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Hunter R, Ali D, Amer Y, Petersen WF, Kaschula CH. A Review of Heterolytic Synthesis Methodologies for Organotri- and Organotetrasulfane Synthesis. SYNOPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIt has been ten years since the last comprehensive review on polysulfanes, and during the intervening period, organodi-, organotri- and organotetrasulfanes have featured prominently in both the chemistry and biology literature. This timely update presents both a mechanistic and historical account of synthesis methodology available for organotri- and organotetrasulfanes involving heterolytic S–S bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town
| | - Doaa Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University
| | - Yasien Amer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town
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Gojon G, Morales GA. SG1002 and Catenated Divalent Organic Sulfur Compounds as Promising Hydrogen Sulfide Prodrugs. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:1010-1045. [PMID: 32370538 PMCID: PMC7578191 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Sulfur has a critical role in protein structure/function and redox status/signaling in all living organisms. Although hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfane sulfur (SS) are now recognized as central players in physiology and pathophysiology, the full scope and depth of sulfur metabolome's impact on human health and healthy longevity has been vastly underestimated and is only starting to be grasped. Since many pathological conditions have been related to abnormally low levels of H2S/SS in blood and/or tissues, and are amenable to treatment by H2S supplementation, development of safe and efficacious H2S donors deserves to be undertaken with a sense of urgency; these prodrugs also hold the promise of becoming widely used for disease prevention and as antiaging agents. Recent Advances: Supramolecular tuning of the properties of well-known molecules comprising chains of sulfur atoms (diallyl trisulfide [DATS], S8) was shown to lead to improved donors such as DATS-loaded polymeric nanoparticles and SG1002. Encouraging results in animal models have been obtained with SG1002 in heart failure, atherosclerosis, ischemic damage, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy; with TC-2153 in Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, age-related memory decline, fragile X syndrome, and cocaine addiction; and with DATS in brain, colon, gastric, and breast cancer. Critical Issues: Mode-of-action studies on allyl polysulfides, benzyl polysulfides, ajoene, and 12 ring-substituted organic disulfides and thiosulfonates led several groups of researchers to conclude that the anticancer effect of these compounds is not mediated by H2S and is only modulated by reactive oxygen species, and that their central model of action is selective protein S-thiolation. Future Directions: SG1002 is likely to emerge as the H2S donor of choice for acquiring knowledge on this gasotransmitter's effects in animal models, on account of its unique ability to efficiently generate H2S without byproducts and in a slow and sustained mode that is dose independent and enzyme independent. Efficient tuning of H2S donation characteristics of DATS, dibenzyl trisulfide, and other hydrophobic H2S prodrugs for both oral and parenteral administration will be achieved not only by conventional structural modification of a lead molecule but also through the new "supramolecular tuning" paradigm.
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Abstract
An efficient moduling disulfuration was developed for polysulfide construction via a bilateral six-membered thiamine disulfurating reagent. Under the control of energy release of ring strain, diverse unsymmetrical trisulfides and tetrasulfides were generated through the assembly of nucleophiles on both sides of the sulfur-sulfur motif. This strategy exhibits features of high efficiency, mild conditions, and general scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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Griffin S, Sarfraz M, Farida V, Nasim MJ, Ebokaiwe AP, Keck CM, Jacob C. No time to waste organic waste: Nanosizing converts remains of food processing into refined materials. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 210:114-121. [PMID: 29331852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Modern food processing results in considerable amounts of side-products, such as grape seeds, walnut shells, spent coffee grounds, and harvested tomato plants. These materials are still rich in valuable and biologically active substances and therefore of interest from the perspective of waste management and "up-cycling". In contrast to traditional, often time consuming and low-value uses, such as vermicomposting and anaerobic digestion, the complete conversion into nanosuspensions unlocks considerable potentials of and new applications for such already spent organic materials without the need of extraction and without producing any additional waste. In this study, nanosuspensions were produced using a sequence of milling and homogenization methods, including High Speed Stirring (HSS) and High Pressure Homogenization (HPH) which reduced the size of the particles to 200-400 nm. The resulting nanosuspensions demonstrated nematicidal and antimicrobial activity and their antioxidant activities exceeded the ones of the bulk materials. In the future, this simple nanosizing approach may fulfil several important objectives, such as reducing and turning readily available waste into new value and eventually closing a crucial cycle of agricultural products returning to their fields - with a resounding ecological impact in the fields of medicine, agriculture, cosmetics and fermentation. Moreover, up-cycling via nanosizing adds an economical promise of increased value to residue-free waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharoon Griffin
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Verda Farida
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Azubuike P Ebokaiwe
- Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Nigeria.
| | - Cornelia M Keck
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps University of Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123, Saarbruecken, Germany.
