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Prasko J, Ociskova M, Vanek J, Burkauskas J, Slepecky M, Bite I, Krone I, Sollar T, Juskiene A. Managing Transference and Countertransference in Cognitive Behavioral Supervision: Theoretical Framework and Clinical Application. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:2129-2155. [PMID: 35990755 PMCID: PMC9384966 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s369294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional patterns, beliefs, and assumptions that affect a patient’s perception of other people often affect their perceptions and behaviours towards the therapist. This tendency has been traditionally called transference for its psychoanalytical roots and presents an important factor to monitor and process. In supervision, it is important to put the patient’s transference in the context of the conceptualization of the case. Countertransference occurs when the therapist responds complementary to the patient’s transference based on their own dysfunctional beliefs or assumptions. Transference and countertransference provide useful insights into the inner world of the patient, therapist, and supervisor. Guided discovery is one of the most common approaches used by a supervisor and a supervisee to map all types and directions of transference and countertransference. Other options to map transference and countertransference are imagery and role-playing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Prasko
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Science and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovak Republic.,Department of Psychotherapy, Institute for Postgraduate Training in Health Care, Prague, Czech Republic.,Rehabilitation Hospital Jessenia Inc, Akeso Holding, Beroun, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Ociskova
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Vanek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Burkauskas
- Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Milos Slepecky
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Science and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Ieva Bite
- University of Latvia, Latvian Association of CBT, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilona Krone
- Riga's Stradins University, Latvian Association of CBT, Riga, Latvia
| | - Tomas Sollar
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Science and Health Care, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Alicja Juskiene
- Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Son E, Ellis MV, Hutman H. Supervisees’ Nondisclosure in South Korea and the United States: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00110000221074625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of supervisee characteristics (rejection attachment), the supervisory relationship (supervisory working alliance, role conflict), and Asian cultural values on supervisee nondisclosure (clinically related and supervision related nondisclosures) for South Korean and U.S. American supervisees. Participants were 474 predominantly female supervisees in counseling and clinical psychology programs (227 South Korean, 247 U.S. American). Three major findings emerged: (a) the four predictors collectively predicted both types of supervisee nondisclosure jointly in both countries, (b) the supervisory working alliance predicted the two types of supervisee nondisclosure jointly in both countries, and (c) post hoc tests suggested that the supervisory working alliance mediated the relations of role conflict and rejection attachment with supervisee nondisclosure in both countries, and the relation of Asian cultural values with supervisee nondisclosure for South Korean supervisees. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Son
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Michael V Ellis
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Heidi Hutman
- Department of Psychological Studies in Education, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Singh‐Pillay N, Cartwright D. The Unsaid II: In‐depth accounts of non‐disclosures in clinical supervision from the supervisor's perspective. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/capr.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Duncan Cartwright
- University of KwaZulu‐Natal College of Humanities Durban South Africa
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Tadros E. Hierarchical Privilege and Power in Structural Supervision. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMIC THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/08975353.2020.1809917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hiebler-Ragger M, Nausner L, Blaha A, Grimmer K, Korlath S, Mernyi M, Unterrainer HF. The supervisory relationship from an attachment perspective: Connections to burnout and sense of coherence in health professionals. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 28:124-136. [PMID: 32691477 PMCID: PMC7891645 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Supervision is an essential part of the training and work environment of health professionals, especially of psychotherapists and clinical/health psychologists. However, although the supervisory process is always a relational one and may therefore be influenced by attachment dynamics, the importance of the supervisory relationship for the professional's performance and the well‐being of the supervisee has yet to be fully examined. In this cross‐sectional observational study, the Experiences in Close Relationships‐Revised (ECR‐RD; avoidant and anxious attachment), the Supervisory Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ), the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC‐13) were analysed for 346 (81.8% female) health professionals. Considering professional experience and number of supervision sessions as control variables, a better supervisory relationship negatively predicted burnout symptoms (β = −.31) but positively predicted sense of coherence (β = .31, both p < .01). The final model, including avoidant and anxious attachment as additional predictors, explained 30% of the variance in burnout symptoms and 41% of the variance in sense of coherence. The results underline the importance of the supervisory relationship for the well‐being and the professional performance of health professionals. Interactions between the supervisory relationship and underlying attachment parameters should be further explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hiebler-Ragger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
