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Pal A, Pal A, Mallick AI, Biswas P, Chatterjee PN. Molecular characterization of Bu-1 and TLR2 gene in Haringhata Black chicken. Genomics 2020; 112:472-483. [PMID: 30902756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Haringhata Black is the only registered indigenous poultry genetic resource of West Bengal till date. Molecular characterization of HB revealed that Bu-1 to be highly glycoylated transmembrane protein unlike mammalian Bu-1, whereas TLR2 of HB chicken was observed to be rich in Leucine rich repeat. HB chicken was observed to be genetically close to chicken of Japan, while distant to chicken breed of UK and Chicago. Avian species wise evolution study indicates genetic closeness of HB chicken with turkey. Differential mRNA expression profile for the immune response genes (TLR2, TLR4 and Bu1 gene) were studied for HB chicken with respect to other chicken breed and poultry birds, which reveals that HB chicken were better in terms of B cell mediated immunity and hence better response to vaccination. Hence HB chicken is one of the best poultry genetic resources to be reared under backyard system where biosecurity measures are almost lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Pal
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K.B. Sarani, Kolkata 37, India.
| | - Abantika Pal
- Indian Institute of technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | | | - P Biswas
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K.B. Sarani, Kolkata 37, India
| | - P N Chatterjee
- West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K.B. Sarani, Kolkata 37, India
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Peng W, Yang H, Cai K, Zhou L, Tan Z, Wu K. Molecular identification of the Danzhou chicken breed in China using DNA barcoding. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2019; 4:2459-2463. [PMID: 33365583 PMCID: PMC7707848 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1638321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) has been used as a DNA barcode to identify population genetic diversity and distinguish animal species as it is variable enough to distinguish between species, yet suitably conserved. A new native chicken breed, named Danzhou chicken was discovered in Hainan, China in 2014, although identification is difficult by morphological examination alone. The mitochondrial COI genes of six chicken breeds, including four local and two imported breeds (Danzhou, Wenchang, Bawang, Beijing-You, Hy-Line Brown, and Ross) were compared and assessed in terms of their efficacy for DNA barcoding. The results showed that the number of COI gene variants in Danzhou chickens was less than those of other breeds, except Bawang and the genetic structure was relatively stable. The Kimura 2-parameter genetic distance between Danzhou chickens and the five other breeds was from ∼0.001 to 0.734. The genetic distance of the six breeds was ∼0.001–0.339, with that of Danzhou being the highest (0.339). Danzhou chickens clustered with Bawang and Wenchang chickens in the phylogenetic tree due to geographic closeness. Danzhou chickens could be identified more accurately using COI barcoding. Multiple molecular markers combined with morphological differences were more persuasive for identifying species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Peng
- Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Keqi Cai
- Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Kebang Wu
- Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Yan L, She Y, Elzo MA, Zhang C, Fang X, Chen H. Exploring genetic diversity and phylogenic relationships of Chinese cattle using gene mtDNA 16S rRNA. Arch Anim Breed 2019; 62:325-333. [PMID: 31807643 PMCID: PMC6852867 DOI: 10.5194/aab-62-325-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to characterize the genetic diversity and phylogenetic diversity among 12 cattle breeds (10 Chinese breeds and two foreign taurine breeds as controls) utilizing gene mtDNA 16S rRNA. The complete sequences of the mtDNA 16S rRNA genes of the 251 animals were 1570 bp long. The mean percentages of the four nitrogen bases were 37.8 % for adenine (A), 23.7 % for thymine (T), 20.9 % for cytosine (C), and 17.6 % for guanine (G). The mtDNA 16S rRNA gene base percentages had a strong bias towards A + T. All detected nucleotide variations in gene mtDNA 16S rRNA were either transitions (62.3 %) or transversions (37.7 %); no indels (insertions and deletions) were found. A total of 40 haplotypes were constructed based on these mutations. A total of 36 haplotypes of these 40 haplotypes were present in 10 Chinese cattle breeds. The haplotype diversity of all Chinese cattle populations was 0.903 ± 0.077 , while the nucleotide diversity was 0.0071 ± 0.0039 . Kimura's two-parameter genetic distances between pairs of the studied 12 breeds ranged from 0.001 to 0.010. The phylogenetic analysis assigned the 10 Chinese breeds to two distinct lineages that likely differed in their percentage of Bos taurus and Bos indicus ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Yan
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.,School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nantong College of Science and Technology, Nantong, Jiangsu 226007, China
| | - Yifan She
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Mauricio A Elzo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xingtang Fang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
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Nisar A, Waheed A, Khan S, Feng X, Shah AH. Population structure, genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of different rural and commercial chickens of Pakistan using complete sequence of mtDNA D-loop. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2018; 30:273-280. [PMID: 30231799 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2018.1484118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chicken is the most important poultry bird in Pakistan that not only provides nutrition but also contributes to country's economy. The Pakistani chicken and its germplasm resources are not genetically characterized and explored. Here, we focused at rural and commercial chickens of Pakistan and explored genetic diversity, population structure and phylogeny. We first collected feather samples from Rural and Broiler populations of Pakistani chickens, isolated DNA and sequenced complete D-loop of mtDNA. The length of complete D-loop ranged from 1231 to 1234 bp in Pakistani chickens. The GC content was 39%. Hotspots of mutations were three hypervariable sites (HVS). Most of the variations (77%) were in HVS1. In a total, 26 polymorphic sites defined 12 haplotypes and all major haplogroups (A-I) in genetic structure of Pakistani chickens. Genetic diversity remained relatively very low in Broiler (Pi = 0.00212 ± 0.00136). There was a low sharing of matrilineages between the two populations (Fst = 0.170). With high Hd value (0.825 ± 0.051) and presence of all nine major haplogroups the rural chicken population showed relatively rich genepool. Finally we did molecular phylogenetic analysis and inferred phylogeny. Presence of subcontinent specific haplogroups E3 and I and clustering of Indian red junglefowl closely with Pakistani chickens in Bayesian inference tree, provide further evidence for an independent domestication event of chicken in subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Nisar
