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Cho YC, Nguyen TT, Park SY, Kim K, Kim HS, Jeong HG, Kim KK, Kim H. Bromopropane Compounds Increase the Stemness of Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1888. [PMID: 28862656 PMCID: PMC5618537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromopropane (BP) compounds, including 1-bromopropane, 2-bromopropane, and 1,2-dibromopropane, are used in industry for various purposes, and their deleterious effects on human health are becoming known. In this study, we examined the effects of BP compounds on the stemness of colorectal cancer cells. At low, non-cytotoxic concentrations, BP compounds significantly increased spheroid formation in CSC221, DLD1, Caco2, and HT29 cells. In addition, the levels of cancer stem cell markers, such as aldehyde dehydrogenase-1, cluster of differentiation 133 (CD133), CD44, Lgr5, Musashi-1, Ephrin receptor, and Bmi-1 increased after exposure to BP compounds. BP compounds increased the transcriptional activity of the TOPflash and glioma-associated oncogene homolog zinc finger protein (Gli) promoters in reporter assays and increased the expression of Gli-1, Gli-2, Smoothened (SMO), and β-catenin by RT-PCR. These results demonstrate for the first time that BP compounds have the potential to promote cancer stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Thanh Thi Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
- Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thout 630000, Vietnam.
| | - So-Yeon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Kwonseop Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Kyung Keun Kim
- Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Brain Korea 21 Project, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Hangun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
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Thapa P, Kim EK, Nepal MR, Jeong KS, Kang MJ, Noh K, Lee S, Jeong HG, Lee JH, Jeong TC, Lee ES. Identification of a N 7-guanine adduct of 1-bromopropane in calf thymus DNA by mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-016-0002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim NH, Hyun SH, Jin CH, Lee SK, Lee DW, Jeon TW, Choi CB, Lee ES, Chae W, Jeong TC. Acute effects of 2-bromopropane and 1,2-dibromopropane on hepatotoxic and immunotoxic parameters in female BALB/c mice. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:943-50. [PMID: 14661861 DOI: 10.1007/bf02980204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present studies, the acute toxic effects of 2-bromopropane (2-BP) and its analog, 1,2-dibromopropane (1,2-DBP), were investigated in female BALB/c mice. The mice were treated orally with either 2-BP at 2000 and 4000 mg/kg or 1,2-DBP at 300 and 600 mg/kg. Four days before necropsy, the mice were immunized intraperitoneally with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). 1,2-DBP reduced the weights of the spleen and thymus weights and decreased the number of splenic cells. In addition, treatment with 1,2-DBP suppressed the antibody response to SRBCs. Meanwhile, only the antibody response was significantly suppressed by treatment with 2-BP. In the subsequent studies, the time course effects of 2-BP and 1,2-DBP on the hepatotoxic parameters were compared in female BALB/c mice. When mice were treated orally with either one of these chemicals for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase elevated significantly only with 1,2-DBP 24 h after the treatment. The hepatic content of glutathione was reduced by 1,2-DBP. Meanwhile, these parameters were increased by 2-BP. The present results suggest that 1,2-DBP in the Solvent 5200 also contributes to the immnunotoxicity, although 2-BP is a major component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Kyungsan 712-749, Korea
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Fueta Y, Ishidao T, Arashidani K, Endo YT, Hori H. Hyperexcitability of the Hippocampal CA1 and the Dentate Gyrus in Rats Subchronically Exposed to a Substitute for Chlorofluorocarbons, 1‐Bromopropane Vapor. J Occup Health 2002. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.44.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keiichi Arashidani
- The Second Department of Environment ManagementSchool of Health Sciences
| | - Yu taka Endo
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental HealthJapan
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Kang KS, Li GX, Che JH, Lee YS. Impairment of male rat reproductive function in F1 offspring from dams exposed to 2-bromopropane during gestation and lactation. Reprod Toxicol 2002; 16:151-9. [PMID: 11955946 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-6238(02)00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The toxic effects of 2-bromopropane (2-BP) on the reproductive tracts of male F1 offspring from dams exposed to 2-BP during gestation and lactation were investigated. Ten pregnant (sperm-positive) Sprague-Dawley rats per group were exposed sc to 2-BP at 135, 405, and 1215 mg/kg/day from gestation day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 20. 2-BP decreased the proportion of dams littering at the two highest doses. At the highest dose, the rate of delivery and surviving pups were significantly lower than in the controls (P < or = 0.05). The relative weights of testes vs. brain were significantly lower than the controls (P < or = 0.05) on PND 33 and 63 at 405 mg/kg/day, and on PND 90 at 1215 mg/kg/day in the F1 rats. Seminiferous tubule atrophy, germ cell loss, and increased Leydig cell proliferation were observed at the highest dose by histopathologic examination. Female offspring has a decrease in all follicle types at the high dose. These results suggest that gestational and lactational exposure to 2-BP at a high maternally toxic dose impairs the development of the reproductive organs of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Sun Kang
