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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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2
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Budnikova YH, Dolengovsky EL, Tarasov MV, Gryaznova TV. Recent advances in electrochemical C—H phosphorylation. Front Chem 2022; 10:1054116. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1054116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of C–H bond, and its direct one-step functionalization, is one of the key synthetic methodologies that provides direct access to a variety of practically significant compounds. Particular attention is focused on modifications obtained at the final stages of the synthesis of complicated molecules, which requires high tolerance to the presence of existing functional groups. Phosphorus is an indispensable element of life, and phosphorus chemistry is now experiencing a renaissance due to new emerging applications in medicinal chemistry, materials chemistry (polymers, flame retardants, organic electronics, and photonics), agricultural chemistry (herbicides, insecticides), catalysis (ligands) and other important areas of science and technology. In this regard, the search for new, more selective, low-waste synthetic routes become relevant. In this context, electrosynthesis has proven to be an eco-efficient and convenient approach in many respects, where the reagents are replaced by electrodes, where the reactants are replaced by electrodes, and the applied potential the applied potential determines their “oxidizing or reducing ability”. An electrochemical approach to such processes is being developed rapidly and demonstrates some advantages over traditional classical methods of C-H phosphorylation. The main reasons for success are the exclusion of excess reagents from the reaction system: such as oxidants, reducing agents, and sometimes metal and/or other improvers, which challenge isolation, increase the wastes and reduce the yield due to frequent incompatibility with these functional groups. Ideal conditions include electron as a reactant (regulated by applied potential) and the by-products as hydrogen or hydrocarbon. The review summarizes and analyzes the achievements of electrochemical methods for the preparation of various phosphorus derivatives with carbon-phosphorus bonds, and collects data on the redox properties of the most commonly used phosphorus precursors. Electrochemically induced reactions both with and without catalyst metals, where competitive oxidation of precursors leads to either the activation of C-H bond or to the generation of phosphorus-centered radicals (radical cations) or metal high oxidation states will be examined. The review focuses on publications from the past 5 years.
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Budnikova YH. Phosphorus-Centered Radicals: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. A Review. DOKLADY CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012500822600353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Gryaznova TV, Nikanshina EO, Fayzullin RR, Islamov DR, Tarasov MV, Kholin KV, Budnikova YH. EPR-electrochemical monitoring of P–C coupling: Towards one-step electrochemical phosphorylation of acridine. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Long H, Huang C, Zheng YT, Li ZY, Jie LH, Song J, Zhu S, Xu HC. Electrochemical C-H phosphorylation of arenes in continuous flow suitable for late-stage functionalization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6629. [PMID: 34785664 PMCID: PMC8616953 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient and sustainable methods for carbon-phosphorus bond formation is of great importance due to the wide application of organophosphorus compounds in chemistry, material sciences and biology. Previous C-H phosphorylation reactions under nonelectrochemical or electrochemical conditions require directing groups, transition metal catalysts, or chemical oxidants and suffer from limited scope. Herein we disclose a catalyst- and external oxidant-free, electrochemical C-H phosphorylation reaction of arenes in continuous flow for the synthesis of aryl phosphorus compounds. The C-P bond is formed through the reaction of arenes with anodically generated P-radical cations, a class of reactive intermediates remained unexplored for synthesis despite intensive studies of P-radicals. The high reactivity of the P-radical cations coupled with the mild conditions of the electrosynthesis ensures not only efficient reactions of arenes of diverse electronic properties but also selective late-stage functionalization of complex natural products and bioactive compounds. The synthetic utility of the electrochemical method is further demonstrated by the continuous production of 55.0 grams of one of the phosphonate products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Yun-Tao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Liang-Hua Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Zhu
- NanoFCM INC., Xiamen Pioneering Park for Overseas Chinese Scholars, 361006, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
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6
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Electrochemical Phosphorylation of Organic Molecules. CHEM REC 2020; 20:1530-1552. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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7
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Gryaznova TV, Khrizanforov MN, Levitskaya AI, Kh.Rizvanov I, Balakina MY, Ivshin KA, Kataeva ON, Budnikova YH. Electrochemically Driven and Acid-Driven Pyridine-Directed ortho-Phosphorylation of C(sp2)–H Bonds. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V. Gryaznova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail N. Khrizanforov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Alina I. Levitskaya
