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Vitorino LM, Tostes JG, Ferreira JCL, de Oliveira LAG, Possetti JG, Silva MT, Guimarães MVC, Alckmin-Carvalho F, Lucchetti G. Association between religiosity/spirituality and substance use among homeless individuals. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2024; 70:330-339. [PMID: 37982408 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231211495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol and illicit drug use are prevalent among homeless people. Religiosity and spirituality (RS) have been widely associated with lower consumption of substances. However, evidence of this relationship among homeless people is still scarce. AIMS To evaluate the associations between RS and alcohol and illicit drug consumption among homeless people in a large Brazilian urban center. METHOD This cross-sectional study was carried out in São Paulo city, Brazil. Aspects such as spirituality (FACIT-Sp12), religiosity (DUREL), spiritual-religious coping (Brief-RCOPE), and self-report questions concerning the current substance use (alcohol and illicit substances) were evaluated. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess the impact of RS beliefs on alcohol and illicit drug consumption. RESULTS A total of 456 homeless people were included, of an average age of 44.5 (SD = 12.6) years. More than half of the participants consumed alcohol (55.7%) weekly and 34.2% used illicit drugs weekly. Adjusted logistic regression models identified that aspects of RS were associated with lower likelihood factors for alcohol and illicit drug use; conversely, negative spiritual religious coping (SRC) strategies were associated with a higher likelihood to use both. CONCLUSION The prevalence of alcohol and illicit drug use among participants was high. RS and positive SRC were important protective factors for lower consumption of these substances. Conversely, negative SRC strategies were associated with risk factors.
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2
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Unterrainer HF. On the trail of Sisyphus - addiction as an existential neurosis? Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1243792. [PMID: 37692306 PMCID: PMC10483396 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1243792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In Greek mythology, Sisyphus, king of the Corinthians, dared to deceive the gods and was condemned to roll a boulder to the top of a mountain for all eternity. Shortly before reaching the summit, however, the boulder rolled back down into the valley, and the arduous task had to begin anew. Many of the contents of this classic myth are reminiscent of the therapeutic approach to addictive disorders. In addiction therapy, too, it is often a long and rocky road that ends with a relapse. The therapeutic effort was not entirely in vain, but one often begins to doubt its usefulness. In terms of Sisyphus and a Bio-Psycho-Social Model (BPSM) of health and disease, addiction can be located at the end of a downward spiral. By extension of the BPSM, can addictive disease be considered an expression of existential neurosis? The results of our own research speak in favor of this and show a clearly reduced experience of sense and meaning, but also diminished feelings of hope and forgiveness in addiction patients. However, positive correlations between various parameters of existential well-being and mental health or more appropriate stress coping are also found for the addiction group. These results are supported by neuronal correlates and are mirrored in the general population. Based on this, the consideration of existential issues in addiction therapy can be discussed. Finally, the use of art therapy and work training are proposed as examples of a meaning based therapeutic intervention in dealing with people with addictive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Human-Friedrich Unterrainer
- Faculty of Psychotherapy Science, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Association, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Kitzinger RH, Gardner JA, Moran M, Celkos C, Fasano N, Linares E, Muthee J, Royzner G. Habits and Routines of Adults in Early Recovery From Substance Use Disorder: Clinical and Research Implications From a Mixed Methodology Exploratory Study. Subst Abuse 2023; 17:11782218231153843. [PMID: 36798446 PMCID: PMC9926005 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231153843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this exploratory, non-experimental mixed methods study was to analyze the habits and routines of adults in early recovery (>3 months) from substance use disorder (SUD). Participants (N = 14) were recruited from an intensive outpatient treatment (IOP) program for substance use disorders. Data collection consisted of a demographic survey, a researcher developed Daily Occupational Questionnaire (DOQ), and follow-up semi-structured interviews with 5 randomly selected participants. Quantitative results indicate rest as the most frequently engaged in activity on the most busy (31.0%) and least busy day (36.6%). There was no significant difference, t(13) = 0.117, P = .909, between newly established activities on the most busy and least busy day. Qualitative themes included 1. The most difficult time of day is often related to patterns of unused time. 2. When there is a lack of structure or unoccupied time, they return to their previously established positive supports. 3. There is a need for consistency and structure for developing anticipated/perceived routines. Implications for all healthcare and clinical providers working with this population, as well as research suggestions, are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Kitzinger
- Department of Counselor Education, Kean
University, Union, NJ, USA,Robert H Kitzinger, Jr., Department of
Counselor Education, Kean University, 1000 Morris Ave, East Campus, Union, NJ
07083, USA.
