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorayya Azarnia
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Production and extraction of an extracellular lipase from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Commercial preparations of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) are mixtures of lipase isoforms used for the hydrolysis and synthesis of various esters. The presence of variable isoforms and the amount of lipolytic protein in the crude lipase preparations lead to a lack of reproducibility of biocatalytic reactions. Purification of crude CRL improve their substrate specificity, enantioselectivity, stability, and specific activities. The expression of the isoforms is governed by culture or fermentation conditions. Unfortunately, the nonsporogenic yeast C. rugosa does not utilize the universal codon CTG for leucine; therefore, most of the CTG codons were converted to universal serine triplets by site-directed mutagenesis to gain expression of functional lipase in heterologous hosts. Recombinant expressions by multiple-site mutagenesis or complete synthesis of the lipase gene are other possible ways of obtaining pure and different CRL isoforms, in addition to culture engineering. Protein engineering of purified CRL isoforms allows the tailoring of enzyme function. This involves computer modeling based on available 3-D structures of lipase isoforms. Lid swapping and DNA shuffling techniques can be used to improve the enantioselectivity, thermostability, and substrate specificity of CRL isoforms and increase their biotechnological applications. Lid swapping can result in chimera proteins with new functions. The sequence of the lid can affect the activity and specificity of recombinant CRL isoforms. Candida rugosa lipase is toxicologically safe for food applications. Protein engineering through lid swapping and rationally designed site-directed mutagenesis will continue to lead to the production of CRL isoforms with improved catalytic power, thermostability, enantioselectivity, and substrate specificity, while providing evidence for the mechanisms of actions of the various isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimir C Akoh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7610, USA
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36
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Chen L, Daniel R, Coolbear T. Detection and impact of protease and lipase activities in milk and milk powders. Int Dairy J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(02)00171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bjurlin MA, Bloomer S, Haas MJ. Identification of carboxylesterase activities of commercial triacylglycerol hydrolase (lipase) preparations. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-9312(200203)104:3<143::aid-ejlt143>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kauffmann I, Schmidt-Dannert C. Conversion of Bacillus thermocatenulatus lipase into an efficient phospholipase with increased activity towards long-chain fatty acyl substrates by directed evolution and rational design. PROTEIN ENGINEERING 2001; 14:919-28. [PMID: 11742112 DOI: 10.1093/protein/14.11.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The thermoalkalophilic lipase from Bacillus thermocatenulatus BTL2 exhibits a low phospholipase activity (lecithin/tributyrin ratio 0.03). A single round of random mutagenesis of the BTL2 gene followed by screening of 6000 transformants on egg-yolk plates identified three variants with 10-12-fold increased phospholipase activities, corresponding to lecithin/tributyrin ratios of 0.16-0.36. All variants were specific for the sn-1 acyl ester bond of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Mutations occurred predominantly in the N-terminal part of BTL2 with regions surrounding the predicted helix alpha(4) and lid as hotspots. Two mutations, L184P located in the predicted helix alpha(4) and H15P found in the highly conserved oxy-anion hole motif among hydrolases, were identified to account for increased phospholipase activity. Two of the three variants showed reduced activities towards medium- and long-chain fatty acyl methyl esters compared to the wild-type enzyme. Substitution of Leu353 with Ser, which is located adjacent to the active site histidine and is important for phospholipase activity in the Staphylococcus hyicus lipase, increased the absolute phospholipase activities of the variants, but not of BTL2, approximately 2-fold. The engineered best variant displayed a lecithin/tributyrin ratio of 0.52, corresponding to a 17-fold increase compared to the wild-type enzyme. Moreover, this variant exhibited a 1.5-4-fold higher activity towards long-chain fatty acyl methyl ester (C18:1, C18:2, C18 and C20) compared to BTL2. A second round of mutagenesis and screening on lecithin-plates yielded no new variants with further increased phospholipase/lipase activity ratios, but instead one variant with a 5-fold increased expression rate and two variants with a 3-fold reduced activity towards triolein were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kauffmann
- Institute for Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Minning S, Serrano A, Ferrer P, Solá C, Schmid RD, Valero F. Optimization of the high-level production of Rhizopus oryzae lipase in Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2001; 86:59-70. [PMID: 11223145 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The lipases of the Rhizopus species family are important and versatile enzymes that are mainly used in fat and oil modification due to their strong 1,3-regiospecificity. Inexpensive synthetic medium was used for the production of Rhizopus oryzae lipase in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Methanol accumulation inside the bioreactor has previously been shown to negatively influence the production level. Three different methanol fed-batch strategies for maintaining the methanol concentration within optimal limits have been assayed in high-density cultures. One methanol feeding strategy, which is based on the monitoring of the methanol concentration by gas chromatography, resulted in a 2.5-fold higher productivity compared to an initial cultivation, where the feeding rate was adjusted according to the dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) in the supernatant. Finally, productivity could be further increased by introducing a transition phase that involved the simultaneous feeding of glycerol and methanol followed by a single methanol feed. This optimized strategy resulted in the highest productivity (12888 U l(-1) h(-1)), which is 13.6-fold higher than the DO-based strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Minning
- Institut für Technische Biochemie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Bjurlin MA, Bloomer S, Haas MJ. Composition and activity of commercial triacylglycerol acylhydrolase preparations. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-001-0236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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