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Hayward J, McDermott J, Qureshi N, Newman W. Pharmacogenomic testing to support prescribing in primary care: a structured review of implementation models. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 22:761-776. [PMID: 34467776 PMCID: PMC8438972 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of pharmacogenomics could meaningfully contribute toward medicines optimization within primary care. This review identified 13 studies describing eight implementation models utilizing a multi-gene pharmacogenomic panel within a primary care or community setting. These were small feasibility studies (n <200). They demonstrated importance and feasibility of pre-test counseling, the role of the pharmacist, data integration into the electronic medical record and point-of-care clinical decision support systems (CDSS). Findings were considered alongside existing primary care prescribing practices and implementation frameworks to demonstrate how issues may be addressed by existing nationalized healthcare and primary care infrastructure. Development of point-of-care CDSS should be prioritized; establishing clinical leadership, education programs, defining practitioner roles and responsibilities and addressing commissioning issues will also be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hayward
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, LS7 4SA, UK.,Affinity Care, Shipley Medical Practice, Shipley, BD18 3EG, UK
| | - John McDermott
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M14 5BZ, UK
| | - Nadeem Qureshi
- Primary Care Stratified Medicine Research Group (PRISM), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - William Newman
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.,Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M14 5BZ, UK
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2
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Yu MWC, Fung JLF, Ng APP, Li Z, Lan W, Chung CCY, Li Y, Liu Y, Chung BHY, Wong WCW. Preparing genomic revolution: Attitudes, clinical practice, and training needs in delivering genetic counseling in primary care in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1702. [PMID: 34002545 PMCID: PMC8372068 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practice concerning medical genetics, genetic testing, and counseling among primary care physicians (PCPs) in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China. METHODS The University of Hong Kong (HKU), HKU-Shenzhen Hospital, and Shenzhen Health Capacity Building and Continuing Education Center invited PCPs from Hong Kong and Shenzhen to participate in an online survey. RESULTS The survey was completed by 151 PCPs and 258 PCPs from Hong Kong and Shenzhen, respectively. The majority agreed it was important to keep current with genetics (91%) and that personalized medicine was the future of healthcare (86%), yet only 10% reported that they had postgraduate training in genomic medicine. Seventeen percent of Hong Kong and 40% of Shenzhen's PCPs encountered genetic-related cases in the past 6 months, and they identified insufficient knowledge, few training opportunities, and self-rated low confidence in their skillsets as main barriers. CONCLUSIONS Our survey shows that Hong Kong and Shenzhen's PCPs are not yet fully utilizing potential benefits of genomic medicine in their clinical practice, which could be addressed with a combination of easily accessible educational resources, clear referral pathways and guidelines on genetic diseases, and cross-specialty collaboration between healthcare systems and professional bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wai Cecilia Yu
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jasmine Lee Fong Fung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Amy Pui Pui Ng
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wang Lan
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Claudia Ching Yan Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yang Li
- Shenzhen Health Capacity Building and Continuing Education Center, National Health Commission, Shenzhen Shi, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Shenzhen Health Capacity Building and Continuing Education Center, National Health Commission, Shenzhen Shi, China
| | - Brian H Y Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William Chi Wai Wong
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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3