| | | | - Mariann Moran
- Department of Occupational Therapy,
Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
| | - Carly Celkos
- Department of Occupational Therapy,
Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
| | - Nicole Fasano
- Department of Occupational Therapy,
Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
| | - Eric Linares
- Department of Occupational Therapy,
Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
| | - Joyce Muthee
- Department of Occupational Therapy,
Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
| | - Gabby Royzner
- Department of Occupational Therapy,
Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
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Wang M, Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhang X, Sun T, Li H, Yuan C, Li J, Ding ZH, Ma Z, Sun Y. A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effect of Tai Chi on the Drug Craving in Women. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022:1-13. [PMID: 36119946 PMCID: PMC9469824 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in the purpose of investigating the effect of Tai Chi on drug craving for women with drug disorders. One hundred and twelve women were recruited from a drug rehabilitation center in China, and 47 and 48 were finally analyzed in the control group and exercise group, respectively. The exercise group underwent a 3-month Tai Chi training, whereas the control group experienced no exercise intervention during the same time period. The drug craving was measured by the visual analog scale. In data analysis, repeated-measures were utilized to test the differences between the control and exercise group over the course of the experiment time. The mean of the craving score significantly dropped from pre-test (control: mean = 5.38, SD = 3.04; exercise: mean = 4.68, SD = 2.93) to post-test (control: mean = 4.03, SD = 2.73; exercise: mean = 1.91, SD = 1.90) in both groups (control group: t = 3.84, df = 46, p < 0.001; exercise group: t = 5.941, df = 47, p < 0.001), with more decrease witnessed in the exercise group. Repeated-measures analysis with a Huynh-Feldt correction showed the significant effect of time (F = 27.383, p < 0.001) as well as the study group by time interaction (F = 3.52, p = 0.024). Tai Chi can ameliorate the drug craving in women and it could be a supportive treatment for drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubin Building, Science Island, Shushan, Hefei, 230031 Anhui People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubin Building, Science Island, Shushan, Hefei, 230031 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubing Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubin Building, Science Island, Shushan, Hefei, 230031 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubin Building, Science Island, Shushan, Hefei, 230031 Anhui People’s Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubin Building, Science Island, Shushan, Hefei, 230031 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Huazhi Li
- Women Specific Drug Rehabilitation Center, Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Cunfeng Yuan
- Drug Rehabilitation Administration of the Ministry of Justice of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Women Specific Drug Rehabilitation Center, Hefei, Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeng-Hui Ding
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubin Building, Science Island, Shushan, Hefei, 230031 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuchang Ma
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubin Building, Science Island, Shushan, Hefei, 230031 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Yining Sun
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubin Building, Science Island, Shushan, Hefei, 230031 Anhui People’s Republic of China
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Jones G, Lipson J, Nock MK. Associations between classic psychedelics and nicotine dependence in a nationally representative sample. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10578. [PMID: 35732796 PMCID: PMC9216303 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is the single largest cause of preventable death worldwide, but none of the established treatments aimed at smoking cessation work for a majority of smokers. As such, there is an urgent need for interventions capable of reliably treating nicotine addiction. The use of classic psychedelics has been associated with lower odds of many forms of substance dependence. Here we tested whether lifetime use of classic psychedelics (tryptamine, lysergamide, and phenethylamine) is associated with lower odds of current nicotine dependence. We tested these associations in a sample of 214,505 adult participants in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015–2019) using multivariable logistic regression models. Lifetime psilocybin use was associated with reduced odds of odds of current nicotine dependence (aOR 0.87–0.93). Lifetime use of peyote and mescaline also conferred reduced odds of multiple subdomains of a main nicotine dependence measure (Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale [NDSS]) (aOR 0.79–0.91). Conversely, lifetime use of LSD was associated with increased odds of nicotine dependence (aOR 1.17–1.24). Psilocybin, mescaline, and peyote use are associated with lowered odds of nicotine dependence. Experimental studies are needed to establish whether these associations are causal. These results make the case for further research into the efficacy of both tryptamine and phenethylamine psychedelics in promoting smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Jones
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Joshua Lipson