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Ildar Kh.Rizvanov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Yu. Balakina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Kamil A. Ivshin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Olga N. Kataeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia H. Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov-str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
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Xu Z, Li Y, Mo G, Zheng Y, Zeng S, Sun PH, Ruan Z. Electrochemical Oxidative Phosphorylation of Aldehyde Hydrazones. Org Lett 2020; 22:4016-4020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongnan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Yueheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Guangquan Mo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Yucheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
| | - Shaogao Zeng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Hua Sun
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, P.R. China
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Mulina OM, Zhironkina NV, Paveliev SA, Demchuk DV, Terent’ev AO. Electrochemically Induced Synthesis of Sulfonylated N-Unsubstituted Enamines from Vinyl Azides and Sulfonyl Hydrazides. Org Lett 2020; 22:1818-1824. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga M. Mulina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nataliya V. Zhironkina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, 125047 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Stanislav A. Paveliev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V. Demchuk
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O. Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya Square, 125047 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Gryaznova TV, Kholin KV, Nikanshina EO, Khrizanforova VV, Strekalova SO, Fayzullin RR, Budnikova YH. Copper or Silver-Mediated Oxidative C(sp2)–H/N–H Cross-Coupling of Phthalimide and Heterocyclic Arenes: Access to N-Arylphthalimides. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V. Gryaznova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill V. Kholin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Elizaveta O. Nikanshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Vera V. Khrizanforova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Sofia O. Strekalova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Robert R. Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia H. Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
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Strekalova S, Khrizanforov M, Budnikova Y. Evaluation of Transition Metal Catalysts in Electrochemically Induced Aromatic Phosphonation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091823. [PMID: 31083594 PMCID: PMC6540189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltammetry provides important information on the redox properties of catalysts (transition metal complexes of Ni, Co, Mn, etc.) and their activity in electrocatalytic reactions of aromatic C–H phosphonation in the presence of a phosphorus precursor, for example, dialkyl-H-phosphonate. Based on catalytic current growth of oxidation or reduction of the metal catalysts (CoII, MnII, NiII, MnII/NiII, MnII/CoII, and CoII/NiII), quantitative characteristics of the regeneration of catalysts were determined, for example, for MnII, NiII and MnII/NiII, CoII/NiII pairs. Calculations confirmed the previously made synthetic observations on the synergistic effect of certain metal ions in binary catalytic systems (MnIIbpy/NiIIbpy and NiIIbpy/CoIIbpy); for mixtures, the observed rate constants, or TOF, were 690 s−1 and 721 s−1, respectively, and product yields were higher for monometallic catalytic systems (up to 71% for bimetallic catalytic systems and ~30% for monometallic catalytic systems). In some cases, the appearance of pre-waves after adding H-phosphonates confirmed the preceding chemical reaction. It also confirmed the formation of metal phosphonates in the time scale of voltammetry, oxidizing or reducing at lower potentials than the original (RO)2P(O)H and metal complex, which could be used for fast diagnostics of metal ion and dialkyl-H-phosphonate interactions. Electrochemical transfer of an electron to (from) metal phosphonate generates a phosphonyl radical, which can then react with different arenes to give the products of aromatic C–H phosphonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Strekalova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Mikhail Khrizanforov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Yulia Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 420088 Kazan, Russia.
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Terent'ev AO, Mulina OM, Parshin VD, Kokorekin VA, Nikishin GI. Electrochemically induced oxidative S–O coupling: synthesis of sulfonates from sulfonyl hydrazides and N-hydroxyimides or N-hydroxybenzotriazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3482-3488. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03162b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A variety of sulfonates were synthesized from sulfonyl hydrazides and N-hydroxy compounds via electrochemically induced oxidative S–O bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Terent'ev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
| | - Olga M. Mulina
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Vadim D. Parshin
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Kokorekin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
| | - Gennady I. Nikishin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
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