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Sanchez KL, Harrington M, Lee C, Eberhardt JL. Observers of social media discussions about racial discrimination condemn denial but also adopt it. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18246. [PMID: 39107466 PMCID: PMC11303685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Sharing experiences with racism (racial discrimination disclosure) has the power to raise awareness of discrimination and spur meaningful conversations about race. Sharing these experiences with racism on social media may prompt a range of responses among users. While previous work investigates how disclosure impacts disclosers and listeners, we extend this research to explore the impact of observing discussions about racial discrimination online-what we call vicarious race talk. In a series of experiments using real social media posts, we show that the initial response to racial discrimination disclosure-whether the response denies or validates the poster's perspective-influences observers' own perceptions and attitudes. Despite observers identifying denial as less supportive than validation, those who observed a denial response showed less responsive attitudes toward the poster/target (Studies 1-3) and less support for discussions about discrimination on social media in general (Studies 2-3). Exploratory findings revealed that those who viewed denial comments also judged the transgressor as less racist, and expressed less support and more denial in their own comments. This suggests that even as observers negatively judge denial, their perceptions of the poster are nonetheless negatively influenced, and this impact extends to devaluing the topic of discrimination broadly. We highlight the context of social media, where racial discrimination disclosure-and how people respond to it-may be particularly consequential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara L Sanchez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755, USA.
| | | | - Cinoo Lee
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer L Eberhardt
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, USA
- Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford, 94305, USA
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Mäkinen V, Jasinskaja-Lahti I, Renvik TA, Liebkind K. Testing the Moderating Effect of Anti-Prejudice Motivation and Peer Attitudes on the Effectiveness of a School-Based Vicarious Contact Intervention. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:1743-1756. [PMID: 38637463 PMCID: PMC11226504 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-01985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Vicarious contact has often been used for studying prejudice-reduction in school contexts due to its relatively accessible application through written or audiovisual portrayals of positive intergroup contact. However, these interventions may sometimes prove ineffective, thus restricting their ecological validity and independent use in education. To contribute to the understanding of factors that might facilitate or mitigate the efficacy of vicarious contact in reducing ethnic prejudice among adolescents, the present study tested for the moderating effect of anti-prejudice motivation and friends' outgroup attitudes. Participants were Finnish secondary school students (N = 334; M = 13.38 years, SD = 0.53; 48% female; 19% ethnic minority) allocated into cluster-randomized intervention (N = 149) and control (N = 185) groups. Participants in the intervention group took part in 4 × 45-min teacher-led intervention sessions. A pretest-posttest design was employed to assess the outgroup attitudes three weeks before the intervention and the follow-up two weeks after. The results showed that adolescents' intrinsic, but not extrinsic, anti-prejudice motivation and the pre-intervention attitudes of their reciprocal classroom friends positively predicted post-intervention attitudes towards people from different ethnic and cultural groups. However, only extrinsic motivation moderated the intervention effect as the results indicated the intervention to have a detrimental effect on outgroup attitudes among adolescents with less motivation to be non-prejudiced in order to gain social acceptance. This attitudinal backlash among adolescents less susceptible to the social influence of others implies that motivational aspects should not be overlooked when developing school-based intervention programs, especially when social norms are used as a mechanism of attitude change.
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Cocco VM, Vezzali L, Stathi S, Di Bernardo GA, Dovidio JF. Mobilizing or Sedative Effects? A Narrative Review of the Association Between Intergroup Contact and Collective Action Among Advantaged and Disadvantaged Groups. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 28:119-180. [PMID: 37864514 PMCID: PMC11010580 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231203141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT In this narrative review, we examined 134 studies of the relationship between intergroup contact and collective action benefiting disadvantaged groups. We aimed to identify whether, when, and why contact has mobilizing effects (promoting collective action) or sedative effects (inhibiting collective action). For both moderators and mediators, factors associated with the intergroup situation (compared with those associated with the out-group or the in-group) emerged as the most important. Group status had important effects. For members of socially advantaged groups (examined in 98 studies, 100 samples), contact had a general mobilizing effect, which was stronger when contact increased awareness of experiences of injustice among members of disadvantaged groups. For members of disadvantaged groups (examined in 49 studies, 58 samples), contact had mixed effects. Contact that increased awareness of injustice mobilized collection action; contact that made the legitimacy of group hierarchy or threat of retaliation more salient produced sedative effects. PUBLIC ABSTRACT We present a review of existing studies that have investigated the relationship between intergroup contact and collective action aimed at promoting equity for disadvantaged groups. We further consider the influence of contact that is positive or negative and face-to-face or indirect (e.g., through mass or social media), and we distinguish between collective action that involves socially acceptable behaviors or is destructive and violent. We identified 134 studies, considering both advantaged (100 samples) and disadvantaged groups (58 samples). We found that intergroup contact impacts collective action differently depending on group status. Contact generally leads advantaged groups to mobilize in favor of disadvantaged groups. However, contact has variable effects on members of disadvantaged groups: It sometimes promotes their collective action in support of their own group; in other cases, it leads them to be less likely to engage in such action. We examine when and why contact can have these different effects.