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McCarthy MJ, Chen Y, Demodena A, Fisher E, Golshan S, Suppes T, Kelsoe JR. Attitudes on pharmacogenetic testing in psychiatric patients with treatment-resistant depression. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37:842-850. [PMID: 32667102 PMCID: PMC7484047 DOI: 10.1002/da.23074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel technologies make it possible to incorporate pharmacogenetic testing into the medical management of depression. However, previous studies indicate that there may be a subset of subjects who have concerns about genetic testing and may be psychologically vulnerable. If so, pharmacogenetic testing in depressed subjects could negatively impact their mental health and undermine treatment goals. METHODS In this study, we developed a standardized instrument to assess motivations and attitudes around pharmacogenetic testing in a cohort of 170 depressed Veterans participating in a multi-center clinic trial. RESULTS Testing reveals that subjects were largely positive about the use of genetic testing to guide pharmacological treatment and help plan their future. Most subjects showed only modest concerns about the impact on family, inability to cope with the results, and fear of discrimination. The severity of depression did not predict the concern expressed about negative outcomes. However, non-Caucasian subjects were more likely on average to endorse concerns about poor coping and fear of discrimination. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that while the overall risk is modest, some patients with depression may face psychosocial challenges in the context of pharmacogenetic testing. Future work should identify factors that predict distress and aim to tailor test results to different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. McCarthy
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego California,UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry
| | - Yucui Chen
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego California,UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry
| | - Anna Demodena
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego California
| | - Eileen Fisher
- VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto California,Stanford University Department of Psychiatry
| | - Shahrokh Golshan
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego California,UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry
| | - Trisha Suppes
- VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto California,Stanford University Department of Psychiatry
| | - John R. Kelsoe
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego California,UC San Diego Department of Psychiatry
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4
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Physician Experience with Direct-To-Consumer Genetic Testing in Kaiser Permanente. J Pers Med 2019; 9:jpm9040047. [PMID: 31683813 PMCID: PMC6963876 DOI: 10.3390/jpm9040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Health systems and physicians nationwide aspire to consistently and reliably apply genetic and genomic information to guide disease prevention, management, and treatment. However, clinical information, including genetics/genomics data from within and outside of the care delivery system, is expanding rapidly. Between November 2017 and April 2018, we surveyed 1502 Permanente Medical Group primary care and specialist physicians to assess the degree to which direct-to-consumer genetic test results were being presented to physicians and identify genetics educational needs among physicians (response rate 15%). Adjusted logistic regression (according to respondent characteristics) was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing responses within groups. Results showed 35% and 12% of respondents reported receiving at least one direct-to-consumer health risk genetic result (DTC-health risk) or direct-to-consumer pharmacogenomic test result (DTC-PGx), respectively, from a patient in the past year. Of those receiving at least one test result, 40% (DTC-health risk) and 39% (DTC-PGx) of physicians reported 1+ referral(s); 78% (DTC-health risk) and 42% (DTC-PGx) of referrals were to clinical genetics. In total, 85% of physicians would spend ≥2 h/year on genetics/genomics education.
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5
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Primary Care Physicians' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Experience with Personal Genetic Testing. J Pers Med 2019; 9:jpm9020029. [PMID: 31137623 PMCID: PMC6617198 DOI: 10.3390/jpm9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary care providers (PCPs) will play an important role in precision medicine. However, their lack of training and knowledge about genetics and genomics may limit their ability to advise patients or interpret or utilize test results. We evaluated PCPs’ awareness of the role of genetics/genomics in health, knowledge about key concepts in genomic medicine, perception/attitudes towards direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing, and their level of confidence/comfort in discussing testing with patients prior to and after undergoing DTC testing through the 23andMe Health + Ancestry Service. A total of 130 PCPs completed the study. Sixty-three percent were board-certified in family practice, 32% graduated between 1991 and 2000, and 88% had heard of 23andMe prior to the study. Seventy-two percent decided to participate in the study to gain a better understanding about testing. At baseline, 23% of respondents indicated comfort discussing genetics as a risk factor for common diseases, increasing to 59% after undergoing personal genetic testing (PGT) (p < 0.01). In summary, we find that undergoing PGT augments physicians’ confidence, comfort, and interest in DTC testing.