- Teacher's College, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Matthew K Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Jones G, Ricard JA, Lipson J, Nock MK. Associations between classic psychedelics and opioid use disorder in a nationally-representative U.S. adult sample. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4099. [PMID: 35393455 PMCID: PMC8990065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major source of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. and there is a pressing need to identify additional treatments for the disorder. Classic psychedelics (psilocybin, peyote, mescaline, LSD) have been linked to the alleviation of various substance use disorders and may hold promise as potential treatments for OUD. The aim of this study was to assess whether the aforementioned classic psychedelic substances conferred lowered odds of OUD. Furthermore, this study aimed to replicate and extend findings from Pisano et al. (2017) who found classic psychedelic use to be linked to lowered odds of OUD in a nationally representative sample. We used recent data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015–2019) (N = 214,505) and multivariable logistic regression to test whether lifetime use (yes/no) of classic psychedelics was associated with lowered odds of OUD. Lifetime psilocybin use was associated with lowered odds of OUD (aOR: 0.70; 95% CI [0.60, 0.83]). No other substances, including other classic psychedelics, were associated with lowered odds of OUD. Additionally, sensitivity analyses revealed psilocybin use to be associated with lowered odds of seven of the 11 DSM-IV criteria for OUD (aOR range: 0.66–0.83). Future clinical trials and longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these associations are causal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Jones
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | | | - Joshua Lipson
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, USA
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7
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Litchke LG, Quinn B, Turner K, Trapp K. Therapeutic Recreation Activities Combined with a 12-Step Faith-Based Program for Adults Experiencing Addiction, Mental Health, and Homelessness: A Case Study. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2021.1981181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lyn Gorbett Litchke
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bonnie Quinn
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kassandra Turner
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelci Trapp
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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9
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Ai AL, Appel HB, Nicdao EG. Differential Associations of Religious Involvement with the Mental Health of Asian-American Subgroups: A Cultural Perspective. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2016; 55:2113-2130. [PMID: 27277625 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-016-0257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the USA, Asian-Americans (AA) constitute the fastest growing ethnic minority group, in which heterogeneous religious patterns and acculturation experiences can impose significant impacts on their mental health. Using national data, the present study examined the contributions of religious involvement and social support to self-rated mental health (SRMH) of Chinese, Vietnamese, and Filipinos. Findings demonstrated cross-group variations, with Filipinos reporting the highest levels of SRMH, acculturation, and discrimination. However, religious involvement was associated with better SRMH in the least religious Chinese subgroup but not in the most religious Filipino subgroup. Social support predicted SRMH for both Chinese and Vietnamese subgroups. The differential religious patterns in the more acculturated generations between the two AA subgroups suggest religious assimilation as part of their acculturation in the context of divergent immigration experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Ai
- Florida State University, 2570 University Center Building-C, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Hoa B Appel
- University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA, USA
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10
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Rodríguez-Puente LA, Alonso-Castillo MM. Teoría de situación específica de autotrascendencia en personas dependientes del alcohol en proceso de recuperación. AQUICHAN 2016. [DOI: 10.5294/aqui.2016.16.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
La creación de modelos y teorías de enfermería, enfocadas en fenómenos específicos, contribuye a la práctica y el desarrollo de la disciplina de enfermería. Objetivo: presentar una derivación teórica y proponer un modelo sobre la teoría de autotrascendencia en personas dependientes del alcohol en proceso de recuperación. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una derivación teórica mediante la metodología propuesta por Walker y Avant. Resultados: adaptación del Modelo de Autotrascendencia en personas dependientes del alcohol en proceso de recuperación en Alcohólicos Anónimos. Conclusiones: el modelo puede ser útil para explicar cómo las personas dependientes del alcohol, que se encuentran en tratamiento, logran el bienestar y cuáles son los factores que influyen durante el proceso.
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11
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Hodge DR, Lietz CA. Using spiritually modified cognitive-behavioral therapy in substance dependence treatment: therapists' and clients' perceptions of the presumed benefits and limitations. HEALTH & SOCIAL WORK 2014; 39:200-10. [PMID: 25369720 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlu022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that has been modified to incorporate clients' spiritual beliefs and practices has been used to treat a variety of problems. This study examines the utility of this modality with the treatment of alcohol dependence and other forms of substance abuse. Toward this end, six focus groups (three therapist groups and three client groups) were conducted to identify the presumed benefits and limitations of using spiritually modified CBT in substance dependence treatment. In terms of benefits, spiritually modified CBT was perceived to enhance outcomes through operationalizing horizontal and vertical sources of social support, divine coping resources, and spiritual motivation. Potential challenges include the risk of therapists inadvertently imposing their own beliefs during the modification process and the possibility of offending clients when conflicts in belief systems emerge, particularly in group setting. The article concludes by providing suggestions for incorporating spiritually modified CBT into treatment and develops a number of illustrative examples of spiritually modified CBT self-statements.
