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Zaffiri L, Chambers ET. Screening and Management of PTLD. Transplantation 2023; 107:2316-2328. [PMID: 36949032 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) represents a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative diseases occurring in the setting of immunosuppression following hematopoietic stem cells transplant and solid organ transplantation. Despite its overall low incidence, PTLD is a serious complication following transplantation, with a mortality rate as high as 50% in transplant recipients. Therefore, it is important to establish for each transplant recipient a personalized risk evaluation for the development of PTLD based on the determination of Epstein-Barr virus serostatus and viral load following the initiation of immunosuppression. Due to the dynamic progression of PTLD, reflected in the diverse pathological features, different therapeutic approaches have been used to treat this disorder. Moreover, new therapeutic strategies based on the administration of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells have been developed. In this review, we summarize the available data on screening and treatment to suggest a strategy to identify transplant recipients at a higher risk for PTLD development and to review the current therapeutic options for PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Zaffiri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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2
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Dasari V, McNeil LK, Beckett K, Solomon M, Ambalathingal G, Thuy TL, Panikkar A, Smith C, Steinbuck MP, Jakubowski A, Seenappa LM, Palmer E, Zhang J, Haqq CM, DeMuth PC, Khanna R. Lymph node targeted multi-epitope subunit vaccine promotes effective immunity to EBV in HLA-expressing mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4371. [PMID: 37553346 PMCID: PMC10409721 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of a causal link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis has generated considerable interest in the development of an effective vaccine against EBV. Here we describe a vaccine formulation based on a lymph node targeting Amphiphile vaccine adjuvant, Amphiphile-CpG, admixed with EBV gp350 glycoprotein and an engineered EBV polyepitope protein that includes 20 CD8+ T cell epitopes from EBV latent and lytic antigens. Potent gp350-specific IgG responses are induced in mice with titers >100,000 in Amphiphile-CpG vaccinated mice. Immunization including Amphiphile-CpG also induces high frequencies of polyfunctional gp350-specific CD4+ T cells and EBV-specific CD8+ T cells that are 2-fold greater than soluble CpG and are maintained for >7 months post immunization. This combination of broad humoral and cellular immunity against multiple viral determinants is likely to provide better protection against primary infection and control of latently infected B cells leading to protection against the development of EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra Dasari
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | - Kirrilee Beckett
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Solomon
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - George Ambalathingal
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - T Le Thuy
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Archana Panikkar
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Caitlyn Smith
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeff Zhang
- Elicio Therapeutics, Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Infection and Inflammation Program, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
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3
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Enfrein A, Hamidou M. Epstein-Barr Virus et lupus systémique : quels liens ? Rev Med Interne 2022; 43:487-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2022.03.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Shafer P, Kelly LM, Hoyos V. Cancer Therapy With TCR-Engineered T Cells: Current Strategies, Challenges, and Prospects. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835762. [PMID: 35309357 PMCID: PMC8928448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To redirect T cells against tumor cells, T cells can be engineered ex vivo to express cancer-antigen specific T cell receptors (TCRs), generating products known as TCR-engineered T cells (TCR T). Unlike chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), TCRs recognize HLA-presented peptides derived from proteins of all cellular compartments. The use of TCR T cells for adoptive cellular therapies (ACT) has gained increased attention, especially as efforts to treat solid cancers with ACTs have intensified. In this review, we describe the differing mechanisms of T cell antigen recognition and signal transduction mediated through CARs and TCRs. We describe the classes of cancer antigens recognized by current TCR T therapies and discuss both classical and emerging pre-clinical strategies for antigen-specific TCR discovery, enhancement, and validation. Finally, we review the current landscape of clinical trials for TCR T therapy and discuss what these current results indicate for the development of future engineered TCR approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Shafer
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Program in Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lauren M Kelly
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Program in Cancer & Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Valentina Hoyos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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5
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Jiang YT, Chen KH, Yang J, Liang ZG, Li L, Qu S, Zhu XD. Efficiency of high cumulative cisplatin dose in high- and low-risk patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Med 2021; 11:715-727. [PMID: 34859600 PMCID: PMC8817101 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal cumulative cisplatin dose (CCD) during radiation therapy for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LA-NPC) patients receiving induction chemotherapy (IC) plus CCRT remains controversial. This study aimed to explore the treatment efficiency of CCD for high-and low-risk patients with LA-NPC. METHODS Data from 472 LA-NPC patients diagnosed from 2014 to 2018 and treated with IC plus CCRT were reviewed. After propensity score matching, the therapeutic effects of a CCD > 200 and CCD ≤ 200 mg/m2 were evaluated comparatively. Five factors selected by multivariate analysis were incorporated to develop a nomogram. Subgroup analysis was conducted to explore the role of different CCDs in nomogram-defined high- and low-risk groups. Additionally, acute toxicities were evaluated comparatively between the high- and low-CCD groups. RESULTS After matching, there was no difference between different CCD groups for all patients in terms of 3-year overall survival (OS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS), or progression-free survival (PFS). A nomogram was built by integrating pretreatment EBV DNA, clinical stage, and post-IC EBV DNA, post-IC primary gross tumor and lymph node volumes obtained a C-index of 0.674. The high-risk group determined by the nomogram had poorer 3-year PFS, OS, DMFS, and LRRFS than the low-risk group. A total of CCD > 200 mg/m2 increased the survival rates of 3-year PFS and DMFS (PFS: 72.5% vs. 54.4%, p = 0.012; DMFS: 81.9% vs. 61.5%, p = 0.014) in the high-risk group but not in the low-risk group. Moreover, the high CCD increased treatment-related acute toxicities. CONCLUSIONS A high CCD was associated with better 3-year PFS and DMFS rates than a low dose for high-risk patients but could not produce a survival benefit for low-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kai-Hua Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhong-Guo Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Song Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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6
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Han Y, Xia K, Su T. Exploration of the Important Role of Microfibril-Associated Protein 4 Gene in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e931238. [PMID: 34210950 PMCID: PMC8259352 DOI: 10.12659/msm.931238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common tumor of the head and neck. Its treatment usually requires multiple modalities. Currently, there are no molecular biomarkers to guide these treatment strategies. Studies have shown that microfibril-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is potentially useful for non-invasive assessment of various diseases; however, its biological function in tumors is still unknown. In this study, we propose that MFAP4 is a new prognostic target for OSCC. Material/Methods First, we collected OSCC data (GSE25099 and GSE30784 datasets) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and compared the differential expression of MFAP4 gene between the patients (tumor) and normal (control) groups. The comparison was done with University of California Santa Cruz Xena (https://xenabrowser.net/Datapages/), and we calculated the difference in MFAP4 gene expression between normal and tumor tissues in a pan-cancer analysis. Then, we compared the 2 groups with high and low expression of MFAP4 gene in terms of tumor mutation burden (TMB), miRNA regulation, and immune cell infiltration. Results We found that the expression of MFAP4 gene was significantly decreased in tumors. Our research also showed that high expression of MFAP4 was related to better prognosis of patients and may be related to tumor gene mutation, miRNA regulation, and infiltration of different immune cells. Conclusions Our work provides evidence that expression of MFAP4 can be used as a prognostic biomarker for risk stratification of OSCC patients and elaborates on its relation with the regulation of TMB, miRNAs, and immune cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Tong Su
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland).,Institute of Oral Cancer and Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland).,Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumors, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
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7