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Sahab S, Haqbeen J, Hadfi R, Ito T, Imade RE, Ohnuma S, Hasegawa T. E-contact facilitated by conversational agents reduces interethnic prejudice and anxiety in Afghanistan. COMMUNICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 2:22. [PMID: 39242893 PMCID: PMC11332027 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Intergroup contact occurring through indirect means such as the internet has the potential to improve intergroup relationships and may be especially beneficial in high conflict situations. Here we conducted a three-timepoint online experiment to ascertain whether the use of a conversational agent in E-contact platforms could mitigate interethnic prejudices and hostility among Afghanistan's historically segregated and persistently conflictual ethnic groups. 128 Afghans of Pashtun, Tajik, and Hazara backgrounds were assigned to one of four E-contact conditions (control with no conversational agent and three experimental groups that varied in the conversational agent settings). Participants in the experimental conditions contributed more ideas and longer opinions and showed a greater reduction in outgroup prejudice and anxiety than those in the control group. These findings demonstrate that E-contact facilitated by a conversational agent can improve intergroup attitudes even in contexts characterized by a long history of intergroup segregation and conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sahab
- Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Jawad Haqbeen
- Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rafik Hadfi
- Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ito
- Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Richard Eke Imade
- Department of International Cooperation Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Susumu Ohnuma
- Department of Behavioral Science / Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Hasegawa
- Department of Computer Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
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Visintin EP, Rullo M, Lo Destro C. Imagine Being Humble: Integrating Imagined Intergroup Contact and Cultural Humility to Foster Inclusive Intergroup Relations. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:51. [PMID: 38247703 PMCID: PMC10813091 DOI: 10.3390/bs14010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
To reduce prejudice and to promote intergroup harmony and equality, the imagined intergroup contact technique, based on the mental simulation of an encounter with an outgroup member, has been proposed. Though a substantial body of research has provided support for the efficacy of imagined intergroup contact in prejudice reduction, an alternative strand of research has raised questions about its effectiveness. In this experiment, we combined imagined intergroup contact with cultural humility, that is, an other-oriented, humble approach toward people with different cultural backgrounds, recognizing status and power imbalances and privileges. Specifically, we tested whether instructions aimed at eliciting cultural humility during imagined contact boosted its effectiveness in reducing prejudice and promoting future contact intentions, compared to a standard imagined contact condition and to a control imagination task. Intergroup anxiety was tested as a mediator of the effects of culturally humble imagined contact on reduced prejudice and on future contact intentions. We found that culturally humble imagined contact, compared to the two other conditions, reduced intergroup anxiety and yielded indirect effects on reduced prejudice and increased future contact intentions. The findings will be discussed by focusing on the integration of cultural humility in prejudice reduction techniques based on intergroup contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marika Rullo
- Department of Social, Political and Cognitive Science, University of Siena, 52100 Arezzo, Italy;
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Cheung CK, Yue X. National Experiences and Trust in China's National Government Among Hong Kong Chinese Youth. SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH 2023; 168:1-19. [PMID: 37362175 PMCID: PMC10191100 DOI: 10.1007/s11205-023-03131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Trust in the national central government is particularly imperative for promotion in outlying regions, such as by enhancing their residents' national cultural and territorial experiences. The contributions of such experiences, albeit grounded on contact and cultural theories, require empirical investigation. Such investigation engaged a survey of 2277 Chinese youths aged 18-29 years in Hong Kong, an outlying region returning to China's sovereignty. Results evidenced that experience with Mainland Chinese territory in the Greater Bay Area during junior secondary schooling predicted recent trust in China's national government, particularly in those born in Hong Kong. Meanwhile, the cultural experience of Chinese enculturation during schooling predicted the trust conditionally with migrant status or the territorial experience. These results imply the value of enhancing national cultural and territorial experiences to promote youth's trust in the central government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau-kiu Cheung
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
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Lissitsa S, Kushnirovich N, Steinfeld N. Carry‐over effect of single media exposure and mass‐mediated contact with remote outgroups: From asylum seekers in Europe to an Israeli local outgroup. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nonna Kushnirovich
- Department of Economics and Management Ruppin Academic Center Emek Hefer Israel
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Bellingtier JA, Schenker LE, Weber AL. Judging a book by its older adult cover: age-related expectations and parental preference for children's books. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 43:1-13. [PMID: 36819749 PMCID: PMC9923672 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
As they typically have limited direct contact, children's attitudes towards older adults have more opportunity to be shaped by other social influences such as their parents and children's literature. Children's books have been noted for their tendency to portray older adults in stereotypical ways and their tendencies to underrepresent older adults. We investigated how the portrayal of older adults as major versus supporting characters, as well as parents' age-related expectations were related to parental preference for children's books. We designed 24 children's book covers that depicted an older adult as a main character, a younger adult as a main character, or only children. One-hundred-seventy-five parents of children ages 0-12 rated their preference for the covers, their age-related expectations for the books' stories, and their personal aging expectations. Parents preferred covers featuring only children, and this preference was stronger for parents with more positive personal aging expectations. Cover preference was further predicted by age-related story expectations. When parents expected a book to conform to older-age stereotypes, they liked that particular cover less. Controlling for parents' age-related story expectations for each book resulted in near equal levels of preference for all types of book covers. Carefully designed children's books could provide an opportunity to increased vicarious intergenerational contact. These finding suggests that parents' interest in selecting these books for their children will be higher when they do not perceive the books to align with older-age stereotypes. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04298-6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena-Emilia Schenker
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna L. Weber
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Pehar L, Čorkalo Biruški D, Jelić M. Longitudinal effects of direct and extended intergroup contact in multi-ethnic communities in Croatia. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221138340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the reciprocal longitudinal associations between different measures of direct and extended intergroup contact and various intergroup outcomes among majority and minority adolescents from four intergroup contexts in the Republic of Croatia. The research was carried out in two waves on a sample of 1,150 elementary and high school students, members of Croatian majority, and Serbian, Hungarian, Czech, and Italian minority. Cross-lagged path analysis revealed that direct contacts predict less social distance and more prosocial behavior, while extended contacts predict lower ingroup bias over time. However, we found even more effects in the reversed temporal direction. Lower initial bias and social distance, as well as greater prosocial behavior predicted more direct and extended contacts over time. Furthermore, none of the examined longitudinal associations differed between majority and minority members or across the four intergroup contexts.