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Zoltick ES, Linderman MD, McGinniss MA, Ramos E, Ball MP, Church GM, Leonard DGB, Pereira S, McGuire AL, Caskey CT, Sanderson SC, Schadt EE, Nielsen DE, Crawford SD, Green RC. Predispositional genome sequencing in healthy adults: design, participant characteristics, and early outcomes of the PeopleSeq Consortium. Genome Med 2019; 11:10. [PMID: 30808425 PMCID: PMC6391825 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing numbers of healthy individuals are undergoing predispositional personal genome sequencing. Here we describe the design and early outcomes of the PeopleSeq Consortium, a multi-cohort collaboration of predispositional genome sequencing projects, which is examining the medical, behavioral, and economic outcomes of returning genomic sequencing information to healthy individuals. METHODS Apparently healthy adults who participated in four of the sequencing projects in the Consortium were included. Web-based surveys were administered before and after genomic results disclosure, or in some cases only after results disclosure. Surveys inquired about sociodemographic characteristics, motivations and concerns, behavioral and medical responses to sequencing results, and perceived utility. RESULTS Among 1395 eligible individuals, 658 enrolled in the Consortium when contacted and 543 have completed a survey after receiving their genomic results thus far (mean age 53.0 years, 61.4% male, 91.7% white, 95.5% college graduates). Most participants (98.1%) were motivated to undergo sequencing because of curiosity about their genetic make-up. The most commonly reported concerns prior to pursuing sequencing included how well the results would predict future risk (59.2%) and the complexity of genetic variant interpretation (56.8%), while 47.8% of participants were concerned about the privacy of their genetic information. Half of participants reported discussing their genomic results with a healthcare provider during a median of 8.0 months after receiving the results; 13.5% reported making an additional appointment with a healthcare provider specifically because of their results. Few participants (< 10%) reported making changes to their diet, exercise habits, or insurance coverage because of their results. Many participants (39.5%) reported learning something new to improve their health that they did not know before. Reporting regret or harm from the decision to undergo sequencing was rare (< 3.0%). CONCLUSIONS Healthy individuals who underwent predispositional sequencing expressed some concern around privacy prior to pursuing sequencing, but were enthusiastic about their experience and not distressed by their results. While reporting value in their health-related results, few participants reported making medical or lifestyle changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie S Zoltick
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 41 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Suite 301, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Suite 470, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Michael D Linderman
- Department of Computer Science, Middlebury College, McCardell Bicentennial Hall, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Erica Ramos
- Geisinger National Precision Health, Geisinger, 6101 Executive Blvd, Suite 110, North Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | | | - George M Church
- Open Humans Foundation, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Personal Genome Project, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Room 238, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Debra G B Leonard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Larner, M.D, College of Medicine of the University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Courtyard at Given S269, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Stacey Pereira
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 310D, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Amy L McGuire
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Suite 310D, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - C Thomas Caskey
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Mail Stop BCM225, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Saskia C Sanderson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Daiva E Nielsen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 41 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Suite 301, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Scott D Crawford
- SoundRocket, 950 Victors Way, Suite 50, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Robert C Green
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 41 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Suite 301, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Allen CG, Gabriel J, Flynn M, Cunningham TN, Wang C. The impact of raw DNA availability and corresponding online interpretation services: A mixed-methods study. Transl Behav Med 2018; 8:105-112. [PMID: 29385579 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer access to third-party services to interpret raw DNA has raised concerns about downstream healthcare implications. This mixed-methods study set out to examine the extent to which genetic counselors have been contacted by consumers of third-party services and describe counselors' experiences with these "consumer" patients. Counselor views on the quality of information provided to consumers were also examined. Eighty-five genetic counselors completed an online survey, of which 22 completed in-depth telephone interviews. Survey and interview data were analyzed and combined using triangulation techniques. Over half (53%) of the survey respondents indicated they had been contacted by a patient following the use of a third-party raw DNA interpretation service. Among counselors contacted, 72% saw at least one patient. Counselors reported challenges unique to this patient population including overemphasis by patients on the validity of the data and patient resistance to information provided by the counselor. Preparation time burden and counselor inexperience and discomfort counseling these patients were additional challenges. Counselors expressed concern about the quality of the raw data and the clarity and usefulness of interpretation reports. Genetic counselors' experiences with consumer's use of third-party DNA interpretation services provide insight on the opportunities and challenges with the availability of raw DNA directly to consumers. Efforts to better support both consumers and genetic service providers are needed to maximize the effective translation of genome-based knowledge for population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin G Allen
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jazmine Gabriel