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Sinha D, Srihari S, Beckett K, Le Texier L, Solomon M, Panikkar A, Ambalathingal GR, Lekieffre L, Crooks P, Rehan S, Neller MA, Smith C, Khanna R. 'Off-the-shelf' allogeneic antigen-specific adoptive T-cell therapy for the treatment of multiple EBV-associated malignancies. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001608. [PMID: 33589524 PMCID: PMC7887372 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an oncogenic human gammaherpesvirus, is associated with a wide range of human malignancies of epithelial and B-cell origin. Recent studies have demonstrated promising safety and clinical efficacy of allogeneic ‘off-the-shelf’ virus-specific T-cell therapies for post-transplant viral complications. Methods Taking a clue from these studies, we developed a highly efficient EBV-specific T-cell expansion process using a replication-deficient AdE1-LMPpoly vector that specifically targets EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and latent membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LMP1 and LMP2), expressed in latency II malignancies. Results These allogeneic EBV-specific T cells efficiently recognized human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched EBNA1-expressing and/or LMP1 and LMP2-expressing malignant cells and demonstrated therapeutic potential in a number of in vivo models, including EBV lymphomas that emerged spontaneously in humanized mice following EBV infection. Interestingly, we were able to override resistance to T-cell therapy in vivo using a ‘restriction-switching’ approach, through sequential infusion of two different allogeneic T-cell therapies restricted through different HLA alleles. Furthermore, we have shown that inhibition of the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 axis in combination with EBV-specific T-cell therapy significantly improved overall survival of tumor-bearing mice when compared with monotherapy. Conclusion These findings suggest that restriction switching by sequential infusion of allogeneic T-cell therapies that target EBV through distinct HLA alleles may improve clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debottam Sinha
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sriganesh Srihari
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kirrliee Beckett
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laetitia Le Texier
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew Solomon
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Archana Panikkar
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Lea Lekieffre
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pauline Crooks
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sweera Rehan
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle A Neller
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Huisman W, Gille I, van der Maarel LE, Hageman L, Morton LT, de Jong RCM, Heemskerk MHM, Amsen D, Falkenburg JHF, Jedema I. Identification of Functional HLA-A*01 :01-Restricted EBV-LMP2-Specific T-cell Receptors. J Infect Dis 2020; 226:833-842. [PMID: 32808978 PMCID: PMC9470112 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T cells expressing antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs), is an appealing therapeutic approach for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies of latency type II/III that express EBV-antigens (LMP1/2). Patients who are HLA-A*01:01pos could benefit from such products, since no T cells recognizing any EBV-derived peptide in this common HLA allele have been found thus far. METHODS HLA-A*01:01-restricted EBV-(LMP2)-specific T-cells were isolated using peptide-MHC-tetramers. Functionality was assessed by production of IFNγ and cytotoxicity when stimulated with EBV-LMP2-expressing cell-lines. Functionality of primary T cells transduced with HLA-A*01:01-restricted EBV-LMP2-specific TCRs was optimized by knocking out the endogenous TCR of primary T cells (ΔTCR) using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. RESULTS EBV-LMP2-specific T cells were successfully isolated and their TCRs were characterized. TCR gene-transfer in primary T cells resulted in specific peptide-MHC-tetramer binding and reactivity against EBV-LMP2-expressing cell-lines. The mean-fluorescence intensity of peptide-MHC-tetramer binding was increased 1.5-2 fold when the endogenous TCR of CD8pos T cells was knocked out. CD8pos/ΔTCR T cells modified to express EBV-LMP2-specific TCRs showed IFNγ secretion and cytotoxicity towards EBV-LMP2-expressing malignant cell-lines. DISCUSSION We isolated the first functional HLA-A*01:01-restricted EBV-LMP2-specific T-cell populations and TCRs, which can potentially be used in future TCR gene-therapy to treat EBV-associated latency type II/III malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Huisman
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory for Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Gille
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lois Hageman
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Laura T Morton
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C M de Jong
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | - Derk Amsen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory for Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Inge Jedema
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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9
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Sun XS, Liu SL, Liang YJ, Chen QY, Li XY, Tang LQ, Mai HQ. The role of capecitabine as maintenance therapy in de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A propensity score matching study. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2020; 40:32-42. [PMID: 32112522 PMCID: PMC7163789 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Capecitabine was previously used as a second‐line or salvage therapy for metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and has shown satisfactory curative effect as maintenance therapy in other metastatic cancers. This study aimed to explore the role of capecitabine as maintenance therapy in de novo metastatic NPC patients with different plasma Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA levels before treatment. Methods We selected de novo metastatic NPC patients treated with locoregional radiotherapy (LRRT) for this retrospective study. The propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to balance potential confounders between patients who underwent capecitabine maintenance therapy and those who did not with a ratio of 1:3. Overall survival (OS) was the primary endpoint. The association between capecitabine maintenance therapy and survival was assessed using the log‐rank test and a Cox proportional hazard model. Results Among all patients eligible for this study, 64 received capecitabine maintenance therapy after LRRT. After PSM, 192 patients were identified in the non‐maintenance group. In the matched cohort, patients treated with capecitabine achieved a higher 3‐year OS rate compared with patients in the non‐maintenance group (68.5% vs. 61.8%, P = 0.037). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that capecitabine maintenance therapy was an independent prognostic factor. In subgroup analysis, 3‐year OS rate was comparable between the maintenance and non‐maintenance groups in patients with high pretreatment EBV DNA levels (˃30,000 copies/mL) (54.8% vs. 45.8%, P = 0.835), whereas patients with low pretreatment EBV DNA levels (≤30,000 copies/mL) could benefit from capecitabine maintenance therapy in OS (90.0% vs. 68.1%, P = 0.003). Conclusion Capecitabine maintenance therapy may be superior to non‐maintenance therapy in prolonging OS for de novo metastatic NPC patients with pretreatment EBV DNA ≤ 30,000 copies/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Sun
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Sai-Lan Liu
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jing Liang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Yan Chen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yun Li
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Quan Tang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Qiang Mai
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P. R. China
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10
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Sun XS, Xiao BB, Lu ZJ, Liu SL, Chen QY, Yuan L, Tang LQ, Mai HQ. Stratification of Candidates for Induction Chemotherapy in Stage III-IV Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Large Cohort Study Based on a Comprehensive Prognostic Model. Front Oncol 2020; 10:255. [PMID: 32185130 PMCID: PMC7059214 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To establish a prognostic index (PI) for patients with stage III-IV nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients to personalize recommendations for induction chemotherapy (IC) before intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Patients and Methods: Patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) with or without IC. Factors used to construct the PI were selected by a multivariate analysis of progression-free survival (PFS), which was the primary endpoint (P < 0.05). Five variables were selected based on a backward procedure in a Cox proportional hazards model: gender, T stage, N stage, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA. The cutoff value for the PI was determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: The present study involved 3,586 patients diagnosed with stage III-IV NPC. The cutoff value for PI was 0.8. The high-risk subgroup showed worse outcomes than did the low-risk subgroup on all endpoints: PFS, overall survival (OS), locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). In the low-risk subgroup (PI <0.8), patients showed comparable survival outcomes on all clinical endpoints regardless of IC application, whereas in the high-risk subgroup (PI > 0.8), the addition of IC significantly improved PFS, OS, and DMFS, but not LRFS. In multivariate analyses, IC was a protective factor for PFS, OS, and DMFS in the high-risk subgroup, while it had no significant benefit in the low-risk subgroup. Conclusion: The proposed prognostic model effectively stratifies patients with stage III-IV NPC. High-risk patients are candidates for IC before CCRT, while low-risk patients are unlikely to benefit from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Sun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bei-Bei Xiao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Jian Lu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sai-Lan Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Quan Tang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Qiang Mai
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Chen L, Qiao D, Wang J, Tian G, Wang M. Cancer immunotherapy with lymphocytes genetically engineered with T cell receptors for solid cancers. Immunol Lett 2019; 216:51-62. [PMID: 31597088 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) have proven to be highly effective for treating CD19+ B cell-derived hematologic malignancies. However, due to the lack of ideal tumor surface antigens, CAR-T cell therapy has limited success in treating solid tumors. T cells genetically engineered with T cell receptors (TCR-T cells) recognize intracellular and cell-surface antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presentation and thus have the potential to access much more target antigens than CAR-T cells, providing great promise in treating solid tumors. There is an increasing interest in the application of TCR-T cell therapy for solid tumors, and fifty-six clinical trials are undergoing worldwide to confirm its validity. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in clinical studies of TCR-T cell therapy, describe strategies in the preparation and characterization of TCR-T cells, focusing on antigen selection, TCR isolation and methods to further enhance the potency of adoptively transferred cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongjuan Qiao
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juntao Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial Park, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, China.