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Griffin S, Sarfraz M, Hartmann SF, Pinnapireddy SR, Nasim MJ, Bakowsky U, Keck CM, Jacob C. Resuspendable Powders of Lyophilized Chalcogen Particles with Activity against Microorganisms. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E23. [PMID: 29382037 PMCID: PMC5836013 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organic sulfur, selenium and tellurium compounds show considerable activity against microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. This pronounced activity is often due to the specific, oxidizing redox behavior of the chalcogen-chalcogen bond present in such molecules. Interestingly, similar chalcogen-chalcogen motifs are also found in the elemental forms of these elements, and while those materials are insoluble in aqueous media, it has recently been possible to unlock their biological activities using naturally produced or homogenized suspensions of respective chalcogen nanoparticles. Those suspensions can be employed readily and often effectively against common pathogenic microorganisms, still their practical uses are limited as such suspensions are difficult to transport, store and apply. Using mannitol as stabilizer, it is now possible to lyophilize such suspensions to produce solid forms of the nanoparticles, which upon resuspension in water essentially retain their initial size and exhibit considerable biological activity. The sequence of Nanosizing, Lyophilization and Resuspension (NaLyRe) eventually provides access to a range of lyophilized materials which may be considered as easy-to-handle, ready-to-use and at the same time as bioavailable, active forms of otherwise insoluble or sparingly substances. In the case of elemental sulfur, selenium and tellurium, this approach promises wider practical applications, for instance in the medical or agricultural arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharoon Griffin
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Muhammad Sarfraz
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
| | - Steffen F Hartmann
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | | | - Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Cornelia M Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
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Giles GI, Nasim MJ, Ali W, Jacob C. The Reactive Sulfur Species Concept: 15 Years On. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6020038. [PMID: 28545257 PMCID: PMC5488018 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years ago, in 2001, the concept of “Reactive Sulfur Species” or RSS was advocated as a working hypothesis. Since then various organic as well as inorganic RSS have attracted considerable interest and stimulated many new and often unexpected avenues in research and product development. During this time, it has become apparent that molecules with sulfur-containing functional groups are not just the passive “victims” of oxidative stress or simple conveyors of signals in cells, but can also be stressors in their own right, with pivotal roles in cellular function and homeostasis. Many “exotic” sulfur-based compounds, often of natural origin, have entered the fray in the context of nutrition, ageing, chemoprevention and therapy. In parallel, the field of inorganic RSS has come to the forefront of research, with short-lived yet metabolically important intermediates, such as various sulfur-nitrogen species and polysulfides (Sx2−), playing important roles. Between 2003 and 2005 several breath-taking discoveries emerged characterising unusual sulfur redox states in biology, and since then the truly unique role of sulfur-dependent redox systems has become apparent. Following these discoveries, over the last decade a “hunt” and, more recently, mining for such modifications has begun—and still continues—often in conjunction with new, innovative and complex labelling and analytical methods to capture the (entire) sulfur “redoxome”. A key distinction for RSS is that, unlike oxygen or nitrogen, sulfur not only forms a plethora of specific reactive species, but sulfur also targets itself, as sulfur containing molecules, i.e., peptides, proteins and enzymes, preferentially react with RSS. Not surprisingly, today this sulfur-centred redox signalling and control inside the living cell is a burning issue, which has moved on from the predominantly thiol/disulfide biochemistry of the past to a complex labyrinth of interacting signalling and control pathways which involve various sulfur oxidation states, sulfur species and reactions. RSS are omnipresent and, in some instances, are even considered as the true bearers of redox control, perhaps being more important than the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) or Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) which for decades have dominated the redox field. In other(s) words, in 2017, sulfur redox is “on the rise”, and the idea of RSS resonates throughout the Life Sciences. Still, the RSS story isn’t over yet. Many RSS are at the heart of “mistaken identities” which urgently require clarification and may even provide the foundations for further scientific revolutions in the years to come. In light of these developments, it is therefore the perfect time to revisit the original hypotheses, to select highlights in the field and to question and eventually update our concept of “Reactive Sulfur Species”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I Giles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B2 1, Saarbruecken D-66123, Germany.
| | - Wesam Ali
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B2 1, Saarbruecken D-66123, Germany.
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B2 1, Saarbruecken D-66123, Germany.