- Genetic Counseling Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maureen Flynn
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tricia N Cunningham
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catharine Wang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Roberts MC, Taber JM, Klein WM. Engagement with Genetic Information and Uptake of Genetic Testing: the Role of Trust and Personal Cancer History. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2018; 33:893-900. [PMID: 28105554 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-016-1160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We used national survey data to (1) determine the extent to which individuals trust the sources from which they are most likely to receive information about cancer-related genetic tests (BRCA1/2, Lynch syndrome), (2) examine how level of trust for sources of genetic information might be related to cancer-related genetic testing uptake, and (3) determine whether key factors, such as cancer history and numeracy, moderate the latter association. We used cross-sectional data from the Health Information National Trends Survey. Our study sample included individuals who responded that they had heard or read about genetic tests (n = 1117). All analyses accounted for complex survey design. Although respondents trusted information from health professionals the most, they were significantly less likely to report hearing about genetic testing from such professionals than via television (p < 0.01). Regardless of source, higher levels of trust in the information source from which participants heard about genetic tests were associated with increased odds of genetic testing uptake, particularly among those with a personal cancer history. Numeracy was not associated with genetic testing uptake. Because health professionals were among the most trusted health information sources, they may serve as important brokers of genetic testing information for those with a personal cancer history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Roberts
- The National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Taber
- The National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - William M Klein
- The National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Lemke AA, Hulick PJ, Wake DT, Wang C, Sereika AW, Yu KD, Glaser NS, Dunnenberger HM. Patient perspectives following pharmacogenomics results disclosure in an integrated health system. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:321-331. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess patient perceptions and utilization of pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing in an integrated community health system. Methods: Fifty-seven patients completed an online survey assessing their experiences with PGx testing offered through two methods: a designated PGx clinic or direct access in-home testing. Results: The majority of participants perceived PGx testing as helpful in their healthcare and reported understanding their results. Some had concerns about privacy and discrimination; most lacked familiarity with the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act. There were no significant differences in views between participants tested through either model. Conclusion: Participants reported value in both methods of PGx testing. Patient experiences, understanding and result utilization will play an important role in informing future development and implementation of PGx programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Lemke
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Peter J Hulick
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Dyson T Wake
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Biostatistics & Research Informatics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 146, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Annette W Sereika
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Kristen Dilzell Yu
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Nicole S Glaser
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Henry M Dunnenberger
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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10
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Wang C, Cahill TJ, Parlato A, Wertz B, Zhong Q, Cunningham TN, Cummings JJ. Consumer use and response to online third-party raw DNA interpretation services. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:35-43. [PMID: 29471590 PMCID: PMC5823680 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the availability of raw DNA generated from direct-to-consumer (DTC) testing companies, there has been a proliferation of third-party online services that are available to interpret the raw data for both genealogy and/or health purposes. This study examines the current landscape and downstream clinical implications of consumer use of third-party services. METHODS Study participants were recruited online from social media platforms. A total of 321 survey respondents reported using third-party services for raw DNA interpretation. RESULTS Participants were highly motivated to explore raw DNA for ancestral information (67%), individual health implications (62%), or both (40%). Participants primarily used one of seven companies to interpret raw DNA; 73% used more than one. Company choice was driven by the type of results offered (51%), price (45%), and online reviews (31%). Approximately 30% of participants shared results with a medical provider and 21% shared with more than one. Outcomes of sharing ranged from disinterest/discounting of the information to diagnosis of genetic conditions. Participants were highly satisfied with their decision to analyze raw DNA (M = 4.54/5), yet challenges in understanding interpretation results were reported irrespective of satisfaction ratings. CONCLUSION Consumers face challenges in understanding the results and may seek out clinical assistance in interpreting their raw DNA results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine Wang
- Department of Community Health SciencesSchool of Public HealthBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Tiernan J. Cahill
- Division of Emerging Media StudiesCollege of CommunicationBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Andrew Parlato
- Division of Emerging Media StudiesCollege of CommunicationBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Blake Wertz
- Division of Emerging Media StudiesCollege of CommunicationBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Qiankun Zhong
- Division of Emerging Media StudiesCollege of CommunicationBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | | | - James J. Cummings
- Division of Emerging Media StudiesCollege of CommunicationBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