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12
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Sun XS, Liu LT, Liu SL, Guo SS, Wen YF, Xie HJ, Tang QN, Liang YJ, Li XY, Yan JJ, Ma J, Chen QY, Tang LQ, Mai HQ. Identifying optimal candidates for local treatment of the primary tumor among patients with de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study based on Epstein-Barr virus DNA level and tumor response to palliative chemotherapy. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:92. [PMID: 30665378 PMCID: PMC6341516 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the clinical outcome in patients with de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated or not treated with locoregional radiotherapy (LRRT) based on plasma Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA level and tumor response after palliative chemotherapy (PCT). Methods From 2007 to 2016, 502 patients with de novo metastatic NPC were included in this study. All patients were treated with PCT and 315 patients received LRRT. Our primary study endpoint was overall survival (OS). Results EBV DNA was detected in 461 patients (91.8%) before treatment but was undetectable in 249 patients (49.6%) after PCT. Three hundred and seventeen patients (63.1%) achieved satisfactory response (complete response or partial response) to PCT. Both the post-PCT EBV DNA level and tumor response were independent prognostic factors. Among low-risk patients (patients with undetectable EBV DNA and satisfactory tumor response after PCT), the 3-year OS rate was 80.4% in LRRT-treated patients and 45.3% in patients not treated with LRRT (P < 0.001). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that LRRT was an independent prognostic factor of OS in the low-risk patients (P < 0.001). However, among the high-risk patients (patients with detectable EBV DNA and/or unsatisfactory response after PCT), no statistically significant survival differences were observed between the LRRT and non-LRRT groups. Conclusions EBV DNA level and tumor response after PCT both correlate with the prognosis of de novo metastatic NPC. In such cases, LRRT may benefit the patients with undetectable EBV DNA levels and satisfactory tumor response after PCT. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5281-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Sun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ting Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai-Lan Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Guo
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Feng Wen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Jun Xie
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Nan Tang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jing Liang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yun Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jie Yan
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Yan Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China. .,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin-Quan Tang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China. .,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Qiang Mai
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, China. .,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor TAK-659 Prevents Splenomegaly and Tumor Development in a Murine Model of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Lymphoma. mSphere 2018; 3:3/4/e00378-18. [PMID: 30135222 PMCID: PMC6106053 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00378-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel SYK and FLT3 inhibitor TAK-659 prevents the enlargement of spleen and tumor development in a mouse model of EBV-associated lymphoma by counteracting the activation of cellular kinase SYK through the viral LMP2A gene by inducing cell death in tumor cells but not in nontumor cells. These findings indicate that TAK-659 may be a very effective nontoxic therapeutic molecule especially for EBV-positive hematologic malignancies. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several B and epithelial cell cancers. EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) contributes to cellular transformation by mimicking B cell receptor signaling. LMP2A/MYC double transgenic mice develop splenomegaly and B cell lymphoma much faster than MYC transgenic mice do. In this study, we explored the potential therapeutic efficacy of a novel spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and FLT3 inhibitor TAK-659 for development of a treatment option for EBV-associated malignancies. In our transgenic model, TAK-659 treatment totally abrogated splenomegaly and tumor development in LMP2A/MYC mice in both pretumor and tumor cell transfer experiments. TAK-659 treatment killed tumor cells, but not host cells within the spleen and tumors. Furthermore, TAK-659 treatment abrogated metastasis of tumor cells into bone marrow. Our data also show that TAK-659 inhibits SYK phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in LMP2A/MYC tumor cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Therefore, TAK-659 may provide an effective therapeutic option for treatment of LMP2A-positive EBV-associated malignancies and should be explored further in clinical trials. IMPORTANCE The novel SYK and FLT3 inhibitor TAK-659 prevents the enlargement of spleen and tumor development in a mouse model of EBV-associated lymphoma by counteracting the activation of cellular kinase SYK through the viral LMP2A gene by inducing cell death in tumor cells but not in nontumor cells. These findings indicate that TAK-659 may be a very effective nontoxic therapeutic molecule especially for EBV-positive hematologic malignancies.
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14
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Shenderov E, Ambinder RF. Resistance Is Futile: Engineering the Adoptive T-Cell Therapies of the Future. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36:1140-1142. [PMID: 29364774 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.76.6618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Shenderov
- Eugene Shenderov and Richard F. Ambinder, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Eugene Shenderov and Richard F. Ambinder, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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15
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A novel Epstein-Barr virus-latent membrane protein-1-specific T-cell receptor for TCR gene therapy. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:534-545. [PMID: 29360818 PMCID: PMC5830600 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T-cells to express antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) is a feasible and effective therapeutic approach for numerous types of cancers, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies. Here, we describe a TCR gene transfer regimen to rapidly and reliably generate T-cells specific to EBV-encoded latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1), which is a potential target for T-cell-based immunotherapy. METHODS A novel TCR specific to LMP1 (LMP1-TCR) was isolated from HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice that were immunised with the minimal epitope LMP1166 (TLLVDLLWL), and LMP1-TCR-transduced peripheral blood lymphocytes were evaluated for functional specificities. RESULTS Both human CD8 and CD4 T-cells expressing the LMP1-TCR provoked high levels of cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity towards peptide-pulsed and LMP1-expressing tumour cells. Notably, recognition of these T-cells to peptide-pulsed cells was maintained at low concentration of peptide, implying that the LMP1-TCR has high avidity. Infusion of these engineered T-cells revealed remarkable therapeutic effects and inhibition of tumour growth in a preclinical xenogeneic model. We observed explosive ex vivo proliferation of functional TCR-transduced T-cells with artificial antigen-presenting cells that express co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and 4-1BBL. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the novel TCR-targeting LMP1 might allow the potential design of T-cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies against EBV-positive malignancies.
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16
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Posttransplant chimeric antigen receptor therapy. Blood 2018; 131:1045-1052. [PMID: 29358181 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-752121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic T-cell engineering is emerging as a powerful approach to treat refractory hematological malignancies. Its most successful embodiment to date is based on the use of second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting CD19, a cell surface molecule found in most B-cell leukemias and lymphomas. Remarkable complete remissions have been obtained with autologous T cells expressing CD19 CARs in patients with relapsed, chemo-refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Allogeneic CAR T cells may also be harnessed to treat relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, the use of donor T cells poses unique challenges owing to potential alloreactivity. We review different approaches to mitigate the risk of causing or aggravating graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), including CAR therapies based on donor leukocyte infusion, virus-specific T cells, T-cell receptor-deficient T cells, lymphoid progenitor cells, and regulatory T cells. Advances in CAR design, T-cell selection and gene editing are poised to enable the safe use of allogeneic CAR T cells without incurring GVHD.