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 103 Seodun-dong, Kwonsun-gu, Suwon, 441-744, Korea
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Jeong TC, Lee ES, Chae W, Koh WS, Kang BH, Han SS. Immunotoxic effects of 2-bromopropane in male Sprague-Dawley rats: a 28-day exposure study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2002; 65:383-394. [PMID: 11936219 DOI: 10.1080/15287390252808055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunotoxic effects of 2-bromopropane were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were treated orally daily with 2-bromopropane at 100, 330, or 1000 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days. Four days before necropsy, the rats were immunized intravenously with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs). The body and thymus weights were significantly reduced by treatment with 2-bromopropane at the highest dose. In addition, the numbers of splenic and thymic cells were decreased by 2-bromopropane. In hematology, the numbers of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets were significantly reduced. Among the serum clinical parameters, the levels of chloride ion were significantly increased by 2-bromopropane. The antibody response to SRBCs was significantly suppressed at the highest dose. With immunized animals, immunophenotyping of splenic and thymic cells was performed to investigate the changes of the number of macrophages, B cells, and T cells in spleen and the number of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in thymus. The numbers of most cell types were significantly decreased in the spleen when animals were treated with 2-bromopropane at 1,000 mg/kg. Likewise, all cell types of thymus were significantly decreased by 2-bromopropane. The present results suggest that 2-bromopropane may have an immunotoxic potential in male Sprague-Dawley rats when the rats are exposed for 28 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Cheon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Kyungbuk, South Korea.
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Zhao LX, Kim EK, Lim HT, Moon YS, Kim NH, Kim TH, Choi H, Chae W, Jeong TC, Lee ES. Synthesis, characterization and in vtro identification of N7-guanine adduct of 2-bromopropane. Arch Pharm Res 2002; 25:39-44. [PMID: 11885689 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that 2-bromopropane might have an immunotoxic potential in rats when exposed for 28 days. In the present studies, the possibility of 2i-deoxyguanosine adduct formation by 2-bromopropane was investigated in vitro to elucidate molecular mechanism of 2-bromopropane-induced immunosuppression. N7-Guanine adduct of 2'-bromopropane (i.e., N7-isopropyl guanine) was chemically synthesized and structurally characterized by analysis of UV, 1H-NMR, '3C-NMR, COSY and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry to use as a reference material. Incubation of 2'-deoxyguanosine with an excess amount of 2-bromopropane in PBS buffer solution, pH 7.4, at 37 degrees C for 16 h, followed by a thermal hydrolysis, produced a detectable amount of N7-isopropyl guanine by an HPLC and UV analysis. The present results suggest that 2-bromopropane might form a DNA adduct in N7 position of 2'-deoxyguanosine at a physiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Xuan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Kyongsan, Korea
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Sekiguchi S, Suda M, Zhai YL, Honma T. Effects of 1-bromopropane, 2-bromopropane, and 1,2-dichloropropane on the estrous cycle and ovulation in F344 rats. Toxicol Lett 2002; 126:41-9. [PMID: 11738269 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate comparatively the toxic effects of inhalation exposure of 1-bromopropane, 2-bromopropane, and 1,2-dichloropropane on reproductive physiology, particularly on the estrous cycle and spontaneous ovulation in female F344 rats. The rats received inhalation exposure to different halogenated propanes, and were exposed daily for 8 h throughout almost 3 weeks to 0,50,200 and 1000 ppm of 1-bromopropane or 2-bromopropane, or to 0,50,100 and 200 ppm of 1,2-dichloropropane. Throughout the exposure period of 1-bromopropane or 2-bromopropane, the ratio of the number of estrous cycle of 6 days or longer to the number of all cycles in both 1000 ppm groups were about two-fold the ratio in each control group, however, no significant difference was found between the ratios of exposed and control groups. The ratios of such long estrous cycles in groups exposed to 100 or 200 ppm of 1,2-dichloropropane were six- to seven-fold higher than that of the control group. These ratios in exposed rats differed significantly from those of controls. The number of ovulated ova in rats exposed to 1,2-dichloropropane decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and the number of ovulated ova in the 200 ppm group was significantly different from that of control rats. Such significant changes in ovulation were not observed in rats exposed to 1-bromopropane or 2-bromopropane. The absolute and relative weights of the ovaries and uterus in rats exposed to three halogenated propanes were not significantly different from those in each control. Therefore, the present study clarified that: (1) 1,2-dichloropropane prolonged the length of the estrous cycle and inhibited spontaneous ovulation in F344 rats; and (2) the potency of 1,2-dichloropropane to disturb the female reproductive physiology appeared to be greater compared with that of 1-bromopropane and 2-bromopropane under the present conditions of inhalation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sekiguchi
- Department of Health Effects Research, National Institute of Industrial Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, 214-8585, Kawasaki, Japan
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