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11
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Lemke AA, Hutten Selkirk CG, Glaser NS, Sereika AW, Wake DT, Hulick PJ, Dunnenberger HM. Primary care physician experiences with integrated pharmacogenomic testing in a community health system. Per Med 2017; 14:389-400. [DOI: 10.2217/pme-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To explore primary care physicians’ views of the utility and delivery of direct access to pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing in a community health system. Methods: This descriptive study assessed the perspectives of 15 healthcare providers utilizing qualitative individual interviews. Results: Three main themes emerged: perceived value and utility of PGx testing; challenges to implementation in practice; and provider as well as patient needs. Conclusion: While providers in this study viewed benefits of PGx testing as avoiding side effects, titrating doses more quickly, improving shared decision-making and providing psychological reassurance, challenges will need to be addressed such as privacy concerns, cost, insurance coverage and understanding the complexity of PGx test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Lemke
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Christina G Hutten Selkirk
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Nicole S Glaser
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Annette W Sereika
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Dyson T Wake
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Peter J Hulick
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Henry M Dunnenberger
- Center for Personalized Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, 1001 University Place, Suite 160, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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12
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Behavioural changes, sharing behaviour and psychological responses after receiving direct-to-consumer genetic test results: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Community Genet 2017; 9:1-18. [PMID: 28664264 PMCID: PMC5752648 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-017-0310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesised that direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC-GTs) could stimulate health behaviour change. However, genetic testing may also lead to anxiety and distress or unnecessarily burden the health care system. The aim is to review and meta-analyse the effects of DTC-GT on (1) behaviour change, (2) psychological response and (3) medical consumption. A systematic literature search was performed in three databases, using "direct-to-consumer genetic testing" as a key search term. Random effects meta-analyses were performed when at least two comparable outcomes were available. After selection, 19 articles were included involving 11 unique studies. Seven studies involved actual consumers who paid the retail price, whereas four included participants who received free genetic testing as part of a research trial (non-actual consumers). In meta-analysis, 23% had a positive lifestyle change. More specifically, improved dietary and exercise practices were both reported by 12%, whereas 19% quit smoking. Seven percent of participants had subsequent preventive checks. Thirty-three percent shared their results with any health care professional and 50% with family and/or friends. Sub-analyses show that behaviour change was more prevalent among non-actual consumers, whereas sharing was more prevalent among actual consumers. Results on psychological responses showed that anxiety, distress and worry were low or absent and that the effect faded with time. DTC-GT has potential to be effective as a health intervention, but the right audience needs to be addressed with tailored follow-up. Research is needed to identify consumers who do and do not change behaviour or experience adverse psychological responses.
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Covolo L, Rubinelli S, Ceretti E, Gelatti U. Internet-Based Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: A Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17:e279. [PMID: 26677835 PMCID: PMC4704942 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Direct-to-consumer genetic tests (DTC-GT) are easily purchased through the Internet, independent of a physician referral or approval for testing, allowing the retrieval of genetic information outside the clinical context. There is a broad debate about the testing validity, their impact on individuals, and what people know and perceive about them. Objective The aim of this review was to collect evidence on DTC-GT from a comprehensive perspective that unravels the complexity of the phenomenon. Methods A systematic search was carried out through PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Embase, in addition to Google Scholar according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist with the key term “Direct-to-consumer genetic test.” Results In the final sample, 118 articles were identified. Articles were summarized in five categories according to their focus on (1) knowledge of, attitude toward use of, and perception of DTC-GT (n=37), (2) the impact of genetic risk information on users (n=37), (3) the opinion of health professionals (n=20), (4) the content of websites selling DTC-GT (n=16), and (5) the scientific evidence and clinical utility of the tests (n=14). Most of the articles analyzed the attitude, knowledge, and perception of DTC-GT, highlighting an interest in using DTC-GT, along with the need for a health care professional to help interpret the results. The articles investigating the content analysis of the websites selling these tests are in agreement that the information provided by the companies about genetic testing is not completely comprehensive for the consumer. Given that risk information can modify consumers’ health behavior, there are surprisingly few studies carried out on actual consumers and they do not confirm the overall concerns on the possible impact of DTC-GT. Data from studies that investigate the quality of the tests offered confirm that they are not informative, have little predictive power, and do not measure genetic risk appropriately. Conclusions The impact of DTC-GT on consumers’ health perceptions and behaviors is an emerging concern. However, negative effects on consumers or health benefits have yet to be observed. Nevertheless, since the online market of DTC-GT is expected to grow, it is important to remain aware of a possible impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Covolo
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Italy, Brescia, Italy.