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17
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Infusions of Epstein–Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes as post-remission therapy in high-risk post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder patients: report of two cases. Int J Hematol 2017; 107:596-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Zhou CY, Wang RN, Wen Q, He WT, Zhang SM, Du XL, Yang JH, Ma L. Alanine Mutagenesis in the Complementarity Determining Region 3 of the MTB and HIV-1 Peptide-Bispecific T Cell Receptor Beta Chain Affects Ligand Recognition. Front Immunol 2017; 8:983. [PMID: 28861087 PMCID: PMC5561015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/human immunodeficiency virus (MTB/HIV) coinfection presents a special challenge to the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. Adoptive transfer of high-affinity T cell receptor (TCR) gene-modified T cells against MTB and HIV antigens is a promising approach to treating MTB/HIV coinfected patients whose cellular immunity is obviously disordered. We have previously successfully identified that a bispecific TCR screened out from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a HLA-A*0201+ healthy individual using the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) spectratype analysis recognizes both MTB Ag85B199–207 and HIV-1 Env120–128 peptide. However, it has not been known how residues on CDR3 loops, which have been shown to play a leading role in antigen binding and specificity contribute to the bispecific TCR contact with the peptide–major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes. In this study, we provided an extensive investigation of residues in the predicted CDR3 of the bispecific TCR beta (β) chain using alanine scanning mutagenesis. Our data showed that three of the five substituted residues (G115A, T116A, A117G) in CDR3β of the bispecific TCR caused a significantly diminished T cell response to antigen, whereas the remaining two substituted residues (D114A, S118A) resulted in completely eliminated response, thus identifying the two residues that were particularly critical for the recognition of peptide–MHC in the bispecific TCR. These findings will provide an imperative foundation for generating an improved high-affinity bispecific TCR for use in T cell adoptive immunotherapy for MTB/HIV coinfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Ning Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Ting He
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Meng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia-Lin Du
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hui Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Jin YN, Yao JJ, Zhang F, Wang SY, Zhang WJ, Zhou GQ, Qi ZY, Sun Y. Is pretreatment Epstein-Barr virus DNA still associated with 6-year survival outcomes in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma? J Cancer 2017; 8:976-982. [PMID: 28529609 PMCID: PMC5436249 DOI: 10.7150/jca.18124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to confirm the association between pretreatment Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA (pre-DNA) load and survival outcomes after long-term follow-up in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LA-NPC). Materials and Methods: Between November 2009 and February 2012, a total of 1036 patients with LA-NPC were enrolled. There were 762 patients in stage III and 274 in stage IVA-B. All patients were treated with radical radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy, and pre-DNA concentrations were quantified by a polymerase chain reaction assay. Patient outcomes were evaluated. Results: The 5-year overall survival (OS), distant metastasis-free surviva (DMFS), locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS), and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 84.7%, 87.0%, 90.2%, and 77.1%, respectively. By using previously defined pre-DNA cutoff value (1500 copies/ml pretreatment), pre-DNA was an independent prognostic predictor for OS, DMFS, and PFS using log-rank test. Multivariate Cox analysis also confirmed these results. Subgroup analysis indicated that the 5-year OS, DMFS, and PFS rates in patients staged IVA-B with pre-DNA < 1500 copies/ml were similar to those patients staged III with pre-DNA ≥ 1500 copies/ml, whereas patients staged IVA-B patients with pre-DNA ≥ 1500 copies/ml predicted worse outcome. Conclusions: In this expanded study, the prognostic significance of pre-DNA was confirmed using predefined cutoff value in an independent patient group, and pre-DNA was identified as an independent prognostic marker for the risk stratification in LA-NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Jin Yao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Si-Yang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519001, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wang-Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology & Health Information Research Center & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guan-Qun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Smith C, Lee V, Schuessler A, Beagley L, Rehan S, Tsang J, Li V, Tiu R, Smith D, Neller MA, Matthews KK, Gostick E, Price DA, Burrows J, Boyle GM, Chua D, Panizza B, Porceddu SV, Nicholls J, Kwong D, Khanna R. Pre-emptive and therapeutic adoptive immunotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Phenotype and effector function of T cells impact on clinical response. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1273311. [PMID: 28344888 PMCID: PMC5353921 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1273311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy has emerged as a powerful strategy to treat human cancers especially haematological malignancies. Extension of these therapies to solid cancers remains a significant challenge especially in the context of defining immunological correlates of clinical responses. Here we describe results from a clinical study investigating autologous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific T cells generated using a novel AdE1-LMPpoly vector to treat patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) either pre-emptively in at-risk patients with no or minimal residual disease (N/MRD) or therapeutically in patients with active recurrent/metastatic disease (ARMD). Tolerability, safety and efficacy, including progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), were evaluated following adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. Twenty-nine patients, including 20 with ARMD and nine with N/MRD, successfully completed T-cell therapy. After a median follow-up of 18.5 months, the median PFS was 5.5 months (95% CI 2.1 to 9.0 months) and the median OS was 38.1 months (95% CI 17.2 months to not reached). Post-immunotherapy analyses revealed that disease stabilization in ARMD patients was significantly associated with the functional and phenotypic composition of in vitro-expanded T cell immunotherapy. These included a higher proportion of effector CD8+ T-cells and an increased number of EBV-specific T-cells with broader antigen specificity. These observations indicate that adoptive immunotherapy with AdE1-LMPpoly-expanded T cells stabilizes relapsed, refractory NPC without significant toxicity. Promising clinical outcomes in N/MRD patients further suggest a potential role for this approach as a consolidation treatment following first-line chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Smith
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victor Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Andrea Schuessler
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leone Beagley
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sweera Rehan
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janice Tsang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Vivian Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Randal Tiu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - David Smith
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle A Neller
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katherine K Matthews
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma Gostick
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff, UK
| | - David A Price
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline Burrows
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen M Boyle
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Chua
- Comprehensive Oncology Centre, Hong Kong Sanatorium Hospital , Hong Kong
| | - Benedict Panizza
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sandro V Porceddu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Dora Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Oluwole OO, Zic JA, Douds JJ, Ann Thompson M, Greer JP. Cutaneous manifestations and management of hematologic neoplasms. Semin Oncol 2016; 43:370-83. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Liu LT, Tang LQ, Chen QY, Zhang L, Guo SS, Guo L, Mo HY, Zhao C, Guo X, Cao KJ, Qian CN, Zeng MS, Bei JX, Hong MH, Shao JY, Sun Y, Ma J, Mai HQ. The Prognostic Value of Plasma Epstein-Barr Viral DNA and Tumor Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Advanced-Stage Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 93:862-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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23
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de Aquino MTP, Malhotra A, Mishra MK, Shanker A. Challenges and future perspectives of T cell immunotherapy in cancer. Immunol Lett 2015; 166:117-33. [PMID: 26096822 PMCID: PMC4499494 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the formulation of the tumour immunosurveillance theory, considerable focus has been on enhancing the effectiveness of host antitumour immunity, particularly with respect to T cells. A cancer evades or alters the host immune response by various ways to ensure its development and survival. These include modifications of the immune cell metabolism and T cell signalling. An inhibitory cytokine milieu in the tumour microenvironment also leads to immune suppression and tumour progression within a host. This review traces the development in the field and attempts to summarize the hurdles that the approach of adoptive T cell immunotherapy against cancer faces, and discusses the conditions that must be improved to allow effective eradication of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa P de Aquino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Anshu Malhotra
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36101, USA
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; Tumor-Host Interactions Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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24
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Li J, Chen QY, He J, Li ZL, Tang XF, Chen SP, Xie CM, Li YQ, Huang LX, Ye SB, Ke ML, Tang LQ, Liu H, Zhang L, Guo SS, Xia JC, Zhang XS, Zheng LM, Guo X, Qian CN, Mai HQ, Zeng YX. Phase I trial of adoptively transferred tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte immunotherapy following concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e976507. [PMID: 25949875 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.976507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) for cancers using autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can induce immune responses and antitumor activity in metastatic melanoma patients. Here, we aimed to assess the safety and antitumor activity of ACT using expanded TILs following concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Twenty-three newly diagnosed, locoregionally advanced NPC patients were enrolled, of whom 20 received a single-dose of TIL infusion following CCRT. All treated patients were assessed for toxicity, survival and clinical and immunologic responses. Correlations between immunological responses and treatment effectiveness were further studied. Only mild adverse events (AEs), including Grade 3 neutropenia (1/23, 5%) consistent with immune-related causes, were observed. Nineteen of 20 patients exhibited an objective antitumor response, and 18 patients displayed disease-free survival longer than 12 mo after ACT. A measurable plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) load was detected in 14 patients at diagnosis, but a measurable EBV load was not found in patients after one week of ACT, and the plasma EBV load remained undetectable in 17 patients at 6 mo after ACT. Expansion and persistence of T cells specific for EBV antigens in peripheral blood following TIL therapy were observed in 13 patients. The apparent positive correlation between tumor regression and the expansion of T cells specific for EBV was further investigated in four patients. This study shows that NPC patients can tolerate ACT with TILs following CCRT and that this treatment results in sustained antitumor activity and anti-EBV immune responses. A larger phase II trial is in progress.