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Oľhová S, Lášticová B, Kundrát J, Kanovský M. Using fiction to improve intergroup attitudes: Testing indirect contact interventions in a school context. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-022-09708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention using indirect intergroup contact for improving intergroup attitudes in schools, in particular anti-Roma prejudice. Vicarious contact—a form of indirect intergroup contact—can be experienced through fictional book characters, who can serve as positive role models in terms of intergroup attitude improvement. A vicarious contact experiment was conducted with sixth grade students (N = 177) from three Slovak elementary schools, using passages from the Harry Potter series. A three-group pretest-posttest design was adopted; experimental condition 1 involved reading passages without subsequent discussion, experimental condition 2 involved reading the same passages followed by a discussion, while the control group was not involved in any activities. There was a significant improvement of intergroup attitudes in experimental condition 2 compared to the control group, while condition 1 did not show any such improvement. The first contribution of the study is in tackling conceptually distinct mediators of the intervention’s effect – perspective taking and narrative transportation. The second contribution is in demonstrating the added value of discussion in interventions focused on prejudice reduction in schools.
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Landmann H, Rohmann A, Gaschler R, Weissinger S, Mazziotta A. Context Matters – Social Context Moderates the Association Between Indirect Intergroup Contact and Attitudes Toward Refugees. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Based on an integration of socioecological systems and intergroup contact theory, we hypothesized that the context in which intergroup contact takes place moderates its association with attitudes toward refugees. To test this prediction, majority members in Germany reported in three studies ( Ntotal = 695) how often they have had positive and negative direct and indirect contact with refugees in different contexts and their attitudes toward refugees. While the association between direct contact and intergroup attitudes was relatively context-independent, the association between indirect contact and attitudes toward refugees strongly depended on context. Indirect contact was more strongly associated with attitudes toward refugees in contexts with close relationships (family and friends) than in contexts with distanced relationships (newspaper and TV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Landmann
- Department of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | - Anette Rohmann
- Department of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | - Robert Gaschler
- Department of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen, Hagen, Germany
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Paajanen P, Seppälä T, Stevenson C, Finell E. Child’s presence shapes immigrant women’s experiences of everyday intergroup contact. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.5964/jspp.7477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on intergroup contact has considered how the occurrence and experience of contact is affected by ingroup members. Qualitative studies of contact in real-life settings have additionally highlighted how multiple actors can affect the manifestation of contact. This article shows how the presence of one’s child can shape immigrant mothers’ contact experiences in multi-ethnic neighbourhoods. Ten immigrant mothers living in Helsinki, Finland, were interviewed twice over a six-month period about their intergroup interactions in their locale. Using a thematic analysis, we identified three themes depicting immigrant mothers’ experiences of intergroup contacts in their child’s presence: i) feeling visible to others, ii) seeking harmonious contact, and iii) anticipating problems. The results illustrate how a child affords unique opportunities for an immigrant mother to engage in interethnic contact, but also brings distinctive threats. This suggests the need to further consider how different types of intragroup dynamics can shape intergroup contacts.
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Good A, Peets KF, Choma BL, Russo FA. Singing foreign songs promotes shared common humanity in elementary school children. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arla Good
- Department of Psychology Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Kathleen F. Peets
- School of Early Childhood Studies Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Becky L. Choma
- Department of Psychology Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Frank A. Russo
- Department of Psychology Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Ontario Canada
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Cheung C, Yeung JW, Guo S. Social unfairness as a predictor of social trust in China. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chau‐kiu Cheung
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Jerf Wai‐keung Yeung
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Sijia Guo
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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Vine M, Greenwood RM. "You get to understand we are all human beings": Community solidarity initiatives as spaces of recognition, resistance, and change. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 69:331-342. [PMID: 34743336 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In Ireland the Direct Provision system segregates and excludes displaced people from the host community, and informal community solidarity initiatives (CSIs) were established nationwide to address this issue. We examined experiences of intergroup contact in CSIs and related contexts to identify how solidarity is produced, and for whom, through photovoice workshops (Study 1: n = 13) with displaced participants of two CSIs, and interviews (Study 2: n = 5) with resident/national stakeholders of four CSIs. In Study 1, we identified three themes: "Orienting to future and collective identities in Direct Provision," "Negotiating intersectional identities in public settings," and "Recognition of valued collective identities in the CSI." In Study 2, we identified two themes: "Negotiating privileged identities and power asymmetries," and "Facilitating change through social connections." CSIs offered temporary respite from the oppression and discrimination displaced people experienced in other contexts and enabled them to resist dehumanizing representations through expression and recognition of valued identities. Connections within and across groups fostered relational solidarity, shifted intergroup norms, and opened opportunities for displaced people to access resources. Accordingly, our findings have implications for public policy, community research, and action to create just and equitable conditions for displaced people in receiving countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Vine
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Reducing implicit prejudice towards migrants in fifth grade pupils: efficacy of a multi-faceted school-based program. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-022-09688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study evaluated the impact of a school-based program designed to reduce implicit prejudice towards migrants in fifth-grade school children. The program used empathy and perspective taking and direct and indirect contact as strategies to reduce ethnic prejudice. Multiple activities were used, including drawings by migrant children as instruments to promote inclusive behaviors. One hundred and five students were divided into two groups (control, experimental), and the children in each completed the Child-IAT (Implicit Association Test) before and after the program, to measure their implicit prejudice. Only the experimental group participated in the program. The results showed a significant reduction in the implicit prejudice in the experimental group after the educational program, but not in the control group. The results are discussed considering the practical implications of such a school program.