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Taber JM, Chang CQ, Lam TK, Gillanders EM, Hamilton JG, Schully SD. Prevalence and correlates of receiving and sharing high-penetrance cancer genetic test results: findings from the Health Information National Trends Survey. Public Health Genomics 2015; 18:67-77. [PMID: 25427996 DOI: 10.1159/000368745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and correlates of receiving and sharing high-penetrance cancer genetic test results. METHODS Participants completed the population-based, cross-sectional 2013 Health Information National Trends Survey. We examined sociodemographic characteristics of participants reporting having had BRCA1/2 or Lynch syndrome genetic testing, and sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates of sharing test results with health professionals and family members. RESULTS Participants who underwent BRCA1/2 or Lynch syndrome genetic testing (n = 77; 2.42% of respondents) were more likely to be female and to have a family or personal history of cancer than those not undergoing testing. Approximately three-quarters of participants shared results with health professionals and three-quarters with their family; only 4% did not share results with anyone. Participants who shared results with health professionals reported greater optimism, self-efficacy for health management, and trust in information from their doctors. Participants who shared results with their family were more likely to be female and to have a personal history of cancer, and had greater self-efficacy for health management, perceived less ambiguity in cancer prevention recommendations, and lower cancer prevention fatalism. CONCLUSIONS We identified several novel psychosocial correlates of sharing genetic information. Health professionals may use this information to identify patients less likely to share information with at-risk family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Taber
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 3E642, Bethesda, MD 20892-9761 (USA). Jennifer.taber @ nih.gov
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Fogel AL, Azizi N, Tang J, Sarin KY. Dermatologic applications of direct-to-consumer genomic analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:993-5. [PMID: 25437956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Fogel
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Nason Azizi
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jean Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kavita Y Sarin
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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Mills R, Powell J, Barry W, Haga SB. Information-seeking and sharing behavior following genomic testing for diabetes risk. J Genet Couns 2014; 24:58-66. [PMID: 24927802 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-014-9736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As the practice of medicine has become more patient-driven, patients are increasingly seeking health information within and outside of their doctor's office. Patients looking for information and support are often turning to the Internet as well as family and friends. As part of a study to understand the impact of delivery method of genomic testing for type 2 diabetes risk on comprehension and health-related behaviors, we assessed participants' information-seeking and sharing behaviors after receiving their results in-person with a genetic counselor or online through the testing company's website. We found that 32.6 % of participants sought information after receiving the genomic test results for T2DM; 80.8 % of those that did seek information turned to the Internet. Eighty-eight percent of participants reported that they shared their T2DM risk results, primarily with their spouse/partner (65 %) and other family members (57 %) and children (19 %); 14 % reported sharing results with their health provider. Sharing was significantly increased in those who received results in-person from the genetic counselor (p = 0.0001). Understanding patients' interests and needs for additional information after genomic testing and with whom they share details of their health is important as more information and clinical services are available and accessed outside the clinician's office. Genetic counselors' expertise and experience in creating educational materials and promoting sharing of genetic information can facilitate patient engagement and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mills
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, 304 Research Drive, Box 90141, Durham, NC, 27708, USA,
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Abstract
Genome-Wide Association Studies are widely used to correlate phenotypic traits with genetic variants. These studies usually compare the genetic variation between two groups to single out certain Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) that are linked to a phenotypic variation in one of the groups. However, it is necessary to have a large enough sample size to find statistically significant correlations. Direct-To-Consumer (DTC) genetic testing can supply additional data: DTC-companies offer the analysis of a large amount of SNPs for an individual at low cost without the need to consult a physician or geneticist. Over 100,000 people have already been genotyped through Direct-To-Consumer genetic testing companies. However, this data is not public for a variety of reasons and thus cannot be used in research. It seems reasonable to create a central open data repository for such data. Here we present the web platform openSNP, an open database which allows participants of Direct-To-Consumer genetic testing to publish their genetic data at no cost along with phenotypic information. Through this crowdsourced effort of collecting genetic and phenotypic information, openSNP has become a resource for a wide area of studies, including Genome-Wide Association Studies. openSNP is hosted at http://www.opensnp.org, and the code is released under MIT-license at http://github.com/gedankenstuecke/snpr.
