Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel Arylazothiazole Disperse Dyes Containing Selenium for Dyeing Polyester Fibers

An efficient methodological approach for synthesis of selenopyridines: generation, reactions, anticancer activity, EGFR inhibitory activity and molecular docking studies

In the present work, we successfully synthesized Se-alkyl selenopyridines 1 and 3, selenopheno[2,3-b]pyridine 2, and bis-selenopyridine 4 derivatives using an eco-friendly method by utilizing NaHSe instead of toxic hydrogen selenide. The effect of the temperature on the reaction was screening at various temperatures. The regiospecific reaction of selenopyridine 1 with bromine afforded an unexpected product 4,6-diamino-5-bromo-2-[(cyanomethyl)selenyl]-pyridine-3-carbonitrile (5), which was cyclized to selenopheno[2,3-b]pyridine (7) by refluxing in the presence of TEA. While its treatment with thiophenol and/or p-chlorothiophenol gave 8a, b. On the other hand, its reaction with aminothiophenol afforded 2-(benzo[d]-thiazol-2-yl)-5-bromoselenopheno[2,3-b]pyridine-3,4,6-triamine (9). Also, N-(2-cyano-4-methyl-5H-1-seleno-3,5,8-triazaacenaphthylen-7-yl)acetamide (11) and a novel series of selenoazo dyes 12a-d were synthesized by treatment of selenopheno[2,3-b]pyridine 2 with acetic anhydride and/or diazonium chlorides of aromatic amines, respectively. Then, we ascertained the potential activity of synthesized compounds against highly metastatic prostate cancer cells (PC-3) and osteosarcoma cells (MG-63) and found that 12a, 12b, 12c, and 12d were more cytotoxic than doxorubicin in both tested cell lines, showing nearly the same anticancer activity with IC50 values ranging from 2.59 ± 0.02 µM to 3.93 ± 0.23 µM. Mechanistically, the most potent compounds 12a and 12b proved to be potent EGFR inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.301 and 0.123 µM, respectively, compared to lapatinib as a positive reference (IC50 = 0.049 µM). Moreover, the docking results are in good agreement with the anticancer activity as well as the EGFR inhibitory activity, suggesting these two compounds as promising EGFR anticancer candidates.

Green synthesis of selenium-N-heterocyclic carbene compounds: Evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer potential

Three benzimidazolium salts (III-V) and respective selenium adducts (VI-VIII) were designed, synthesized and characterized by various analytical techniques (FT-IR and NMR ¹H, ¹³C). Selected salts and respective selenium N-Heterocyclic carbenes (selenium-NHC) adducts were tested in vitro against Cervical Cancer Cell line (Hela), Breast Adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7), Retinal Ganglion Cell line (RGC-5) and Mouse Melanoma Cell line (B16F10) using MTT assay and the results were compared with standard drug 5-Fluorouracil. Se-NHC compounds and azolium salts showed significant anticancer potential. Molecular docking studies of compounds (VI, VII and VIII) showed strong binding energies and ligand affinity toward following angiogenic factors: VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A), EGF (human epidermal growth factor), HIF (Hypoxia-inducible factor) and COX-1 (Cyclooxygenase-1) suggesting that the anticancer activity of adducts (VI, VII and VIII) may be due to their strong anti-angiogenic effect. In addition, compounds III-VIII were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal potential. Adduct VI was found to be potent anti-fungal agent against A. Niger with zone of inhibition (ZI) value 27.01 ± 0.251 mm which is better than standard drug Clotrimazole tested in parallel.

Synthesis, Antibacterial, and Anti HepG2 Cell Line Human Hepatocyte Carcinoma Activity of Some New Potentially Benzimidazole-5-(Aryldiazenyl)Thiazole Derivatives

The paper describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of some new benzimidazole derivatives as potent clinical drugs that are useful in the treatment of some microbial infections and tumor inhibition. The starting compound 2-(bromomethyl)-1H-benzimidazole (1) was prepared, and hence underwent interesting functionalization reactions to afford several series of benzimidazole-5-(aryldiazenyl)thiazole derivatives: 3a⁻c, 7a⁻c, and 8a⁻c. The antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated by calculation of the inhibition zone diameter (mm) and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (µg/mL) against selected pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria).Noticeable efficiency was found based on in vitro screening for their antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity effect against the human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) and human hepatocyte carcinoma cells at relatively high concentrations.

Therapeutic applications of selenium-derived compounds

Selenium is a biocompatible element and participates in several biochemical reactions occurring in the human body. Its biocompatibility and minimal toxicity has attracted researchers to develop selenium-based drugs. Hence, recent developments on biomedical applications of selenium-based compounds have been discussed. A structure activity relationship has also been interpreted.