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Drury L, Birtel MD, Randsley de Moura G, Crisp RJ. Remembrance of contact past: When intergroup contact metacognitions decrease outgroup tolerance. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221079220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Positive intergroup contact reliably reduces prejudice, yet little is known about the metacognitive processes involved in recalling prior contact experiences and their impact on outgroup tolerance. The present research examined whether contact interventions that rely on the recollection of past contact experiences can be susceptible to ease of retrieval effects, and the potential impact on intergroup attitudes. Specifically, we tested whether manipulating the number of contact memories participants were asked to recall (five vs. one) impacts on outgroup tolerance, and whether this effect is contingent upon participants’ prior contact experiences. Results of two experiments ( N = 220) revealed a moderated mediation effect of contact recollection on outgroup tolerance via perceived ease of retrieval, dependent upon levels of prior contact. Recalling more (five) versus fewer (one) contact memories was perceived as more difficult, and this, in turn, decreased tolerance, specifically for individuals low in prior contact. Countering this negative indirect effect, however, recalling more contact experiences had a positive direct effect. Therefore, greater cognitive effort appears to act as a suppressor of the positive effect of contact recall. Our findings provide insight into meta-cognitive processes involved in recalling autobiographical contact memories, and the resulting impact on intergroup relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Drury
- Birkbeck University of London, UK
- University of Kent, UK
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Tropp LR, White F, Rucinski CL, Tredoux C. Intergroup Contact and Prejudice Reduction: Prospects and Challenges in Changing Youth Attitudes. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10892680211046517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intergroup contact has long been lauded as a key intervention to reduce prejudice and improve intergroup attitudes among youth. In this review, we summarize classic perspectives and new developments in the intergroup contact literature, highlighting both prospects and challenges associated with achieving desired youth outcomes through contact. First, we review literature showing how positive intergroup outcomes can be facilitated through cultivating optimal conditions for contact, as well as by attending to youth’s emotional responses to contact. We then discuss how desired contact outcomes may be inhibited by limited understanding of ways in which contact strategies may affect youth across developmental stages, as well as by limited focus on societal inequalities and intergroup conflict, which require examination of outcomes beyond prejudice reduction. We also review growing bodies of research on indirect contact strategies—such as extended contact, vicarious contact, and online contact—showing many options that can be used to promote positive relations among youth from diverse backgrounds, beyond the contact literature’s traditional focus on face-to-face interaction. We conclude this review by acknowledging how understanding both prospects and challenges associated with implementing contact strategies can enhance our capacity to prepare youth to embrace group differences and build more inclusive societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R. Tropp
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Fiona White
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina L. Rucinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Colin Tredoux
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
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Wang C, Cocco VM, Vezzali L. Testing the association of positive and negative extended contact with intergroup contact intentions in China: The mediating role of intergroup anger, empathy, and happiness. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Wang
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | - Veronica Margherita Cocco
- Dipartimento di Discipline Umanistiche, Sociali e delle Imprese Culturali University of Parma Parma Italy
| | - Loris Vezzali
- Faculty of Medicine University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
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Martiny KM, Scott-Fordsmand H, Jensen AR, Juhl A, Nielsen DE, Corneliussen T. From Contact to Enact: Reducing Prejudice Toward Physical Disability Using Engagement Strategies. Front Psychol 2022; 12:602779. [PMID: 35095626 PMCID: PMC8791028 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.602779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The contact hypothesis has dominated work on prejudice reduction and is often described as one of the most successful theories within social psychology. The hypothesis has nevertheless been criticized for not being applicable in real life situations due to unobtainable conditions for direct contact. Several indirect contact suggestions have been developed to solve this “application challenge.” Here, we suggest a hybrid strategy of both direct and indirect contact. Based on the second-person method developed in social psychology and cognition, we suggest working with an engagement strategy as a hybrid hypothesis. We expand on this suggestion through an engagement-based intervention, where we implement the strategy in a theater performance and investigate the effects on prejudicial attitudes toward people with physical disabilities. Based on the results we reformulate our initial engagement strategy into the Enact (Engagement, Nuancing, and Attitude formation) hypothesis. To deal with the application challenge, this hybrid hypothesis posits two necessary conditions for prejudice reduction. Interventions should: (1) work with engagement to reduce prejudice, and (2) focus on the second-order level of attitudes formation. Here the aim of the prejudice reduction is not attitude correction, but instead the nuancing of attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Moltke Martiny
- Center for Subjectivity Research, Faculty of Humanities, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Stages of Science, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Enactlab, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helene Scott-Fordsmand
- Medical Museion, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Cocco VM, Bisagno E, Visintin EP, Cadamuro A, Di Bernardo GA, Shamloo SE, Trifiletti E, Molinari L, Vezzali L. Once upon a time…: Using fairy tales as a form of vicarious contact to prevent stigma‐based bullying among schoolchildren. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Crooks CV, Kubishyn N, Noyes A, Kayssi G. Engaging peers to promote well‐being and inclusion of newcomer students: A call for equity‐informed peer interventions. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire V. Crooks
- Centre for School Mental Health, Faculty of Education Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Nataliya Kubishyn
- Centre for School Mental Health, Faculty of Education Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Amira Noyes
- Centre for School Mental Health, Faculty of Education Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Gina Kayssi
- Centre for School Mental Health, Faculty of Education Western University London Ontario Canada
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23