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12
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Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Cosimano MP, Griffiths RR. Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:983-92. [PMID: 25213996 PMCID: PMC4286320 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114548296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite suggestive early findings on the therapeutic use of hallucinogens in the treatment of substance use disorders, rigorous follow-up has not been conducted. To determine the safety and feasibility of psilocybin as an adjunct to tobacco smoking cessation treatment we conducted an open-label pilot study administering moderate (20 mg/70 kg) and high (30 mg/70 kg) doses of psilocybin within a structured 15-week smoking cessation treatment protocol. Participants were 15 psychiatrically healthy nicotine-dependent smokers (10 males; mean age of 51 years), with a mean of six previous lifetime quit attempts, and smoking a mean of 19 cigarettes per day for a mean of 31 years at intake. Biomarkers assessing smoking status, and self-report measures of smoking behavior demonstrated that 12 of 15 participants (80%) showed seven-day point prevalence abstinence at 6-month follow-up. The observed smoking cessation rate substantially exceeds rates commonly reported for other behavioral and/or pharmacological therapies (typically <35%). Although the open-label design does not allow for definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of psilocybin, these findings suggest psilocybin may be a potentially efficacious adjunct to current smoking cessation treatment models. The present study illustrates a framework for future research on the efficacy and mechanisms of hallucinogen-facilitated treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Albert Garcia-Romeu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary P. Cosimano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roland R. Griffiths
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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A mosque-based methadone maintenance treatment strategy: Implementation and pilot results. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2014; 25:1071-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mandhouj O, Aubin HJ, Amirouche A, Perroud NA, Huguelet P. Spirituality and religion among French prisoners: an effective coping resource? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2014; 58:821-34. [PMID: 23782706 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x13491715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the role of spirituality and religiousness (SR) among detainees. Thirty detainees from a French short-stay prison were assessed with the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Spirituality Religion and Personal Beliefs questionnaire (WHOQOL-SRPB) and with open questions about SR. Forty percent of detainees described SR as an important way of coping with incarceration and stressful events, as a means of finding inner peace, showing altruism, and gaining the respect of others. SR involvement was associated with reports of decreased suicide risk and of the prevention of future offences. SR appears to be an important coping mechanism and may help the transition to the community following incarceration. This study endorses the view that SR should be considered when treating this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Mandhouj
- INSERM U699, Paris, France Hôpital André-Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Henri-Jean Aubin
- INSERM U699, Paris, France Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Nader Ali Perroud
- University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Huguelet
- University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Sussman S, Milam J, Arpawong TE, Tsai J, Black DS, Wills TA. Spirituality in addictions treatment: wisdom to know…what it is. Subst Use Misuse 2013; 48:1203-17. [PMID: 24041182 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.800343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Spirituality has long been integrated into treatments for addiction. However, how spirituality differs from other related constructs and implications for recovery among nonspiritual persons remains a source of discussion. This article examines ways in which spirituality is delineated, identifies variables that might mediate the relations between spirituality and recovery from substance abuse disorders, describes distinctions between spiritual and nonspiritual facets of addictions treatment, and suggests means to assist in further clarification of this construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sussman
- 1Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Díaz Heredia LP, Muñoz Sánchez AI, Vargas DD. Reliability and validity of spirituality questionnaire by Parsian and Dunning in the Spanish version. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2012; 20:559-66. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-11692012000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this methodological study was to translate, culturally adapt and assess the internal consistency and validity of the Spanish version of the "Spirituality Questionnaire". The sample comprised 204 young people between 18 and 25 years of age from two universities in Bogotá. Cronbach's Alpha was used for reliability, while groups of experts and young people were used for construct validity. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used for construct validity. The reliability score of the total instrument was 0.88. The overall index of content validity corresponded to 0.90. Exploratory factor analysis showed that four factors explain 52.60% of the variance. The originally proposed theoretical model was confirmed and, in two dimensions, a different structure was proposed. In conclusion, the instrument "Spirituality Questionnaire" by Parsian and Dunning is reliable and valid in the Spanish version.