- a Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China , Shanghai , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Zoology , Government Post Graduate College , Mansehra , Pakistan
| | - Abdul Waheed
- b Department of Zoology , Government Post Graduate College , Mansehra , Pakistan
| | - Sawar Khan
- a Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Feng
- a Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Abbas Hussain Shah
- c Department of Botany , Government Post Graduate College , Mansehra , Pakistan
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Evaluation of different DNA extraction methods for the detection of adulteration in raw and processed meat through polymerase chain reaction—restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kim JH, Byun MJ, Kim MJ, Suh SW, Ko YG, Lee CW, Jung KS, Kim ES, Yu DJ, Kim WH, Choi SB. mtDNA Diversity and Phylogenetic State of Korean Cattle Breed, Chikso. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:163-70. [PMID: 25049772 PMCID: PMC4093160 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to analyze the genetic diversity and phylogenetic status of the Korean Chikso breed, we determined sequences of mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) gene and performed phylogenetic analysis using 239 individuals from 5 Chikso populations. Five non-synonymous mutations of a total of 15 polymorphic sites were identified among 239 cyt b coding sequences. Thirteen haplotypes were defined, and haplotype diversity was 0.4709 ranging from 0.2577 to 0.6114. Thirty-five haplotypes (C1–C35) were classified among 9 Asia and 3 European breeds. C2 was a major haplotype that contained 206 sequences (64.6%) from all breeds used. C3–C13 haplotypes were Chikso-specific haplotypes. C1 and C2 haplotypes contained 80.5% of cyt b sequences of Hanwoo, Yanbian, Zaosheng and JB breeds. In phylogenetic analyses, the Chikso breed was contained into B. taurus lineage and was genetically more closely related to two Chinese breeds than to Korean brown cattle, Hanwoo. These results suggest that Chikso and Hanwoo have a genetic difference based on the mtDNA cyt b gene as well as their coat color, sufficient for classification as a separate breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Kim
- Animal Genetic Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 590-832, Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Byun
- Animal Genetic Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 590-832, Korea
| | - Myung-Jick Kim
- Animal Genetic Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 590-832, Korea
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Animal Genetic Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 590-832, Korea
| | - Yeoung-Gyu Ko
- Animal Genetic Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 590-832, Korea
| | - Chang Woo Lee
- Animal Genetic Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 590-832, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sub Jung
- Animal Genetic Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 590-832, Korea
| | - Eun Sung Kim
- Animal Genetic Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 590-832, Korea
| | - Dae Jung Yu
- Animal Genetic Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 590-832, Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Kim
- Animal Genetic Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 590-832, Korea
| | - Seong-Bok Choi
- Animal Genetic Resources Station, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Namwon 590-832, Korea
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Yacoub HA, Fathi MM, Sadek MA. Using cytochrome b gene of mtDNA as a DNA barcoding marker in chicken strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 26:217-23. [PMID: 24020964 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.825771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This was the second study to apply using of a cytochrome b gene as barcoding tool in distinguishing among chicken strains. We performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using universal primer to amplify around 415 bp fragment of cytochrome b gene of mtDNA. The tree reported that both Saudi chicken strains (black and dark brown) are closely related and it might be separated from same origin rather than bronze ones. The phylogenetic tree also, exploited that native chicken strains were closely related to cluster of Ceylon jungle fowl, black Minorca egg chicken and Fayoumi egg chicken. The genetic divergence between these populations or types of chickens in Saudi Arabia was low (0.02) and it was very low (0.011), when compared to other species of Gallus. We confirmed that short fragment of cyt-b gene as a universal DNA barcode region. It was much more accurate and efficient tool to discriminate inter-species than intra-species. Applying cyt-b of mtDNA was successfully distinguished among native strains and other species of Gallus as in a previous study. However, applying this thought on different species of farm animal species is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham A Yacoub
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University , P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Yacoub HA, Fathi MM. Phylogenetic analysis using d-loop marker of mtDNA of Saudi native chicken strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:538-51. [PMID: 23485352 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.770494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to figure the potentiality of d-loop of mitochondrial DNA in discriminating among Saudi native chicken strains and other species of genus Gallus. The first 500 base pairs of d-loop region were amplified and successfully sequenced. The results indicated that native chicken strains and genus Gallus species have a tandem repeat sequence with (14) base units into a two copy. Also, there was clear evidence that the native chickens have a unique tandem repeat sequence with (42) base units as a two copy. Two haplotypes (T) and (C) were observed in native chicken strains. Our research displayed approximately (26) transition substitutions in nucleotide sequences specific for native chicken strains, whereas it was 120 mutant sites in case of other species of Gallus. We found that the genetic divergence between these types of chickens was very low (0.022). The phylogenetic tree revealed that each strain of native chicken belonged to each other with the same cluster. In addition, each strain has its own cluster in some individuals. The results showed that the native chicken strains are closely related to Gallus gallus and its subspecies G. g. spadiceus and G/. g. bankiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Yacoub