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Cocco VM, Bisagno E, Visintin EP, Cadamuro A, Di Bernardo GA, Trifiletti E, Molinari L, Vezzali L. Fighting stigma‐based bullying in primary school children: An experimental intervention using vicarious intergroup contact and social norms. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Berry DR, Wall CSJ, Tubbs JD, Zeidan F, Brown KW. Short-Term Training in Mindfulness Predicts Helping Behavior Toward Racial Ingroup and Outgroup Members. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211053095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A randomized controlled trial tested whether mindfulness training would increase lab-based and in vivo spontaneous helping behaviors toward racial outgroup members. First, across conditions, those scoring higher in baseline trait mindfulness showed higher levels of preintervention lab-based and ecological momentary assessment (EMA)-based helping behavior. Next, short-term (4-day) training in mindfulness, relative to a well-matched sham meditation training, increased interracial helping behavior in a lab-based simulation. Finally, among people scoring lower in a basic form of trait mindfulness at baseline—that is, with greater room for improvement—mindfulness training predicted higher postintervention in vivo helping behavior reported via EMA. However, neither training condition alone attenuated preferential helping toward racial ingroup members. These findings indicate, for the first time, that mindfulness and its training fosters helping behavior toward strangers and acquaintances regardless of their racial ingroup or outgroup status, but preferential helping of racial ingroup members remains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fadel Zeidan
- University of California, San Diego Center for Mindfulness, La Jolla, USA
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25
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Jacobs L, Meeusen C. Coming Out of the Closet, Also on the News? A Longitudinal Content Analysis of Patterns in Visibility, Tone and Framing of LGBTs on Television News (1986-2017). JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2021; 68:2144-2168. [PMID: 32149593 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2020.1733352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study documents the results of a longitudinal content analysis of television news about LGBT people in terms of visibility, active representation, tone and framing in Flanders (1986-2017). While attention for LGBT issues has increased over time, LGBTs are not more likely to be visually represented or granted a voice. Gay men are more often actively represented than lesbians and transgender people. News remains negatively biased, although news stories in which LGBT people are depicted as the cause of negativity have become less prevalent. Patterns in framing have shifted: Deviance and abnormality frames have decreased in favor of a rise in equal rights and victim frames. Patterns in tone and framing were similar for gay men, lesbians and transgender people. Results suggest that journalists have shifted from problematizing homosexuality to problematizing homophobia. Implications of news as a source of mass-mediated contact to promote tolerance toward LGBT people are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jacobs
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cecil Meeusen
- Centre for Sociological Research, University of Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant, Belgium
- Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
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26
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Mäkinen V, Jasinskaja‐Lahti I, Renvik TA, Cocco VM, Lášticová B, Vezzali L, Liebkind K. The role of the perceived engagement of the facilitator in a vicarious contact intervention: A school‐based field experiment in three countries. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viivi Mäkinen
- Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Lášticová
- Institute for Research in Social Communication Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Loris Vezzali
- Faculty of Medicine University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Karmela Liebkind
- Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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27
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Tausen BM, Charleson M, Fingerhut L. Proximity with limited humanity: How hosting a tent city impacted college students' perceptions of individuals experiencing homelessness. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:2853-2873. [PMID: 34085720 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current manuscript assessed the impact of a community intervention-hosting a government-sanctioned homeless encampment-on perceptions of individuals experiencing homelessness. College students' perceptions of individuals experiencing homelessness were collected before and after a tent city resided on campus. Perceptions were assessed utilizing a measure of dehumanization that probed the presumed importance of physiological and psychological needs. Data about contact with individuals experiencing homelessness were also collected. Hosting a tent city did not improve community-wide perceptions of individuals experiencing homelessness. For a subset of participants who explicitly mentioned interactions with tent city members, awareness of the importance of physiological needs increased. Assessments of intergroup contact during hosting did not moderate changes in perceptions, though contact prior to hosting did have a modest impact. Specifically, students who had the fewest prior interactions were more likely to show improved perceptions of middle-level need (e.g., love and belonging) importance. There was no evidence to suggest any enhancements in perceptions of high-level needs (e.g., feeling independent and respected). Contact that organically occurs when a community hosts a tent city has limited potential to enhance markers of humanness. Implications for the contact hypothesis and recommendations for future hosting sites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Tausen
- School of Psychology Family and Community, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary Charleson
- School of Psychology Family and Community, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lea Fingerhut
- School of Psychology Family and Community, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA
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28
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Maunder RD, White FA. The relationship between contact with peers and self-stigma in people with mental illness. COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2021.1970514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Vezzali L, Capozza D, Di Bernardo GA, Falvo R, Stathi S, Hodson G. Strategies for the promotion of humanity attribution to outgroups. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2021.1963156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loris Vezzali
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Education and Human Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Gian Antonio Di Bernardo
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Education and Human Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Sofia Stathi
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Gordon Hodson
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Canada
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30
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Kwong ANL, Yan E. How Do Face-to-Face, Extended and Vicarious Intergenerational Contacts Impact on Young People’s Attitude and Prosocial Behaviour Toward Older People? AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-021-09437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Kwong ANL, Yan ECW. The Role of Quality of Face-to-face Intergenerational Contact in Reducing Ageism: The Perspectives of Young People. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2021.1952134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Kim N, Lim C. Meeting of minds: Narratives as a tool to reduce prejudice toward stigmatized group members. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302211012783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates a mechanism of mediated intergroup contact effects that occurs through experiencing social presence of a stigmatized outgroup character. Conceiving narrative texts as a context for mediated intergroup contact, we experimentally test ( N = 505) the effects of narrative perspective (first vs. third person) and the photograph of the outgroup protagonist (present vs. absent) on perceived social presence of the outgroup character. We further test whether experiencing the outgroup protagonist as socially present affects intergroup outcomes (i.e., perspective-taking, intergroup anxiety, outgroup knowledge, and outgroup attitudes). Findings indicate that first-person narratives are more effective than third-person narratives in inducing social presence of the stigmatized outgroup character; photos, unexpectedly, did not have such an effect. Social presence, in turn, plays a key role in facilitating positive intergroup outcomes from reading online narrative texts. The implications of our findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Kim