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Key Words
- ACT, adoptive cell therapy
- CCRT, concurrent chemoradiotherapy
- CR, complete response
- DFS, disease-free survival, EBNA1
- EBV, Epstein–Barr virus
- EBV-CTLs, EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells
- ELISPOT, enzyme-linked immunospot
- Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 1
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GMP, good manufacturing practices
- LMP1, latent membrane protein-1
- LMP2, latent membrane protein-2
- NPC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PD, progressive disease
- PR, partial response
- REP, rapid expansion protocol
- SFCs, spot-forming cells
- TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
- adoptive cell therapy
- nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
| | - Jia He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Miao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Imaging Diagnostic and Interventional Center; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Bio Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao-La Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Quan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
| | - Huai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
| | - Shan-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
| | - Hai-Qiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
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25
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Abstract
The ability of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to establish latency despite specific immune responses and to successfully persist lifelong in the human host shows that EBV has developed powerful strategies and mechanisms to exploit, evade, abolish, or downsize otherwise effective immune responses to ensure its own survival. This chapter focuses on current knowledge on innate immune responses against EBV and its evasion strategies for own benefit and summarizes the questions that remain to be tackled. Innate immune reactions against EBV originate both from the main target cells of EBV and from nontarget cells, which are elements of the innate immune system. Thus, we structured our review accordingly but with a particular focus on the innate recognition of EBV in its two stages in its life cycle, latent state and lytic replication. Specifically, we discuss (I) innate sensing and resulting innate immune responses against EBV by its main target cells, focusing on (i) EBV transmission between epithelial cells and B cells and their life cycle stages; and (ii) elements of innate immunity in EBV's target cells. Further, we debate (II) the innate recognition and resulting innate immune responses against EBV by cells other than the main target cells, focusing on (iii) myeloid cells: dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophil granulocytes; and (iv) natural killer cells. Finally, we address (III) how EBV counteracts or exploits innate immunity in its latent and lytic life cycle stages, concentrating on (v) TLRs; (vi) EBERs; and (vii) microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lünemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Rowe
- Centre for Human Virology, School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Nadal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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26
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Vandeven N, Nghiem P. Pathogen-driven cancers and emerging immune therapeutic strategies. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:9-14. [PMID: 24778160 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infectious agents play an etiologic role in approximately 20% of cancer cases worldwide. Eleven pathogens (seven viruses, three parasites, and one bacterium) are known to contribute to oncogenesis either directly via the expression of their protein products or indirectly via chronic inflammation. Although prevention of infection and antimicrobial treatments have helped in reducing infection rates and the incidence of associated malignancies, therapies for these cancers remain limited. The importance of immune control over malignant progression is highlighted by the fact that many cancers, particularly those induced by pathogens, occur more frequently among immunosuppressed patients as compared with healthy individuals. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that can elicit a robust immune response and restore tumor detection may be a beneficial approach for treating these cancers. In addition, the study of immune escape mechanisms used by pathogens and their associated cancers may provide insight into the mechanisms of malignant transformation and improved therapies for cancer more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Vandeven
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Dermatology/Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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27
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Downey RF, Sullivan FJ, Wang-Johanning F, Ambs S, Giles FJ, Glynn SA. Human endogenous retrovirus K and cancer: Innocent bystander or tumorigenic accomplice? Int J Cancer 2014; 137:1249-57. [PMID: 24890612 PMCID: PMC6264888 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Harbored as relics of ancient germline infections, human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) now constitute up to 8% of our genome. A proportion of this sequence has been co-opted for molecular and cellular processes, beneficial to human physiology, such as the fusogenic activity of the envelope protein, a vital component of placentogenesis. However, the discovery of high levels of HERV-K mRNA and protein and even virions in a wide array of cancers has revealed that HERV-K may be playing a more sinister role–a role as an etiological agent in cancer itself. Whether the presence of this retroviral material is simply an epiphenomenon, or an actual causative factor, is a hotly debated topic. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding HERV-K and cancer and attempt to outline the potential mechanisms by which HERV-K could be involved in the onset and promotion of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan F Downey
- Prostate Cancer Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Francis J Sullivan
- Prostate Cancer Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Francis J Giles
- Prostate Cancer Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,HRB Clinical Research Facilities Galway & Dublin, National University of Ireland Galway and Trinity College Dublin, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sharon A Glynn
- Prostate Cancer Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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28
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Linnerbauer S, Behrends U, Adhikary D, Witter K, Bornkamm GW, Mautner J. Virus and autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells are key effectors in a SCID mouse model of EBV-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004068. [PMID: 24853673 PMCID: PMC4031221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cell line (lymphoblastoid cell lines; LCL)-stimulated T-cell preparations have been successfully used to treat EBV-positive post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) in transplant recipients, but function and specificity of the CD4+ component are still poorly defined. Here, we assessed the tumor-protective potential of different CD4+ T-cell specificities in a PTLD-SCID mouse model. Injection of different virus-specific CD4+ T-cell clones showed that single specificities were capable of prolonging mouse survival and that the degree of tumor protection directly correlated with recognition of target cells in vitro. Surprisingly, some CD4+ T-cell clones promoted tumor development, suggesting that besides antigen recognition, still elusive functional differences exist among virus-specific T cells. Of several EBV-specific CD4+ T-cell clones tested, those directed against virion antigens proved most tumor-protective. However, enriching these specificities in LCL-stimulated preparations conferred no additional survival benefit. Instead, CD4+ T cells specific for unknown, probably self-antigens were identified as principal antitumoral effectors in LCL-stimulated T-cell lines. These results indicate that virion and still unidentified cellular antigens are crucial targets of the CD4+ T-cell response in this preclinical PTLD-model and that enriching the corresponding T-cell specificities in therapeutic preparations may enhance their clinical efficacy. Moreover, the expression in several EBV-negative B-cell lymphoma cell lines implies that these putative autoantigen(s) might also qualify as targets for T-cell-based immunotherapy of virus-negative B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Linnerbauer
- Clinical Cooperation Group Pediatric Tumor Immunology, Children's Hospital, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Uta Behrends
- Clinical Cooperation Group Pediatric Tumor Immunology, Children's Hospital, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Dinesh Adhikary
- Clinical Cooperation Group Pediatric Tumor Immunology, Children's Hospital, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Witter
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Josef Mautner
- Clinical Cooperation Group Pediatric Tumor Immunology, Children's Hospital, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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Tsang J, Lee VHF, Kwong DLW. Novel therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma--where are we. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:798-801. [PMID: 24462373 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is endemic in Southern China, and the South-East Asia including Hong Kong. We still see patients recur after primary treatment with radiotherapy or chemo-irradiation. Management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma remains one of the biggest clinical challenges. There have been breakthroughs in early detection, diagnosis, multi-modality treatment and also disease monitoring for NPC. Systemic treatment has been crucial to the management of locally advanced or metastatic NPC. With the advent of molecular targeted therapy and personalized medicine, novel therapies based on molecular targets of NPC have become the focus of research and development over the last decade. Furthermore, as NPC is tightly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, the role of tumor-associated viral antigens in NPC renders it an appealing candidate for cellular immunotherapy. This is a review of recent evolving concerted efforts and the success from our translational research with focus of the recent systemic novel targeted therapies including the potential role of immunotherapy which may offer further clinical benefit to our patients living with NPC. The scientific basis and latest published results of the relevant clinical trials are highlighted, demonstrating the ongoing battle against NPC is indeed one of the most fascinating successes in head and neck oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Tsang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Victor H F Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Dora L W Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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30
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Emerging roles of small Epstein-Barr virus derived non-coding RNAs in epithelial malignancy. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:17378-409. [PMID: 23979421 PMCID: PMC3794732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140917378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is an etiological factor in the progression of several human epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and a subset of gastric carcinoma. Reports have shown that EBV produces several viral oncoproteins, yet their pathological roles in carcinogenesis are not fully elucidated. Studies on the recently discovered of EBV-encoded microRNAs (ebv-miRNAs) showed that these small molecules function as post-transcriptional gene regulators and may play a role in the carcinogenesis process. In NPC and EBV positive gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC), 22 viral miRNAs which are located in the long alternative splicing EBV transcripts, named BamH1 A rightward transcripts (BARTs), are abundantly expressed. The importance of several miR-BARTs in carcinogenesis has recently been demonstrated. These novel findings enhance our understanding of the oncogenic properties of EBV and may lead to a more effective design of therapeutic regimens to combat EBV-associated malignancies. This article will review the pathological roles of miR-BARTs in modulating the expression of cancer-related genes in both host and viral genomes. The expression of other small non-coding RNAs in NPC and the expression pattern of miR-BARTs in rare EBV-associated epithelial cancers will also be discussed.