| | - Liselotte Nausner
- Specialist Faculty of Integrative Gestalt (IG) Therapy, Austrian Working Group for Group Therapy and Group Dynamics (ÖAGG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Blaha
- Specialist Faculty of Group Psychoanalysis (GPA), Austrian Working Group for Group Therapy and Group Dynamics (ÖAGG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Grimmer
- Specialist Faculty of Psychodrama (PD), Austrian Working Group for Group Therapy and Group Dynamics (ÖAGG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Korlath
- Specialist Faculty of Group Dynamics and Dynamic Group (DG) Therapy, Austrian Working Group for Group Therapy and Group Dynamics (ÖAGG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Mernyi
- Specialist Faculty of Systemic Family (SF) Therapy, Austrian Working Group for Group Therapy and Group Dynamics (ÖAGG), Vienna, Austria
| | - Human F Unterrainer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria
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Sackett CR, Lawson G. A Phenomenological Inquiry of Clients’ Meaningful Experiences in Counseling With Counselors-in-Training. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corrine R. Sackett
- Counseling and Student Affairs; Western Kentucky University
- Now with Counselor Education; Clemson University
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Blume-Marcovici AC, Stolberg RA, Khademi M, Giromini L. When Therapists Cry: Implications for Supervision and Training. CLINICAL SUPERVISOR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07325223.2015.1048556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Knight C. Students' Attitudes Towards and Engagement in Self-Disclosure: Implications for Supervision. CLINICAL SUPERVISOR 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07325223.2014.981493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sweeney J, Creaner M. What's not being said? Recollections of nondisclosure in clinical supervision while in training. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2013.872223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kozlowski JM, Pruitt NT, DeWalt TA, Knox S. Can boundary crossings in clinical supervision be beneficial? COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2013.870123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Skjerve J, Nielsen GH, Jacobsen CH, Gullestad SE, Hansen BR, Reichelt S, Rønnestad MH, Torgersen AM. Nondisclosure in psychotherapy group supervision: The supervisor perspective. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1027/1901-2276.61.4.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skjerve
- a Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
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Nielsen GH, Skjerve J, Jacobsen CH, Gullestad SE, Hansen BR, Reichelt S, Rønnestad MH, Torgersen AM. Mutual assumptions and facts about nondisclosure among clinical supervisors and students in group supervision: A comparative analysis. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1027/1901-2276.61.4.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Skjerve
- a Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
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Knight C. Therapeutic Use of Self: Theoretical and Evidence-Based Considerations for Clinical Practice and Supervision. CLINICAL SUPERVISOR 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/07325223.2012.676370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Influences on Women Counseling Psychology Associate Professors’ Decisions Regarding Pursuit of Full Professorship. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/0011000010377666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Twelve women tenured as associate professors in American Psychological Association—accredited counseling psychology doctoral programs were interviewed regarding their pursuit of promotion to full professor. Interview data were analyzed using a modified version of consensual qualitative research. Most participants indicated a strong desire to be promoted and stated that they would not change their minds about achieving this goal. Participants reported that their universities’ guidelines for promotion emphasized a strong publication record and evidence of a national reputation, but participants often described these criteria as vague. Pursuit of full professorship was encouraged by having a current mentor, receiving supportive feedback about applying for promotion, and publishing noteworthy research. Pursuit of full professorship was discouraged by negative prior promotion experiences, feelings that colleagues did not value the participant’s research, and conflicts between career and family obligations. Results are discussed within the context of Super’s theory of career development and social cognitive career theory.
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Williams EN, Morrow SL. Achieving trustworthiness in qualitative research: A pan-paradigmatic perspective. Psychother Res 2009; 19:576-82. [DOI: 10.1080/10503300802702113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Nutt Williams
- a Department of Psychology , St. Mary's College of Maryland , St. Mary's City, Maryland
- b Educational Psychology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Susan L. Morrow
- a Department of Psychology , St. Mary's College of Maryland , St. Mary's City, Maryland
- b Educational Psychology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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