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Foyzun T, Whiting M, Velasco KK, Jacobsen JC, Connor M, Grimsey NL. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the cannabinoid CB 2 receptor: Molecular pharmacology and disease associations. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2391-2412. [PMID: 38802979 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical evidence implicating cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) in various diseases has led researchers to question whether CB2 genetics influence aetiology or progression. Associations between conditions and genetic loci are often studied via single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) prevalence in case versus control populations. In the CNR2 coding exon, ~36 SNPs have high overall population prevalence (minor allele frequencies [MAF] ~37%), including non-synonymous SNP (ns-SNP) rs2501432 encoding CB2 63Q/R. Interspersed are ~27 lower frequency SNPs, four being ns-SNPs. CNR2 introns also harbour numerous SNPs. This review summarises CB2 ns-SNP molecular pharmacology and evaluates evidence from ~70 studies investigating CB2 genetic variants with proposed linkage to disease. Although CNR2 genetic variation has been associated with a wide variety of conditions, including osteoporosis, immune-related disorders, and mental illnesses, further work is required to robustly validate CNR2 disease links and clarify specific mechanisms linking CNR2 genetic variation to disease pathophysiology and potential drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Foyzun
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maddie Whiting
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kate K Velasco
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jessie C Jacobsen
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark Connor
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natasha L Grimsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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Oyaci Y, Aytac HM, Pehlivan M, Pehlivan S. Genetic polymorphism of IL-17F rs763780 contributes to the susceptibility to bipolar disorder but not to schizophrenia in the Turkish population. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 42:852-866. [PMID: 37171073 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2023.2211124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the genetic polymorphism in the interleukin-17F (IL-17F) (rs763780, 7488 A/G) gene in bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) patients by comparing it with healthy controls considering clinical parameters. A sample of 107 patients with BD, 129 patients with SCZ, and 100 healthy volunteers were included. SCID-I was used to confirm the diagnosis according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) were administered to BD patients. The Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) was applied to the patients with SCZ. PCR-RFLP was used to determine IL-17F gene polymorphism. Our results demonstrated that the distributions of the IL-17F genotype and the allele frequencies of BD patients were statistically significantly different from the control group. The AA genotype (OR: 0.283; 95% Cl: 0.140-0.573; p<.001) and A allele (OR: 0.333; 95% Cl: 0.171-0.646; p=.001) frequencies were significantly higher in the control group than in the BD group. The IL-17F genotype and the allele frequency distributions of SCZ patients were not statistically significantly different from the control group. When comparing scale scores due to the IL-17F genotype distributions in patients with BD or SCZ, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups of IL-17F genotypes. In summary, whereas the IL-17F polymorphism may be associated with BD, this polymorphism was not related to SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Oyaci
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Mervan Aytac
- Department of Psychiatry, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Disorders and Integrative Approach, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Pehlivan
- Department of Hematology, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sacide Pehlivan
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Developmental Behavioral Disorders and Integrative Approach, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Molecular Alterations of the Endocannabinoid System in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094764. [PMID: 35563156 PMCID: PMC9104141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic benefits of the current medications for patients with psychiatric disorders contrast with a great variety of adverse effects. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) components have gained high interest as potential new targets for treating psychiatry diseases because of their neuromodulator role, which is essential to understanding the regulation of many brain functions. This article reviewed the molecular alterations in ECS occurring in different psychiatric conditions. The methods used to identify alterations in the ECS were also described. We used a translational approach. The animal models reproducing some behavioral and/or neurochemical aspects of psychiatric disorders and the molecular alterations in clinical studies in post-mortem brain tissue or peripheral tissues were analyzed. This article reviewed the most relevant ECS changes in prevalent psychiatric diseases such as mood disorders, schizophrenia, autism, attentional deficit, eating disorders (ED), and addiction. The review concludes that clinical research studies are urgently needed for two different purposes: (1) To identify alterations of the ECS components potentially useful as new biomarkers relating to a specific disease or condition, and (2) to design new therapeutic targets based on the specific alterations found to improve the pharmacological treatment in psychiatry.
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Chmielowiec J, Chmielowiec K, Masiak J, Pawłowski T, Larysz D, Grzywacz A. Analysis of Relationships between DAT1 Polymorphism Variants, Personality Dimensions, and Anxiety in New Psychoactive Substance (Designer Drug) (NPS) Users. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121977. [PMID: 34946924 PMCID: PMC8700894 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of ‘new psychoactive substances’ appears to be increasingly common. The aim of this study was to examine biological and personality determinants in individuals who choose to use these substances, which may help in the prevention and treatment of psychoactive substance use disorders. The study group consisted of 374 male volunteers; all were users of ‘new psychoactive substances’ (NPS). The NPS users were recruited after they had abstained—for at least 3 months—from any substance of abuse in addiction treatment facilities. The NPS patients and the control subjects were examined by a psychiatrist using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.), the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scales. The real-time PCR method was used for genotyping. When we compared the controls with the study group, statistically significant interactions were found between DAT1 polymorphism, neuroticism, and NPS use. NPS use and DAT1 polymorphism were associated with a higher level of neuroticism on the NEO-FFI scale. The study group of NPS users showed a higher severity of anxiety symptoms, both in terms of trait and state, compared to the control group. The results may support the idea that neuroticism and anxiety correlate strongly with coping motives for using NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (J.C.); (K.C.)