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Adults' perceptions of genetic counseling and genetic testing. Appl Nurs Res 2014; 28:25-30. [PMID: 24794711 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study described the perceptions of genetic counseling and testing of adults (N = 116) attending a genetic education program. Understanding perceptions of genetic counseling, including the importance of counseling topics, will contribute to patient-focused care as clinical genetic applications for common, complex disorders evolve. METHODS Participants completed a survey addressing: the importance of genetic counseling topics, benefits and negative effects of genetic testing, and sharing test results. RESULTS Topics addressing practical information about genetic conditions were rated most important; topics involving conceptual genetic/genomic principles were rated least important. The most frequently identified benefit and negative effect of testing were prevention/early detection/treatment and psychological distress. Participants perceived that they were more likely to share test results with first-degree than other relatives. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest providing patients with practical information about genetic testing and genetic contributions to disease, while also determining whether their self-care abilities would be enhanced by teaching genetic/genomic principles.
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Bloss CS, Schork NJ, Topol EJ. Direct-to-consumer pharmacogenomic testing is associated with increased physician utilisation. J Med Genet 2013; 51:83-9. [PMID: 24343916 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genomic testing has generated controversy, however the actual impact of testing on consumer behaviour has been understudied, particularly for pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing. METHODS We recruited a sample of adults who purchased a DTC genomic test and had previously received their genomic test results for complex disease risk. All participants additionally underwent PGx testing. At follow-up, to assess the impact of PGx testing on consumer behaviour, healthcare utilisation and psychological status were compared between approximately a third of participants who had received their PGx results and the remaining two-thirds of participants who were still awaiting results. The PGx test included genetic testing for drug effectiveness or risk of side effects for 12 medications. RESULTS At follow-up, there were 481 PGx test recipients and 844 non-recipients still awaiting results. PGx test recipients had more physician visits (p=0.04) and were more likely to share their results with their physician (p=0.001). Both groups showed a decrease in anxiety symptoms from baseline to follow-up, with a trend for PGx recipients to show less of a decrease compared with non-recipients (p=0.10). PGx recipients were more likely to report that their physician ordered additional tests (p=0.01) based on their genomic test. There were no group differences in follow-up test-related distress (p=0.67). CONCLUSIONS DTC PGx risk profiling among a selected sample of individuals was associated with increased physician utilisation and did not result in any adverse changes in psychological health or follow-up test-related distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinnamon S Bloss
- Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Translational Science Institute, and Scripps Health, La Jolla, California, USA
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Fisher E, Achilles S, Tönnies H. Predictive genetic testing, risk communication, and risk perception: an international expert meeting in Berlin, Germany. J Community Genet 2013; 5:1-5. [PMID: 24323368 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-013-0177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fisher
- Administrative Office of the German Commission on Genetic Testing, Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany,
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Collins J, Ryan L, Truby H. A systematic review of the factors associated with interest in predictive genetic testing for obesity, type II diabetes and heart disease. J Hum Nutr Diet 2013; 27:479-88. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Collins
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Monash University; Notting Hill VIC Australia
| | - L. Ryan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Monash University; Notting Hill VIC Australia
| | - H. Truby
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Monash University; Notting Hill VIC Australia
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Darst BF, Madlensky L, Schork NJ, Topol EJ, Bloss CS. Perceptions of genetic counseling services in direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing. Clin Genet 2013; 84:335-9. [PMID: 23590221 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To describe consumers' perceptions of genetic counseling services in the context of direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing is the purpose of this research. Utilizing data from the Scripps Genomic Health Initiative, we assessed direct-to-consumer genomic test consumers' utilization and perceptions of genetic counseling services. At long-term follow-up, approximately 14 months post-testing, participants were asked to respond to several items gauging their interactions, if any, with a Navigenics genetic counselor, and their perceptions of those interactions. Out of 1325 individuals who completed long-term follow-up, 187 (14.1%) indicated that they had spoken with a genetic counselor. The most commonly given reason for not utilizing the counseling service was a lack of need due to the perception of already understanding one's results (55.6%). The most common reasons for utilizing the service included wanting to take advantage of a free service (43.9%) and wanting more information on risk calculations (42.2%). Among those who utilized the service, a large fraction reported that counseling improved their understanding of their results (54.5%) and genetics in general (43.9%). A relatively small proportion of participants utilized genetic counseling after direct-to-consumer personal genomic testing. Among those individuals who did utilize the service, however, a large fraction perceived it to be informative, and thus presumably beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Darst
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, Scripps Genomic Medicine, Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
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