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
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Yacoub HA, Fathi MM, Mahmoud WM. DNA barcode through cytochrome b gene information of mtDNA in native chicken strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:528-37. [PMID: 23464748 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2013.770489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to figure out the potentiality of a cytochrome b gene as a barcoding tool in discriminating native chicken strains and other Gallus gallus species. We performed PCR amplification using universal primer to amplify around 415 bp fragment of cytochrome b gene of mtDNA. The results revealed that all Saudi chicken strains were identical to each other but when compared with other species of Gallus the differences were exciting. The phylogenetic tree revealed that there were seven clusters represented for native strains and were clustered together especially in black strain and dark brown ones. The results have confirmed that using cytochrome b gene to discriminate between Saudi chicken strains and other species of G. gallus fowl was a very sufficient tool. Moreover, we can consider short fragment of cytochrome b gene of mtDNA as a universal DNA barcode region. It was a much more accurate and efficient tool to discriminate interspecies than intraspecies. We think it needs more studies to confirm this concept, and we have to apply that tool for many species of vertebrate and invertebrate as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Ahmed Yacoub
- Cell Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Center , Cairo , Egypt
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Kim JH, Byun MJ, Ko YG, Kim SW, Kim SW, Do YJ, Kim MJ, Yoon SH, Choi SB. Phylogenetic Analysis of Korean Native Goats Based on the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2012.54.4.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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In Silico RAPD Priming Sites in Expressed Sequences and iSCAR Markers for Oil Palm. Comp Funct Genomics 2012; 2012:913709. [PMID: 22474414 PMCID: PMC3313062 DOI: 10.1155/2012/913709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RAPD is a simple dominant marker system widely used in biology. Effectiveness of RAPD can be improved by selecting and redesigning primers whose priming sites occur in target sequence(s) of gene or organism at optimum distance. We developed software that uses sequences of random decamer primers and nucleotide sequence(s) as two input files. It locates the priming sites in input sequences and generates output files listing frequency and distance between priming sites. When the priming sites of a single primer occur more than once in a sequence with a distance of 200 to 2000 bp, the software also designs pairs of iSCAR primers. An input of 387 RAPD primers and 42,432 expressed sequences of oil palm are used as test. Wet-lab PCR results from a publication that used the same set of primers were compared with software output on priming sites. In the test sequences of oil palm covering 1.4% of genome, we found that at least 60% the primers chosen using software are sure of giving PCR amplification. We designed 641 iSCAR primers suitable for amplification of oil palm DNA. The software successfully predicted 92% (67 out of 73) of published polymorphic RAPD primers in oil palm.
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Yuan XH, Wang YC, Jin WJ, Zhao BB, Chen CF, Yang J, Wang JF, Guo YY, Liu JJ, Zhang D, Gong LL, He YW. Structure-based high-throughput epitope analysis of hexon proteins in B and C species human adenoviruses (HAdVs). PLoS One 2012; 7:e32938. [PMID: 22427913 PMCID: PMC3302796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are the etiologic agent of many human infectious diseases. The existence of at least 54 different serotypes of HAdVs has resulted in difficulties in clinical diagnosis. Acute respiratory tract disease (ARD) caused by some serotypes from B and C species is particularly serious. Hexon, the main coat protein of HAdV, contains the major serotype-specific B cell epitopes; however, few studies have addressed epitope mapping in most HAdV serotypes. In this study, we utilized a novel and rapid method for the modeling of homologous proteins based on the phylogenetic tree of protein families and built three-dimensional (3D) models of hexon proteins in B and C species HAdVs. Based on refined hexon structures, we used reverse evolutionary trace (RET) bioinformatics analysis combined with a specially designed hexon epitope screening algorithm to achieve high-throughput epitope mapping of all 13 hexon proteins in B and C species HAdVs. This study has demonstrated that all of the epitopes from the 13 hexon proteins are located in the proteins' tower regions; however, the exact number, location, and size of the epitopes differ among the HAdV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Ministry of Health, The Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Chen Wang
- Department of Hygienic Microbiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wen-Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Ministry of Health, The Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin-Bin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Ministry of Health, The Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Ministry of Health, The Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Ministry of Health, The Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Fei Wang
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying-Ying Guo
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Ministry of Health, The Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Ministry of Health, The Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Lu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Ministry of Health, The Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - You-Wen He
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Ministry of Health, The Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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