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31
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Hao PP, Zhang XB, Luo W, Zhou CY, Wen Q, Yang Z, Liu SD, Jiang ZM, Zhou MQ, Jin Q, Ma L. Development of CD8 +
T cells expressing two distinct receptors specific for MTB and HIV-1 peptides. J Cell Mol Med 2013. [PMCID: PMC3823179 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response in individuals co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and the human immunodeficiency virus (MTB/HIV) gradually deteriorates, particularly in the cellular compartment. Adoptive transfer of functional effector T cells can confer protective immunity to immunodeficient MTB/HIV co-infected recipients. However, few such effector T cells exist in vivo, and their isolation and amplification to sufficient numbers is difficult. Therefore, enhancing immune responses against both pathogens is critical for treating MTB/HIV co-infected patients. One approach is adoptive transfer of T cell receptor (TCR) gene-modified T cells for the treatment of MTB/HIV co-infections because lymphocyte numbers and their functional avidity is significantly increased by TCR gene transfer. To generate bispecific CD8+ T cells, MTB Ag85B199–207 peptide-specific TCRs (MTB/TCR) and HIV-1 Env120–128 peptide-specific TCRs (HIV/TCR) were isolated and introduced into CD8+ T cells simultaneously using a retroviral vector. To avoid mispairing among exogenous and endogenous TCRs, and to improve the function and stability of the introduced TCRs, several strategies were employed, including introducing mutations in the MTB/TCR constant (C) regions, substituting part of the HIV/TCR C regions with CD3ζ, and linking gene segments with three different 2A peptides. Results presented in this report suggest that the engineered T cells possessed peptide-specific specificity resulting in cytokine production and cytotoxic activity. This is the first report describing the generation of engineered T cells specific for two different pathogens and provides new insights into TCR gene therapy for the treatment of immunocompromised MTB/HIV co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Hao
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Chao-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Su-Dong Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Zhen-Min Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Ming-Qian Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qi Jin
- Institute of Pathogen Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; School of Biotechnology; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
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32
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Pulitzer M. Molecular diagnosis of infection-related cancers in dermatopathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 31:247-57. [PMID: 23174495 DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The association between viruses and skin cancer is increasingly recognized in a number of neoplasms, that is, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma, as well as hematolymphoid malignancies such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and NK/T-cell lymphoma (nasal type) and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Molecular assays are increasingly used to diagnose and manage these diseases. In this review, molecular features of tumor viruses and related host responses are explored. The tests used to identify such features are summarized. Evaluation of the utility of these assays for diagnosis and/or management of specific tumor types is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pulitzer
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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33
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Knowlton ER, Lepone LM, Li J, Rappocciolo G, Jenkins FJ, Rinaldo CR. Professional antigen presenting cells in human herpesvirus 8 infection. Front Immunol 2013; 3:427. [PMID: 23346088 PMCID: PMC3549500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional antigen presenting cells (APC), i.e., dendritic cells (DC), monocytes/macrophages, and B lymphocytes, are critically important in the recognition of an invading pathogen and presentation of antigens to the T cell-mediated arm of immunity. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is one of the few human viruses that primarily targets these APC for infection, altering their cytokine profiles, manipulating their surface expression of MHC molecules, and altering their ability to activate HHV-8-specific T cells. This could be why T cell responses to HHV-8 antigens are not very robust. Of these APC, only B cells support complete, lytic HHV-8 infection. However, both complete and abortive virus replication cycles in APC could directly affect viral pathogenesis and progression to Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and HHV-8-associated B cell cancers. In this review, we discuss the effects of HHV-8 infection on professional APC and their relationship to the development of KS and B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilee R Knowlton
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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The Evolving Role of Systemic Therapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Current Strategies and Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5947-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Smith C, Khanna R. Epstein?Barr virus-associated malignancies: pathobiology and emerging therapeutic options. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ma13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Immunotherapy: Current Strategies and Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5947-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Generation of polyclonal CMV-specific T cells for the adoptive immunotherapy of glioblastoma. J Immunother 2012; 35:159-68. [PMID: 22306904 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318247642f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer in adults and is virtually incurable. Recent studies have shown that cytomegalovirus (CMV) is present in majority of GBMs. To evaluate whether the CMV antigens pp65 and IE1, which are expressed in GBMs, could be targeted by CMV-specific T cells, we measured the frequency of T cells targeting pp65 and IE1 in the peripheral blood of a cohort of 11 sequentially diagnosed CMV-seropositive GBM patients, and evaluated whether it was feasible to expand autologous CMV-specific T cells for future clinical studies. All 11 CMV-seropositive GBM patients had T cells specific for pp65 and IE1 in their peripheral blood assessed by IFNγ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. However, the precursor frequency of pp65-specific T cells was decreased in comparison with healthy donors (P=0.001). We successfully reactivated and expanded CMV-specific T cells from 6 out of 6 GBM patients using antigen-presenting cells transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding pp65 and IE1. CMV-specific T-cell lines contained CD4 as well as CD8 T cells, recognized pp65 and IE1 targets and killed CMV-infected autologous GBM cells. Infusion of such CMV-specific T-cell lines may extend the benefits of T-cell therapy to patients with CMV GBMs.