| | - Krzysztof Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (J.C.); (K.C.)
| | - Jolanta Masiak
- Second Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska St., 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Pawłowski
- Division of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wyb. L. Pasteura 10 St., 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Larysz
- 109 Military Hospital with Cutpatient Cinic in Szczecin, Piotra Skargi 9-11 St., 70-965 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Anna Grzywacz
- Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 11 Chlapowskiego St., 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91441-47-46
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Karcioglu Batur L, Hekim N. Correlation between interleukin gene polymorphisms and current prevalence and mortality rates due to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) in 23 countries. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5853-5863. [PMID: 34081354 PMCID: PMC8242628 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection may rely on a potential genetic background for the variations in the inflammatory response. We aimed to investigate the possible correlation between polymorphisms in the IL‐6 gene at rs1800796/rs1800795, in IL‐6R at rs2228145, in IL‐10 at rs1800896 and rs1800871, in IL‐17 at rs2275913 and rs763780 loci, and COVID‐19 prevalence and mortality rates among populations of 23 countries. Methods We searched the literature for polymorphisms in China, Japan, India, Spain, Mexico, Sweden, Turkey, Brazil, Russia, Poland, Italy, South Africa, Netherlands, Greece, Germany, UK, Iran, Finland, Czechia, Tunisia, Norway, Egypt, Croatia. We recorded the prevalence and mortality rates (per million) caused by the Coronavirus infection recorded on 7th September 2020 and 6th December 2020. Results There was a significant positive correlation between the frequency of AG genotype of rs1800896 and prevalence recorded on 6th December 2020 (r: 0.53, r2: 0.28, p < .05). There was a significant negative correlation between the mortality rates recorded on 7th September, and the AG genotype of rs2275913 (r: −0.51, r2: 0.26, p < .05). There was a significant positive correlation between the prevalence recorded on 6th December, and TT genotype at rs763780 (r: 0.65, r2:0.42, p < .05) while a negative correlation between prevalence and TC genotype at rs763780 (r: −0.66, r2: 0.43, p < .05). Also, a significant negative correlation was found between mortality rates recorded on 6th December 2020 and CC genotype at rs763780 (r: −0.56, r2: 0.31, p < .05). Conclusion The variations in prevalence of COVID‐19 and its mortality rates among countries may be explained by the polymorphisms at rs1800896 in IL‐10, rs2275913 in IL‐17A, and rs763780 loci in the IL‐17F gene. The variations in prevalence of COVID‐19 and its mortality rates among 23 countries may be explained by the polymorphisms at rs1800896 in IL‐10, rs2275913 in IL‐17A, and rs763780 loci in the IL‐17F gene. AG genotype frequency of rs1800896 was positively correlated with prevalence recorded on 6th December 2020. The mortality rates recorded on 7th September was negatively correlated with AG genotype frequency of rs2275913. The prevalence recorded on 6th December was positively correlated with frequency of TT and negatively with TC genotype at rs763780. The mortality rates recorded on 6th December 2020 was negatively correlated with CC genotype frequency at rs763780.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfiye Karcioglu Batur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nezih Hekim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
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New Psychoactive Substances and Suicidality: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060580. [PMID: 34204131 PMCID: PMC8226910 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Over the past twenty years a large number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have entered and modified the recreational drug scene. Their intake has been associated with health-related risks, especially so for vulnerable populations such as people with severe mental illness, who might be at higher risk of suicidality or self-injurious behavior. This paper aims at providing an overview of NPS abuse and the effects on mental health and suicidality issues, by performing a literature review of the current related knowledge, thereby identifying those substances that, more than others, are linked to suicidal behaviors. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive and updated overview of the literature regarding suicidality and NPS categories has been undertaken. An electronic search was performed, including all papers published up to March 2021, using the following keywords “NPS” OR “new psychoactive substances” OR “novel psychoactive substances” OR “synthetic cannabinoids” OR “phenethylamines” OR “synthetic cathinones” OR “tryptamines” OR “piperazines” OR “new synthetic opioids” OR “designer benzodiazepines” AND (“suicide” OR “suicidality”) NOT review NOT animal on the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science online databases. Results: Suicidality and self-injurious behavior appear to be frequently associated with some NPS such as cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids, and new synthetic opioids. The results are organized according to the substances recorded. Conclusion: The growing use of NPS has become a significant clinical issue, causing increasing concern and challenges for clinicians working in both mental health and emergency departments. Thus, considering the associations between NPS and suicidality or self-injurious behaviors, areas where suicide-prevention efforts and strategies might be focused are the early detection, monitoring, and restriction of NPS.