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Cuimin Lim
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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33
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Does Intercultural Contact Increase Anti-Racist Behavior on Social Network Sites? SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci10060207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Empirical attention on online intercultural contact and prejudice reduction are increasing. Nevertheless, still little is known on processes that could influence the contact–prejudice relation as well as the relation between online contact and anti-racist behavior. Based on literature on intergroup contact, the present study aims to fill these gaps, focusing on online intergroup relationships between people from different countries. Specifically, it examines whether and to what extent empathic feelings and online community commitment mediate the relationship between online intergroup contact and both perceived ethnic discrimination and anti-racist behavior on Facebook. We collected data from a predominantly Italian sample of 1018 Facebook users (Mage = 30.03, SDage = 11.09; females: 80.01%); participants filled in an online questionnaire. A semi-full Structural Equation Modeling was used to test hypotheses. The results confirmed that when intergroup contact was established, such contact was able to increase the sense of being committed to the online community, which increased the perception of online discrimination towards ethnic and racial minorities, which in turn was able to increase the anti-racist behavior. The ambivalent role of the empathy in online contexts will be discussed.
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34
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Santi Amantini L. Populist Anti-immigrant Sentiments Taken Seriously: A Realistic Approach. RES PUBLICA (LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND) 2021; 28:103-123. [PMID: 34075296 PMCID: PMC8152709 DOI: 10.1007/s11158-021-09516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This essay argues that the illiberal anti-immigrant sentiments which lie behind the success of populist right-wing parties deserve the attention of political theorists working on the ethics of migration, even though such sentiments exceed the boundaries of admissible disagreement on justice in migration. Firstly, populist anti-immigrant sentiments hinder the implementation of liberal democratic immigration policies and thus they represent a feasibility constraint for any liberal ethics of migration, not only the most cosmopolitan ones. Secondly, there are legitimacy reasons why such views should be neither merely dismissed nor simply contained, since they are voiced by populist political parties which are admitted in the electoral competition and even participate in governments. The main upshot of this discussion is a methodological one: the article argues that, since political theory should deal with the feasibility and legitimacy issues raised by populist anti-immigrant sentiments, a realistic approach is needed. The last section shows that such a methodological change offers the opportunity to extend the scope of normative theorising. In particular, it illustrates how a realistic approach encourages theorists to focus on local-level policies, as well as to devote attention to non-governmental actors and to their role in tackling citizens' hostility towards immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Santi Amantini
- Department of Classics, Philosophy and History (DAFIST), University of Genoa (Università Degli Studi Di Genova), Via Balbi 30, 16126 Genoa, Italy
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35
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Tercan M, Bisagno E, Cocco VM, Kaçmaz T, Turnuklu A, Stathi S, Vezzali L. Reducing prejudice toward Syrian refugee children: A vicarious contact intervention among Turkish elementary school children. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:564-587. [PMID: 33225470 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an experimental intervention to test the effectiveness of vicarious contact in the relationship between Turkish and Syrian elementary school children; the participants were Turkish children. We used a mixed-methods approach, investigating effects by using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Participants in the experimental condition were asked to read stories on positive contact between Turkish and Syrian children over the course of six weekly sessions. The results revealed that vicarious contact, compared to a control condition where participants did not engage in any activity, led to greater intentions to help outgroup members. Importantly, effects only emerged among children who reported higher initial negative outgroup attitudes. Results from qualitative data revealed that vicarious contact produced richer, more positive, and complex representations of the relationships and friendships between groups. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Tercan
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elisa Bisagno
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Loris Vezzali
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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36
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Vezzali L, Di Bernardo GA, Cocco VM, Stathi S, Capozza D. Reducing prejudice in the society at large: A review of the secondary transfer effect and directions for future research. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loris Vezzali
- Department of Education and Human Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Gian Antonio Di Bernardo
- Department of Education and Human Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | | | - Sofia Stathi
- School of Human Sciences University of Greenwich London UK
| | - Dora Capozza
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy and Applied Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy
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37
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Vezzali L, Muldoon O. Publishing in
JCASP
: The importance of theoretical relevance and of social impact. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loris Vezzali
- Faculty of Medicine University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Orla Muldoon
- Department of Psychology University of Limerick Limerick Ireland
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38
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Johnson IR, Pietri ES. An ally you say? Endorsing White women as allies to encourage perceptions of allyship and organizational identity-safety among Black women. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220975482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Black women often question their belonging in organizational environments, and exposure to an allyship cue, such as a White woman endorsed as an ally, may help mitigate such concerns. We examine whether ally endorsement can help a White female employee cue allyship, and in turn, serve as an effective organizational identity-safety cue for Black women high in stigma consciousness. We found that, relative to viewing a White female employee, Black women that viewed a White female employee endorsed as an ally reported greater perceptions of allyship, which had important downstream consequences for organizational identity-safety. Specifically, perceptions of allyship predicted greater anticipated trust and belonging within the organization among participants both high (Experiments 1 and 2) and low (Experiment 2) in stigma consciousness. The present studies demonstrate that ally endorsement effectively cues allyship, and in turn, signals organizational identity-safety for Black women across varying levels of stigma consciousness.