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Smith C, Tsang J, Beagley L, Chua D, Lee V, Li V, Moss DJ, Coman W, Chan KH, Nicholls J, Kwong D, Khanna R. Effective treatment of metastatic forms of Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma with a novel adenovirus-based adoptive immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1116-25. [PMID: 22282657 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is endemic in China and Southeast Asia where it is tightly associated with infections by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The role of tumor-associated viral antigens in NPC renders it an appealing candidate for cellular immunotherapy. In earlier preclinical studies, a novel adenoviral vector-based vaccine termed AdE1-LMPpoly has been generated that encodes EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) fused to multiple CD8(+) T-cell epitopes from the EBV latent membrane proteins, LMP1 and LMP2. Here, we report the findings of a formal clinical assessment of AdE1-LMPpoly as an immunotherapeutic tool for EBV-associated recurrent and metastatic NPC. From a total of 24 patients with NPC, EBV-specific T cells were successfully expanded from 16 patients with NPC (72.7%), whereas six patients with NPC (27.3%) showed minimal or no expansion of virus-specific T cells. Transient increase in the frequencies of LMP1&2- and EBNA1-specific T-cell responses was observed after adoptive transfer to be associated with grade I flu-like symptoms and malaise. The time to progression in these patients ranged from 38 to 420 days with a mean time to progression of 136 days. Compared with patients who did not receive T cells, the median overall survival increased from 220 to 523 days. Taken together, our findings show that adoptive immunotherapy with AdE1-LMPpoly vaccine is safe and well tolerated and may offer clinical benefit to patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Smith
- Australian Centre for Vaccine Development and Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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He J, Tang XF, Chen QY, Mai HQ, Huang ZF, Li J, Zeng YX. Ex vivo expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients for adoptive immunotherapy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 31:287-94. [PMID: 22257383 PMCID: PMC3777488 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Establishing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (EBV-CTLs) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for adoptive immunotherapy has been reported in EBV-associated malignancies including Hodgkin's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In the current study, we performed ex vivo expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) obtained from NPC biopsy specimens with a rapid expansion protocol using anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3), recombinant human interleukin (IL)-2, and irradiated PBMCs from healthy donors to initiate the growth of TILs. Young TIL cultures comprised of more than 90% of CD3+ T cells, a variable percentage of CD3+CD8+ and CD3+ CD4+ T cells, and less than 10% of CD3−CD16+ natural killer cells, a similar phenotype of EBV-CTL cultures from PBMCs. Interestingly, TIL cultures secreted high levels of the Th1 cytokines, interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and low levels of the Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10. Moreover, young TILs could recognize autologous EBV-transformed B lymphoblast cell lines, but not autologous EBV-negative blast cells or allogeneic EBV-negative tumor cells. Taken together, these data suggest that ex vivo expansion of TILs from NPC biopsy tissue is an appealing alternative method to establish T cell-based immunotherapy for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, PR China
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Li J, Huang ZF, Xiong G, Mo HY, Qiu F, Mai HQ, Chen QY, He J, Chen SP, Zheng LM, Qian CN, Zeng YX. Distribution, characterization, and induction of CD8+ regulatory T cells and IL-17-producing CD8+ T cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Transl Med 2011; 9:189. [PMID: 22051182 PMCID: PMC3223152 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8+ effector cells often have an antitumor function in patients with cancer. However, CD8+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tcregs) and interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD8+ T cells (Tc17 cells) also derive from the CD8+ T cell lineage. Their role in the antitumor response remains largely unknown. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the distribution, characterization, and generation of CD8+ Tcregs and Tc17 cells in NPC patients. METHODS Peripheral blood and tumor biopsy tissues from 21 newly diagnosed patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) were collected, along with peripheral blood from 21 healthy donors. The biological characteristics of Tcregs and Tc17 cells from blood and tumor tissues were examined by intracellular staining, tetramer staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. The suppressive function of Tcregs was investigated using a proliferation assay that involved co-culture of sorted CD8+CD25+ T cells with naïve CD4+ T cells in vitro. RESULTS We observed an increased prevalence of Tcregs and Tc17 cells among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and different distribution among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in NPC patients. Cytokine profiles showed that the Tcregs expressed a high level of IL-10 and low level of transforming growth factor β, whereas Tc17 cells expressed a high level of tumor necrosis factor α. Interestingly, both subsets expressed a high level of interferon γ in TILs, and the Tcregs suppressed naïve CD4+ T cell proliferation by a cell contact-dependent mechanism in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrated the existence of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein (LMP) 1 and LMP2 antigen-specific Tcregs in NPC. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new insights into the composition and function of CD8+ T-cell subsets in NPC, which may have an important influence on NPC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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Reddy N, Rezvani K, Barrett AJ, Savani BN. Strategies to prevent EBV reactivation and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in high-risk patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 17:591-7. [PMID: 20732435 PMCID: PMC3763478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated postallogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is often life threatening. The risk of EBV reactivation is highest in older patients, T cell-depleted SCT (in vivo or vitro), and in unrelated or mismatched SCT. Cumulative numbers of patients with EBV reactivation and PTLD are rising as more patients at high risk for EBV reactivation and PTLD are receiving allo-SCT. Novel but easily applicable strategies are needed to prevent EBV reactivation and PTLD to serve the needs of the increasingly enlarging population of high-risk SCT recipients across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishitha Reddy
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Section, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Hematology, Hammersmith Hospitals Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A. John Barrett
- Stem Cell Transplantation Section, Hematology Branch, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bipin N. Savani
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Section, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Smith C, Martinez M, Peet J, Khanna R. Differential outcome of IL-2/anti-IL-2 complex therapy on effector and memory CD8+ T cells following vaccination with an adenoviral vector encoding EBV epitopes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5784-90. [PMID: 21482735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2/anti-IL-2 complex-based therapy has been proposed as a potential adjunct therapeutic tool to enhance in vivo efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies for chronic viral infections and human cancers. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-2 complex therapy can have discerning effects on CD8(+) T cells depending on their stage of differentiation. To delineate the underlying mechanism for these opposing effects on CD8(+) T cells, we examined the effects of IL-2 therapy during early priming, effector, and memory phases of T cell responses generated following immunization with an adenoviral vector encoding multiple EBV CD8(+) epitopes. IL-2 complex treatment during the early priming phase, which coincided with low levels of IL-2Rβ (CD122) and higher levels of IL-2Rα (CD25) on CD8(+) T cells, did not induce the expansion of effector T cells. In contrast, IL-2 complex treatment following the establishment of memory enhanced the expansion of Ag-specific T cells. Additionally, central memory T cells preferentially expanded following treatment at the expense of effector memory T cell populations. These studies demonstrate how differentiation status of the responding CD8(+) T cells impacts on their responsiveness to IL-2 complexes and highlight that timing of treatment should be considered before implementing this therapy in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Smith
- Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Australian Centre for Vaccine Development, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
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D'Aveni M, Aïssi-Rothé L, Venard V, Salmon A, Falenga A, Decot V, Virion JM, Wang Y, Clement L, Latger-Cannard V, Tomowiak C, Stoltz JF, Bordigoni P, Bensoussan D. The clinical value of concomitant Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-DNA load and specific immune reconstitution monitoring after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2011; 24:224-32. [PMID: 21440066 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring of EBV DNAemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is necessary, but not sufficient, to identify patients at risk of EBV-induced post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD). Combining this with quantifying EBV-specific cellular immunity was shown to be helpful. In this study, we evaluated the value of IFNγ-Elispot assay in monitoring EBV DNAemia after HSCT. METHODS EBV-DNA load in whole blood was monitored at least weekly using real-time PCR in 40 recipients of HSCT. Quantitative and qualitative T-cell recoveries, including EBV-specific T-cell quantification by Elispot assay, were studied 60, 100, 180 and 360 days after HSCT. RESULTS Among the 35 evaluable patients, 14 (35%) presented EBV DNAemia, only 2/14 (14%) needing pre-emptive treatment with rituximab. The greatest risk factor for EBV DNAemia was the presence of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) (p=0.005). EBV-specific cellular immune recovery was monitored by IFNγ-Elispot assay. Using multivariate analysis, four factors were found to significantly influence IFNγ-Elispot results at defined times post-HSCT: EBV DNAemia, young age, global T-cell recovery and severe acute GVHD. In those cases where EBV DNAemia occurred and cleared spontaneously, Elispot results gave more than 1000 spot-forming cells (SFC)/10(6)PBMC. CONCLUSION Elispot assay may be usefully combined with EBV-DNA load monitoring to determine when a patient should receive pre-emptive treatment, or when the clinician should avoid Rituximab use which severely immunocompromises patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud D'Aveni
- CHU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie cellulaire et Tissus, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, F54511, France
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Mautner J, Bornkamm GW. The role of virus-specific CD4+ T cells in the control of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:31-5. [PMID: 21458882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes lifelong persistent infections in humans and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several human malignancies. Protective immunity against EBV is mediated by T cells, as indicated by an increased incidence of EBV-associated malignancies in immunocompromised patients, and by the successful treatment of EBV-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) in transplant recipients by the infusion of polyclonal EBV-specific T cell lines. To implement this treatment modality as a conventional therapeutic option, and to extend this protocol to other EBV-associated diseases, generic and more direct approaches for the generation of EBV-specific T cell lines enriched in disease-relevant specificities need to be developed. To this aim, we studied the poorly defined EBV-specific CD4+ T cell response during acute and chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Mautner
- Clinical Cooperation Group, Pediatric Tumor Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Marchioninistrasse 25, Munich, Germany.