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Kesner AJ, Lovinger DM. Cannabis use, abuse, and withdrawal: Cannabinergic mechanisms, clinical, and preclinical findings. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1674-1696. [PMID: 33891706 PMCID: PMC9291571 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is the most widely used illicit drug in the world. Its main psychoactive component is delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), one of over 100 phytocannabinoid compounds produced by the cannabis plant. THC is the primary compound that drives cannabis abuse potential and is also used and prescribed medically for therapeutic qualities. Despite its therapeutic potential, a significant subpopulation of frequent cannabis or THC users will develop a drug use syndrome termed cannabis use disorder. Individuals suffering from cannabis use disorder exhibit many of the hallmarks of classical addictions including cravings, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Currently, there are no efficacious treatments for cannabis use disorder or withdrawal symptoms. This makes both clinical and preclinical research on the neurobiological mechanisms of these syndromes ever more pertinent. Indeed, basic research using animal models has provided valuable evidence of the neural molecular and cellular actions of cannabis that mediate its behavioral effects. One of the main components being central action on the cannabinoid type‐one receptor and downstream intracellular signaling related to the endogenous cannabinoid system. Back‐translational studies have provided insight linking preclinical basic and behavioral biology research to better understand symptoms observed at the clinical level. This narrative review aims to summarize major research elucidating the molecular, cellular, and behavioral manifestations of cannabis/THC use that play a role in cannabis use disorder and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kesner
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Center on Compulsive Behaviors, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Pehlivan S, Aytac HM, Cetinay Aydin P, Nursal AF, Pehlivan M. Global and glucocorticoid receptor gene-specific (NR3C1) DNA methylation analysis in patients with cannabinoid or synthetic cannabinoid use disorder. Psychiatry Res 2021; 298:113774. [PMID: 33556690 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between cannabinoid use disorder (CUD) or synthetic cannabinoid use disorder (SCUD) and the global methylation, methylation of NR3C1 gene promotor, and NR3C1 BclI polymorphism, considering clinical parameters. Based on the DSM-5 criteria, 172 SCUD patients' and 44 CUD patients' diagnoses were confirmed with a positive urine test; 88 healthy volunteers were also included in the study. Global DNA methylation was measured using a 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) DNA ELISA Kit. Methylation-specific PCR was used to identify the methylation of the NR3C1 gene. The analysis of the BclI polymorphism of the NR3C1 gene was evaluated by using the PCR-RFLP. Our results demonstrated that the mean of 5-mC percentages of SCUD patients differed significantly from those of the control group. When comparing NR3C1 gene methylation and clinical parameters due to NR3C1 genotype distribution in patients, the genotype distribution was significantly different between the groups, due to the former polysubstance abuse. Additionally, there was a significantly positive correlation between the 5-mC percentages of SCUD patients and the reported durations of their disorders. In summary, whereas global DNA methylation may be associated with SCUD, the methylation of the NR3C1 gene and NR3C1 BclI polymorphism were not related to CUD or SCUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacide Pehlivan
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Turkey.
| | | | - Pinar Cetinay Aydin
- University of Health Sciences Department of Psychiatry, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, 12. Psychiatry Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Feyda Nursal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Pehlivan
- Department of Hematology, Gaziantep University, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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Oyaci Y, Aytac HM, Pasin O, Cetinay Aydin P, Pehlivan S. Detection of altered methylation of MB-COMT promotor and DRD2 gene in cannabinoid or synthetic cannabinoid use disorder regarding gene variants and clinical parameters. J Addict Dis 2021; 39:526-536. [PMID: 33781176 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2021.1906618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the association between cannabinoid use disorder (CUD) or synthetic cannabinoid use disorder (SCUD) and methylation status of MB-COMT (membrane-bound catechol-O-methyltransferase) promotor or DRD2 gene considering gene variants and clinical parameters. Based on the DSM-5 criteria, 218 CUD/SCUD patients' diagnoses were confirmed with a positive urine test, and a control group consisting of 102 participants without substance use disorders was included. Methylation-specific PCR was used to identify the methylation of the MB-COMT promotor and DRD2 gene. DRD2-141C Ins/Del and COMT Val158Met gene variants were evaluated by using PCR-RFLP. When the DRD2 and MB-COMT promoter methylation of CUD/SCUD patients were compared with the control group, there was a significant difference between the MB-COMT promoter methylation status of the two groups. When comparing DRD2 gene methylation due to clinical parameters and DRD2 genotype distribution in patients, the methylation status was significantly different between the groups due to the family history. Again, comparing the MB-COMT promotor methylation due to the COMT Val158Met genotype distribution and clinical parameters in patients, the MB-COMT promoter methylation status was significantly different between the groups due to the presence of alcohol usage. In summary, whereas the MB-COMT promoter methylation may be associated with the CUD/SCUD, the methylation of the DRD2 gene was not related to CUD/SCUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Oyaci
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Mervan Aytac
- Department of Psychiatry, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge Pasin
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Cetinay Aydin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Clinic, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sacide Pehlivan
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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