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Mandhouj O, Etter JF, Courvoisier D, Aubin HJ. French-language version of the World Health Organization quality of life spirituality, religiousness and personal beliefs instrument. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012; 10:39. [PMID: 22515747 PMCID: PMC3462699 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-10-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A valid assessment of spirituality and religiousness is necessary for clinical and research purposes. We developed and assessed the validity of a French-language version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Spirituality, Religiousness and Personal Beliefs Instrument (WHOQOL-SRPB). Methods The SRPB was translated into French according to the methods recommended by the WHOQOL group. An Internet survey was conducted in 561 people in 2010, with follow-up 2 weeks later (n = 231, 41%), to assess reliability, factor structure, social desirability bias and construct validity of this scale. Tests were performed based on item-response theory. Results A modal score of 1 (all answers=”not at all”) was observed for Faith (in 34% of participants), Connectedness (27%), and Spiritual Strength (14%). All scales had test-retest reliability coefficients ≥0.7. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were high for all subscales (0.74 to 0.98) and very high (>0.9) for three subscales (Connectedness, Spiritual Strength and Faith). Scores of Faith, Connectedness, Spiritual Strength and Meaning of Life were higher for respondents with religious practice than for those who had no religious practice. No association was found between SRPB and age or sex. The Awe subscale had a low information function for all levels of the Awe latent trait and may benefit from inclusion of an additional item. Conclusions The French language version of the SRPB retained many properties of the original version. However, the SRPB could be improved by trimming redundant items. The strength of SRPB relies on its multinational development and validation, allowing for cross-cultural comparisons.
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Abstract
Definitions of cultural competence often refer to the need to be aware and attentive to the religious and spiritual needs and orientations of patients. However, the institution of psychiatry maintains an ambivalent attitude to the incorporation of religion and spirituality into psychiatric practice. This is despite the fact that many patients, especially those from underserved and underprivileged minority backgrounds, are devotedly religious and find much solace and support in their religiosity. I use the case of mental health of African Americans as an extended example to support the argument that psychiatric services must become more closely attuned to religious matters. I suggest ways in which this can be achieved. Attention to religion can aid in the development of culturally competent and accessible services, which in turn, may increase engagement and service satisfaction among religious populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Whitley
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Parker S. Faith Development Theory as a Context for Supervision of Spiritual and Religious Issues. COUNSELOR EDUCATION AND SUPERVISION 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6978.2009.tb00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mason SJ, Deane FP, Kelly PJ, Crowe TP. Do spirituality and religiosity help in the management of cravings in substance abuse treatment? Subst Use Misuse 2009; 44:1926-40. [PMID: 20001289 DOI: 10.3109/10826080802486723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of spirituality, religiosity and self-efficacy with drug and/or alcohol cravings. A cross-sectional survey was completed by 77 male participants at an Australian Salvation Army residential rehabilitation service in 2007. The survey included questions relating to the participants' drug and/or alcohol use and also measures for spirituality, religiosity, cravings, and self-efficacy. The sample included participants aged between 19 and 74 years, with more than 57% reporting a diagnosis for a mental disorder and 78% reporting polysubstance misuse with alcohol most frequently endorsed as the primary drug of concern (71%). Seventy-five percent of the clients reported that spirituality and religious faith were useful components of the treatment program. A multivariate multiple regression analysis identified that spirituality and self-efficacy have significant relationships with cravings. Self-efficacy mediated the relationship between spirituality and drug and/or alcohol cravings. The limitations of this study included its cross-sectional design and a sample that was drawn from a faith-based program. Future research would benefit from the longitudinal examination of the relationship between spirituality, self-efficacy, and cravings; the exploration of a broader range of client-specific and interpersonal variables; and the inclusion of a control group from a secular treatment facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Mason
- Illawarra Institute for Mental Health and School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Khalsa SBS, Khalsa GS, Khalsa HK, Khalsa MK. Evaluation of a Residential Kundalini Yoga Lifestyle Pilot Program for Addiction in India. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2008; 7:67-79. [DOI: 10.1080/15332640802081968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sat Bir S. Khalsa
- a Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
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Duvall JL, Staton-Tindall M, Oser C, Leukefeld C. Persistence in Turning to Faith as a Predictor of Drug Use and Criminality among Drug Court Clients. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/002204260803800413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Faith-based beliefs are associated with and considered to be a vital component in enhancing the efficacy of substance abuse treatment and recovery. However, relatively little empirical information has been accumulated on the temporal stability of individuals' use of faith and its importance before and following initiation of the therapeutic process. The current study examined persistence in turning to faith across time as a predictor of substance use, criminal behavior, and perceived addiction severity in a sample of 500 Kentucky Drug Court participants. Results suggest that when modeling variance in faith, which persists across the two-year span of Drug Court involvement as a latent construct, greater persistence in one's faith predicts decreases in substance use frequency measured at the final 24-month interview. The latent faith construct was marginally related to differences in 24-month criminal behavior and was not associated with perceptions of addiction severity. Results are discussed for substance abuse treatment needs and recovery.