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Merlo A, Turrini R, Dolcetti R, Zanovello P, Rosato A. Immunotherapy for EBV-associated malignancies. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:281-293. [PMID: 21336546 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since 1995 to date, more than 250 patients with EBV-related diseases received virus-specific CTL. Cell therapy proved to be safe and effective, and achieved some complete remissions also in patients who failed all previous standard treatments. The first clinical results with EBV-specific CTL were obtained for both prophylaxis and treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease arising in stem cell transplant or solid organ transplant recipients. Based on such encouraging results, the same approach was then extended to other EBV-related diseases, namely Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and chronic active infection. Nowadays, the modification of the CTL generation protocols and the introduction of new specificities into EBV-specific CTL lines by chimeric antigen receptor transfer allow targeting other viral infections and also non-EBV related malignancies. Aim of this review is to summarize clinical results obtained thus far in adoptive cell therapy approaches with EBV-specific CTL. Moreover, by analyzing ongoing clinical trials, we also provide some insights on the potential future of a successful and paradigmatic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merlo
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Riccardo Turrini
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Cancer Bio-Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, CRO, IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Paola Zanovello
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Gattamelata, 64, 35128, Padua, Italy. .,Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy.
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CD28 costimulation Impairs the efficacy of a redirected t-cell antitumor attack in the presence of regulatory t cells which can be overcome by preventing Lck activation. Mol Ther 2011; 19:760-7. [PMID: 21326215 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell transfer showed promising efficacy in recent trials raising interest in T cells with redirected specificity against tumors. T cells were engineered with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) with predefined binding and CD3ζ signaling to initiate T-cell activation. CD28 costimulation provided by a CD28-CD3ζ signaling CAR moreover improved T cell activation and persistence; however, it failed to meet the expectations with respect to mounting attacks against solid tumors infiltrated with regulatory T (Treg) cells. We revealed that a CD28 CAR-redirected T-cell attack is accompanied by higher numbers of Treg cells infiltrating the tumor and is less efficient against cancer cells in presence of Treg cells than a CD3ζ CAR T-cell attack. Deletion of the lck binding moiety in the CD28 CAR endodomain, however, improved redirected anti-tumor activity in presence of Treg cells without impairing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion, proliferation, and cytolysis. CD28 modification abrogated interleukin-2 (IL-2) induction upon CAR engagement which in turn is no longer available to sustain Treg cell persistence. CARs with the modified CD28 endodomain thereby expedite the implementation of adoptive T-cell therapy in patients with a variety of cancer types that are heavily infiltrated by Treg cells.
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Engraftment of human central memory-derived effector CD8+ T cells in immunodeficient mice. Blood 2010; 117:1888-98. [PMID: 21123821 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-310599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical trials of adoptive T-cell therapy, the persistence of transferred cells correlates with therapeutic efficacy. However, properties of human T cells that enable their persistence in vivo are poorly understood, and model systems that enable investigation of the fate of human effector T cells (T(E)) have not been described. Here, we analyzed the engraftment of adoptively transferred human cytomegalovirus pp65-specific CD8(+) T(E) cells derived from purified CD45RO(+)CD62L(+) central memory (T(CM)) or CD45RO(+)CD62L(-) effector memory (T(EM)) precursors in an immunodeficient mouse model. The engraftment of T(CM)-derived effector cells (T(CM/E)) was dependent on human interleukin-15, and superior in magnitude and duration to T(EM)-derived effector cells (T(EM/E)). T-cell receptor Vβ analysis of persisting cells demonstrated that CD8(+) T(CM/E) engraftment was polyclonal, suggesting that the ability to engraft is a general feature of T(CM/E.) CD8(+) T(EM/E) proliferated extensively after transfer but underwent rapid apoptosis. In contrast, T(CM/E) were less prone to apoptosis and established a persistent reservoir of functional T cells in vivo characterized by higher CD28 expression. These studies predict that human CD8(+) effector T cells derived from T(CM) precursors may be preferred for adoptive therapy based on superior engraftment fitness.
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Mucha K, Foroncewicz B, Ziarkiewicz-Wróblewska B, Krawczyk M, Lerut J, Paczek L. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in view of the new WHO classification: a more rational approach to a protean disease? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:2089-98. [PMID: 20576725 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are serious, life-threatening complications of solid-organ transplantation (SOT) and bone marrow transplantation leading to a high mortality (30-60%). PTLD represents a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative diseases. They become clinically relevant because of the expansion of transplantation medicine together with the development of potent immunosuppressive drugs. Although the diagnostic morphological criteria of different forms of PTLD are commonly known, rapid and correct diagnosis is not always easy. Because of the limited number of clinical trials, a consensus is lacking on the optimal treatment of PTLD. This review focuses on incidence, risk factors, clinical picture of the disease and diagnostic tools including histopathology relating to the new classification introduced in 2008 by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and treatment of PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mucha
- Transplantation Institute, Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland.
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Monofunctional and polyfunctional CD8+ T cell responses to human herpesvirus 8 lytic and latency proteins. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1507-16. [PMID: 20719985 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00189-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. It is postulated that CD8(+) T cell responses play an important role in controlling HHV-8 infection and preventing development of disease. In this study, we investigated monofunctional and polyfunctional CD8(+) T cell responses to HHV-8 lytic proteins gB (glycoprotein B) and K8.1 and latency proteins LANA-1 (latency-associated nuclear antigen-1) and K12. On the basis of our previous findings that dendritic cells (DC) reveal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I epitopes in gB, we used a DC-based system to identify 2 novel epitopes in gB, 2 in K8.1, 5 in LANA-1, and 1 in K12. These new HHV-8 epitopes activated monofunctional and polyfunctional CD8(+) T cells that produced various combinations of gamma interferon, interleukin 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inhibitory protein 1β, and cytotoxic degranulation marker CD107a in healthy HHV-8-seropositive individuals. We were also able to detect HHV-8-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood samples using HLA A*0201 pentamer complexes for one gB epitope, one K8.1 epitope, two LANA-1 epitopes, and one K12 epitope. These immunogenic regions of viral lytic and latency proteins could be important in T cell control of HHV-8 infection.
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Xu D, Zhang L. Viral transformation for production of personalized type I interferons. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:578-81. [PMID: 20518060 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN) are cytokines with many functions and have been widely used to treat many human diseases such as hepatitis C virus infection. Using the viral transformation and priming properties of Epstein-Barr virus, we have developed a system that can produce high levels of "personalized" IFNs, which are produced from the cells of the patient to whom the IFNs are to be administrated. We demonstrate the feasibility of the system. This seems to be the first report for the establishment of a personalized IFN-production system. The personalized IFNs could have a longer circulation time, fewer side effects but higher efficacy. We anticipate that the system can provide an improved form of IFN for medical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Xu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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