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Estevam EC, Griffin S, Nasim MJ, Denezhkin P, Schneider R, Lilischkis R, Dominguez-Alvarez E, Witek K, Latacz G, Keck C, Schäfer KH, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Handzlik J, Jacob C. Natural selenium particles from Staphylococcus carnosus: Hazards or particles with particular promise? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 324:22-30. [PMID: 26897703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Various bacteria, including diverse Staphylococci, reduce selenite to yield red selenium particles with diameters in the high nanometer to low micrometer range. Formation and accumulation of such particles in bacteria often results in cell death, triggered by a loss of thiols and formation of disruptive deposits inside the cell. Hence certain pathogenic bacteria are rather sensitive to the presence of selenite, whilst other organisms, such as small nematodes, do not employ this kind of nanotechnology, yet become affected by micromolar concentrations of such naturally generated materials. Selenium particles extracted from cultures of Staphylococcus carnosus and apparently stabilized by their natural protein coating, for instance, show considerable activity against the nematode Steinernema feltiae, Escherichia coli and Saccaromyces cerevisiae. Such natural nano- and micro-particles are also more active than mechanically generated selenium particles and may be applied as antimicrobial materials in Medicine and Agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharoon Griffin
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbuecken, Germany; Applied Pharmacy Division, University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern, 66953 Pirmasens, Germany; Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
| | - Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbuecken, Germany
| | - Polina Denezhkin
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbuecken, Germany
| | - Ramona Schneider
- Applied Pharmacy Division, University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern, 66953 Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Rainer Lilischkis
- Department of Information Technology and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
| | - Enrique Dominguez-Alvarez
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, ul. Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Karolina Witek
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, ul. Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, ul. Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Cornelia Keck
- Applied Pharmacy Division, University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern, 66953 Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern, 66482 Zweibruecken, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, ul. Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, ul. Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbuecken, Germany.
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Turning Waste into Value: Nanosized Natural Plant Materials of Solanum incanum L. and Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir with Promising Antimicrobial Activities. Pharmaceutics 2016; 8:pharmaceutics8020011. [PMID: 27104554 PMCID: PMC4932474 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous plants are known to exhibit considerable biological activities in the fields of medicine and agriculture, yet access to their active ingredients is often complicated, cumbersome and expensive. As a consequence, many plants harbouring potential drugs or green phyto-protectants go largely unnoticed, especially in poorer countries which, at the same time, are in desperate need of antimicrobial agents. As in the case of plants such as the Jericho tomato, Solanum incanum, and the common African tree Pterocarpus erinaceus, nanosizing of original plant materials may provide an interesting alternative to extensive extraction and isolation procedures. Indeed, it is straightforward to obtain considerable amounts of such common, often weed-like plants, and to mill the dried material to more or less uniform particles of microscopic and nanoscopic size. These particles exhibit activity against Steinernema feltiae or Escherichia coli, which is comparable to the ones seen for processed extracts of the same, respective plants. As S. feltiae is used as a model nematode indicative of possible phyto-protective uses in the agricultural arena, these findings also showcase the potential of nanosizing of crude "waste" plant materials for specific practical applications, especially-but not exclusively-in developing countries lacking a more sophisticated industrial infrastructure.
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Estevam EC, Griffin S, Nasim MJ, Zieliński D, Aszyk J, Osowicka M, Dawidowska N, Idroes R, Bartoszek A, Jacob C. Inspired by Nature: The use of Plant-derived Substrate/Enzyme Combinations to Generate Antimicrobial Activity in situ. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a renewed interest in antimicrobial agents. Plants have received particular attention and frequently rely on the spontaneous enzymatic conversion of an inactive precursor to an active agent. Such two-component substrate/enzyme defence systems can be reconstituted ex vivo. Here, the alliin/alliinase system from garlic seems to be rather effective against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whilst the glucosinolate/myrosinase system from mustard appears to be more active against certain bacteria. Studies with myrosinase also confirm that enzyme and substrate can be added sequentially. Ultimately, such binary systems hold considerable promise and may be employed in a medical or agricultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharoon Griffin
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Saarland, Germany
| | - Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Saarland, Germany
| | - Dariusz Zieliński
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Justyna Aszyk
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Osowicka
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Natalia Dawidowska
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Rinaldi Idroes
- Pharmacy Department, Chemistry Department, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Agnieszka Bartoszek
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Claus Jacob
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Saarland, Germany
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Mahendran A, Ghogare AA, Bittman R, Arthur G, Greer A. Synthesis and antiproliferative properties of a new ceramide analog of varacin. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 194:165-70. [PMID: 26254858 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A benzopentasulfane was synthesized in 8 steps with a ceramide attached through an amide bond to the 7-position of the heterocycle structure. The anticancer activity of this synthetic ceramide-benzopolysulfane drug conjugate was analyzed against five human cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 (breast), DU145 (prostate), MIA PaCa-2 (pancreas), HeLa (cervix), and U251 (glioblastoma). The ceramide-benzopolysulfane conjugate had IC50 values ranging from 10 to >20 μM with complete cell killing at 12.5 μM for MDA-MB-231 and 20 μM for DU145 and HeLa cells. The ceramide-benzopolysulfane conjugate had IC50 values 1.8 and 4.0 times lower than a PEG benzopolysulfane, N-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)benzo[f][1,2,3,4,5]-pentathiepine-7-carboxamide, for MDA-MB-231 and DU145 cells, respectively. The parent "unsubstituted" benzopolysulfane, o-C6H4S5, had IC50 values 4.2 times lower and 2.7 times higher than the ceramide benzopolysulfane for MDA-MB-231 and DU145 cells, respectively. The results indicate that the polysulfur linkage is needed for activity since benzenedithiol, o-C6H4(SH)2, had IC50 values greater than 30 μM with little effect on MDA-MB-231 and DU145 cells. Thus, to account for the bioactivity, a bimolecular reaction of cellular thiol with the ceramide benzopolysulfane is a proposed followed by thiozone (S3) extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaickapillai Mahendran
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
| | - Ashwini A Ghogare
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Graduate Center, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - Gilbert Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate Center, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA.