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Duvall JL, Staton-Tindall M, Oser CB, Leukefeld C. Persistence in Turning to Faith as a Predictor of Drug Use and Criminality among Drug Court Clients. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/002204260803800312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Faith-based beliefs are associated with and considered to be a vital component in enhancing the efficacy of substance abuse treatment and recovery. However, relatively little empirical information has been accumulated on the temporal stability of individuals' use of faith and its importance before and following initiation of the therapeutic process. The current study examined persistence in turning to faith across time as a predictor of substance use, criminal behavior, and perceived addiction severity in a sample of 500 Kentucky Drug Court participants. Results suggest that when modeling variance in faith, which persists across the two-year span of Drug Court involvement as a latent construct, greater persistence in one's faith predicts decreases in substance use frequency measured at the final 24-month interview. The latent faith construct was marginally related to differences in 24-month criminal behavior and was not associated with perceptions of addiction severity. Results are discussed for substance abuse treatment needs and recovery.
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Arévalo S, Prado G, Amaro H. Spirituality, sense of coherence, and coping responses in women receiving treatment for alcohol and drug addiction. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2008; 31:113-23. [PMID: 17825910 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the role of spirituality, sense of coherence, and coping responses in relation to stress and trauma symptoms among women in substance abuse treatment. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING Data for the present analyses were obtained from baseline interviews of 393 women in an urban area of Massachusetts. Interviews were conducted from April 2003 to September 2006. Participants came from four substance abuse treatment programs (three residential and one outpatient) participating in the Mother's Hope, Mind and Spirit Study, an evaluation of an intervention funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Stress was significantly associated with drug addiction severity and trauma symptoms were significantly related to alcohol addiction severity. Spirituality, sense of coherence, and coping responses did not mediate the relationship between perceived stress, and posttraumatic stress, and alcohol and drug addiction severity. However, negative and significant associations were found between perceived stress and spirituality, sense of coherence and coping responses, and between posttraumatic stress symptomatology and sense of coherence. CONCLUSION Enhanced substance abuse treatments that increase spirituality, sense of coherence, and coping responses may be beneficial in helping women in substance abuse treatment to manage stress and posttraumatic stress symptoms. However, further research is needed to identify the pathways through which spirituality, sense of coherence and coping responses may mediate the effects of stress and posttraumatic stress symptoms on alcohol and drug addiction severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Arévalo
- Institute on Urban Health Research, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Stearns Suite 503, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Alper KR, Lotsof HS, Kaplan CD. The ibogaine medical subculture. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 115:9-24. [PMID: 18029124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive indole alkaloid that is used to treat substance-related disorders in a global medical subculture, and is of interest as an ethnopharmacological prototype for experimental investigation and possible rational pharmaceutical development. The subculture is also significant for risks due to the lack of clinical and pharmaceutical standards. This study describes the ibogaine medical subculture and presents quantitative data regarding treatment and the purpose for which individuals have taken ibogaine. MATERIALS AND METHODS All identified ibogaine "scenes" (defined as a provider in an associated setting) apart from the Bwiti religion in Africa were studied with intensive interviewing, review of the grey literature including the Internet, and the systematic collection of quantitative data. RESULTS Analysis of ethnographic data yielded a typology of ibogaine scenes, "medical model", "lay provider/treatment guide", "activist/self-help", and "religious/spiritual". An estimated 3414 individuals had taken ibogaine as of February 2006, a fourfold increase relative to 5 years earlier, with 68% of the total having taken it for the treatment of a substance-related disorder, and 53% specifically for opioid withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS Opioid withdrawal is the most common reason for which individuals took ibogaine. The focus on opioid withdrawal in the ibogaine subculture distinguishes ibogaine from other agents commonly termed "psychedelics", and is consistent with experimental research and case series evidence indicating a significant pharmacologically mediated effect of ibogaine in opioid withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Alper
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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