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39
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Vezzali L, McKeown S, McCauley P, Stathi S, Di Bernardo GA, Cadamuro A, Cozzolino V, Trifiletti E. May the odds be ever in your favor: The Hunger Games and the fight for a more equal society. (Negative) Media vicarious contact and collective action. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loris Vezzali
- Department of Education and Human Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | | | - Patrick McCauley
- Department of Religious Studies and Philosophy Chestnut Hill College Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Sofia Stathi
- School of Human Sciences University of Greenwich London UK
| | - Gian Antonio Di Bernardo
- Department of Education and Human Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Alessia Cadamuro
- Department of Education and Human Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Valeria Cozzolino
- Department of Education and Human Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
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40
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Cocco VM, Bisagno E, Di Bernardo GA, Cadamuro A, Riboldi SD, Crapolicchio E, Trifiletti E, Stathi S, Vezzali L. Comparing story reading and video watching as two distinct forms of vicarious contact: An experimental intervention among elementary school children. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 60:74-94. [PMID: 32677124 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that vicarious contact, that is observing an interaction between ingroup and outgroup members, can improve intergroup relations. Although vicarious contact has been operationalized in different ways, mainly via story reading or video watching, an experimental comparison of these different strategies is still missing. We conducted a school intervention with the aim of comparing the two most used forms of vicarious contact, namely story reading and video watching. Elementary schoolchildren without disabilities (N = 292) were assigned to one of three different conditions: reading a story; watching a video; control. In the two vicarious contact conditions, participants read or watched the story of a child with disability becoming friends with children without disabilities; in the control condition, participants only completed the dependent measures. Results revealed that, in general, both vicarious contact conditions were equally effective in improving outgroup attitudes and behavioural intentions. In addition, they operated with the same strength through the same underlying processes (IOS, ingroup norms). We discuss theoretical and practical implications in the context of vicarious contact as a prejudice-reduction intervention.
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41
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Bagci SC, Blazhenkova O. Unjudge Someone: Human Library as a Tool to Reduce Prejudice toward Stigmatized Group Members. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2020.1792298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Capozza D, Falvo R, Di Bernardo GA. Does the out‐group recognize our mental skills? Cross‐group friendships, extended contact, and the expectation of humanizing perceptions from the out‐group. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Capozza
- FISPPA Department—Section of Applied Psychology Padova University Padova Italy
| | - Rossella Falvo
- FISPPA Department—Section of Applied Psychology Padova University Padova Italy
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43
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Bao Y, Zhao Y, Xiao Z, Liang F, Wang W, li B. Fusion of “You and Me”: Cultural Mixing Promotes Intergroup Psychological Compatibility. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022120924129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has mainly examined individuals’ attitudes to cultural mixing per se, and rarely examined the attitudes to the outgroup involved in cultural mixing. Exposure to ingroup–outgroup cultural mixing may be an indirect intergroup contact, which can promote individuals’ psychological compatibility toward the corresponding cultural outgroup. We measured Chinese Yi undergraduates’ experience of Yi-Tibetan cultural mixing in Study 1 and found it was significantly correlated with psychological compatibility toward Tibetans. We then used a between-subjects design and experimentally manipulated Yi participants’ exposure to cultural mixing to verify the causal effect of exposure to Yi-Dai cultural mixing on psychological compatibility toward Dai (the Yi and Dai are two of the 55 ethnic minorities in China from different provinces and have their own unique culture; Study 2) and the mediating role of perceived connection (Studies 3 and 4). These findings suggest that exposure to cultural mixing facilitates intergroup psychological compatibility, and this beneficial effect is mediated by perceived connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Bao
- Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Bo li
- Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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44
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Wang Y, Schubert TW, Quadflieg S. Behavioral and neural evidence for an evaluative bias against other people's mundane interracial encounters. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:1329-1339. [PMID: 31993667 PMCID: PMC7137724 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating other people’s social encounters from a third-person perspective is an ubiquitous activity of daily life. Yet little is known about how these evaluations are affected by racial bias. To overcome this empirical lacuna, two experiments were conducted. The first experiment used evaluative priming to show that both Black (n = 44) and White Americans (n = 44) assess the same mundane encounters (e.g. two people chatting) less favorably when they involve a Black and a White individual rather than two Black or two White individuals. The second experiment used functional magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate that both Black (n = 46) and White Americans (n = 42) respond with reduced social reward processing (i.e. lower activity in the ventral striatum) and enhanced mentalizing (e.g. higher activity in the bilateral temporal–parietal junction) toward so-called cross-race relative to same-race encounters. By combining unobtrusive measures from social psychology and social neuroscience, this work demonstrates that racial bias can affect impression formation even at the level of the dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas W Schubert
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susanne Quadflieg
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Division of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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White FA, Maunder R, Verrelli S. Text-based E-contact: Harnessing cooperative Internet interactions to bridge the social and psychological divide. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1753459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A. White
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Maunder
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stefano Verrelli
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Bagci SC, Stathi S, Vezzali L, Turnuklu A, Piyale ZE. I (dis)like the way you (dis)like them: The role of extended contact on social distance and attitudes towards the ingroup. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 60:95-120. [PMID: 32314422 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While extended intergroup contact has been commonly studied in the context of prejudice reduction, less is known about its implications for processes related to the ingroup. Through three correlational and one experimental studies (total N = 897) conducted in two different intergroup contexts (Turkey and United Kingdom), we investigated whether extended intergroup contact relates to social distance and attitudes towards ingroup members as a function of outgroup attitudes. We also investigated ingroup identification and perceived ingroup morality as potential mediators in these associations. Correlational studies demonstrated that especially when outgroup attitudes were more negative, participants' positive (but not negative) extended contact was related to a more negative evaluation of the ingroup; whereas when outgroup attitudes were more positive, extended contact was associated with positive attitudes towards the ingroup. We found experimental evidence for the suggested relationships in relation to ingroup social distance. Findings are discussed in the light of vicarious dissonance theory and deprovincialization hypothesis.