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Du P, Viswanathan UM, Khairan K, Buric T, Saidu NEB, Xu Z, Hanf B, Bazukyan I, Trchounian A, Hannemann F, Bernhardt I, Burkholz T, Diesel B, Kiemer AK, Schäfer KH, Montenarh M, Kirsch G, Jacob C. Synthesis of amphiphilic, chalcogen-based redox modulators with in vitro cytotoxic activity against cancer cells, macrophages and microbes. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00204g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Czepukojc B, Leroch M, Salm F, Viswanathan UM, Burkholz T, Hahn M, Jacob C. Antifungal Activity of Tetrasulfanes against Botrytis cinerea. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various natural polysulfanes (RSxR’, x ≥ 3, R ≠ H), such as diallyltrisulfide and diallyltetrasulfide from garlic, are mostly harmless to humans, higher animals and plants, yet highly active against diverse microbes, including several fungi. Such natural organic sulfur compounds (OSCs) possess considerable practical potential against a wide range of agricultural pests. Unfortunately, their use is often hampered due to the inherently offensive smell, chemical instability and low water solubility. However, since the biological activity of polysulfanes is primarily based on their unique sulfur-sulfur motif, it is possible to preserve this motif and to modify the side-chain(s). Ultimately, such changes result in synthetic polysulfanes which retain or even exceed the activity of their natural analogues, and also show improved physico-chemical properties. The resulting acid-, ether- and ester-based tetrasulfanes synthesized as part of this study are odorless and highly active against the grey mold fungus Botrytis cinerea. Some, but not all, of the synthetic polysulfanes are recognized by an active fungal efflux mechanism mediated by the ABC transporter AtrB. Remarkably, some of them even induce transcription of the AtrB-encoding gene, mediated by transcription factor Mrr1. Taken together, the activity of synthetic polysulfanes against B. cinerea, combined with a likely low ecotoxicity of such sulfur compounds, bodes well for possible future applications against this and eventually other agronomically important plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Czepukojc
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Michaela Leroch
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, PO Box 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Franz Salm
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Uma M. Viswanathan
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Torsten Burkholz
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, PO Box 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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Czepukojc B, Baltes AK, Cerella C, Kelkel M, Viswanathan UM, Salm F, Burkholz T, Schneider C, Dicato M, Montenarh M, Jacob C, Diederich M. Synthetic polysulfane derivatives induce cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death in human hematopoietic cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 64:249-57. [PMID: 24157544 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural polysulfanes including diallyltrisulfide (DATS) and diallyltetrasulfide (DATTS) from garlic possess antimicrobial, chemopreventive and anticancer properties. However these compounds exhibit chemical instability and reduced solubility, which prevents their potential clinical applicability. We synthesized six DATS and DATTS derivatives, based on the polysulfane motif, expected to exhibit improved physical and chemical properties and verified their biological activity on human leukemia cells. We identified four novel cytotoxic compounds (IC50 values: compound 1, 24.96±12.37 μM; compound 2, 22.82±4.20 μM; compound 3, 3.86±1.64 μM and compound 5, 40.62±10.07 μM, compared to DATTS: IC50: 9.33±3.86 μM). These polysulfanes possess excellent differential toxicity, as they did not affect proliferating mononuclear blood cells from healthy donors. We further demonstrated ability of active compounds to induce apoptosis in leukemia cells by analysis of nuclear fragmentation and of cleavage of effector and executioner caspases. Apoptosis was preceded by accumulation of cells in G2/M phase with a pro-metaphase-like nuclear pattern as well as microtubular alterations. Prolonged and persistent arrest of cancer cells in early mitosis by the benzyl derivative identifies this compound as the most stable and effective one for further mechanistic and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Czepukojc
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany; Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, D-66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Baltes
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany; Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Claudia Cerella
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mareike Kelkel
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Uma M Viswanathan
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Franz Salm
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Torsten Burkholz
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Carolin Schneider
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, D-66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire de Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mathias Montenarh
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Building 44, D-66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B 2.1, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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