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Stathi S, Di Bernardo GA, Vezzali L, Pendleton S, Tropp LR. Do
they
want contact with us? The role of intergroup contact meta‐perceptions on positive contact and attitudes. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Stathi
- School of Human Sciences University of Greenwich London UK
| | - Gian Antonio Di Bernardo
- Dipartimento diEducazione e Scienze Umane Reggio Emilia, Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - Loris Vezzali
- Dipartimento diEducazione e Scienze Umane Reggio Emilia, Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | | | - Linda R. Tropp
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
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Engel CS, Sheppard E. Can Cartoons Which Depict Autistic Characters Improve Attitudes Towards Autistic Peers? J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 50:1007-1017. [PMID: 31828558 PMCID: PMC7010631 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of two cartoons which depict autistic characters in improving attitudes towards autistic peers in two separate studies. Forty-six children participated in study 1 (4–7 years), and 47 children participated in study 2 (8–11 years). Both the conative (behavioural) component of attitudes and knowledge about autism were measured before and after the cartoon interventions. Knowledge of autism increased after watching the cartoons in both studies but attitudes to autism only improved in study 1. Knowledge was shown to correlate with change in some but not all attitude measures. The findings suggest that cartoons can improve attitudes to autism, but this may depend on how information is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Simone Engel
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Sheppard
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Lewon M, Houmanfar RA, Hayes LJ. The Will to Fight: Aversion-Induced Aggression and the Role of Motivation in Intergroup Conflicts. Perspect Behav Sci 2019; 42:889-910. [PMID: 31976465 PMCID: PMC6901646 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-019-00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive behavior is a source of many significant human problems, most notably the catastrophic loss of life and resources that can result from violent conflicts between groups. Aggressive behavior is particularly likely to arise from aversive conditions that function as motivating operations (MOs) that establish the stimulation produced by aggressive acts as reinforcing. We describe the behavior that arises from these circumstances as aversion-induced aggression (AIA) and argue that the MOs associated with AIA are important factors in initiating and sustaining violent conflicts between groups. In support of this, we survey the basic nonhuman research that has demonstrated the aggression-motivating functions of aversive stimuli. We extend our analysis of AIA to humans and describe how the special properties of verbal stimuli serve as the basis for notable differences between AIA in humans and nonhumans. We describe how aversive conditions may be exploited by leaders to establish support for aggression against another group in the pursuit of their objectives. We suggest that conflicts between groups cannot be resolved in the long term unless the motivational conditions from which conflicts arise are alleviated. Aggression is rarely effective in this regard because it exacerbates these conditions. For this reason, we advocate against the use of aggression as a tool for resolving conflicts between groups and consider how behavior science may contribute to the development and evaluation of alternative nonviolent practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lewon
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada-Reno, MS 296, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Ramona A. Houmanfar
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada-Reno, MS 296, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Linda J. Hayes
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada-Reno, MS 296, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557 USA
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Vezzali L, Di Bernardo GA, Birtel MD, Stathi S, Brambilla M. Outgroup morality perceptions mediate secondary transfer effects from direct and extended contact: Evidence from majority and minority group members. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219879223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The secondary transfer effect (STE), defined as contact with a primary outgroup improving attitudes towards a secondary outgroup uninvolved in contact, has mainly been studied with reference to direct contact and considering attitude generalization as the main mediating mechanism. Using a majority (422 Italians) and minority (130 immigrants) adolescent sample from high schools in Italy, we examined outgroup morality perceptions as a new mediating mechanism, and tested for the first time whether the STE emerges for extended contact. Results revealed that the STE emerged for direct contact among the majority group and for extended contact among the minority group, and it was sequentially mediated by perceptions of morality towards the primary outgroup, and by attitudes towards the primary outgroup and perceptions of morality towards the secondary outgroup. The STE also emerged for direct contact among the minority group, with morality perceptions towards the secondary outgroup and attitudes towards the primary outgroup being parallel mediators. We discuss the theoretical implications of the findings, arguing that it is important to identify the conditions and underlying processes of the STE in order to reduce prejudice in the case of both majority and minority groups.
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