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Szydłowska J, Krówczyński A, Górecka E, Pociecha D. Calamitic and discotic liquid crystalline phases for mesogens with triangular cores. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7195-7202. [PMID: 31465073 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01080g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesogenic compounds having new triangular mesogenic cores containing salicylaldimine and enaminocarbonyl or barbituric moieties have been synthesized and their liquid crystalline, dielectric and optical properties have been studied. Appropriate substitution of such cores with various numbers of lateral chains (alkoxy, perfluorinated or polyether) leads to mesogens forming either lamellar (SmC), nematic or columnar (Colhd and Colho) phases. Some of the materials show an unusual phase sequence with a re-entrant isotropic phase appearing below the columnar (Colhd) phase; others form two columnar hexagonal phases with a weakly first order transition between them. Also a new columnar superstructure with p2gg symmetry (Colros) was found, in which the crystallographic lattice is decorated with a two-molecule motive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Szydłowska
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, ul. Żwirki I Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Cienega-Cacerez O, García-Alcántara C, Moreno-Razo JA, Díaz-Herrera E, Sambriski EJ. Induced stabilization of columnar phases in binary mixtures of discotic liquid crystals. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:1295-1312. [PMID: 26576703 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01959a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three discotic liquid-crystalline binary mixtures, characterized by their extent of bidispersity in molecular thickness, were investigated with molecular dynamics simulations. Each equimolar mixture contained A-type (thin) and B-type (thick) discogens. The temperature-dependence of the orientational order parameter reveals that A-type liquid samples produce ordered phases more readily, with the (hexagonal) columnar phase being the most structured variant. Moderately and strongly bidisperse mixtures produce globally-segregated samples for temperatures corresponding to ordered phases; the weakly bidisperse mixture displays microheterogeneities. Ordered phases in the B-type liquid are induced partially by the presence of the A-type fluid. In the moderately bidisperse mixture, order is induced through orientational frustration: a mixed prenematic-like phase precedes global segregation to yield nematic and columnar mesophases upon further cooling. In the strongly bidisperse mixture, order is induced less efficiently through a paranematic-like mechanism: a highly-ordered A-type fluid imparts order to B-type discogens found at the interface of a fully-segregated sample. This ordering effect permeates into the disordered B-type domain until nematic and columnar phases emerge upon further cooling. At sufficiently low temperatures, all samples investigated exhibit the (hexagonal) columnar mesophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Cienega-Cacerez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, México, D.F. 09340, Mexico
| | - Consuelo García-Alcántara
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, México, D.F. 09340, Mexico and Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación-Juriquilla, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Moreno-Razo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, México, D.F. 09340, Mexico
| | - Enrique Díaz-Herrera
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, México, D.F. 09340, Mexico
| | - Edward John Sambriski
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware Valley University, 700 East Butler Avenue, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18901, USA.
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Wöhrle T, Wurzbach I, Kirres J, Kostidou A, Kapernaum N, Litterscheidt J, Haenle JC, Staffeld P, Baro A, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Discotic Liquid Crystals. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1139-241. [PMID: 26483267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wöhrle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Iris Wurzbach
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Kirres
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antonia Kostidou
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadia Kapernaum
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juri Litterscheidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Christian Haenle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Staffeld
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Baro
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Das A, Ghosh S. Supramolekulare Anordnungen mit Charge-Transfer-Wechselwirkungen zwischen Donor- und Akzeptor-Chromophoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Das A, Ghosh S. Supramolecular Assemblies by Charge-Transfer Interactions between Donor and Acceptor Chromophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2038-54. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Timme A, Kress R, Albuquerque RQ, Schmidt HW. Phase behavior and mesophase structures of 1,3,5-benzene- and 1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarboxamides: towards an understanding of the losing order at the transition into the isotropic phase. Chemistry 2012; 18:8329-39. [PMID: 22653835 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the simplest and most-versatile motifs in supramolecular chemistry is based on 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxamides. Variation of the core structure and subtle changes in the structures of the lateral substituents govern the self-assembly and determine the phase behavior. Herein, we provide a comprehensive comparison between the phase behavior and mesophase structure of a series of 1,3,5-benzene- and 1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarboxamides that contain linear and branched alkyl substituents. Depending on the substituent, different crystalline, plastic crystalline, and liquid crystalline phases were formed. The relatively rare columnar nematic (N(C)) phase was only observed in cyclohexane-based trisamides that contained linear alkyl substituents. Of fundamental interest in liquid crystalline supramolecular systems is the transition from the mesomorphic state into the isotropic state and, in particular, the question of how the order decreases. Temperature-dependent IR spectroscopy and XRD measurements revealed that columnar H-bonded aggregates were still present in the isotropic phase. At the clearing transition, mainly the lateral order was lost, whilst shorter columnar aggregates still remained. A thorough understanding of the phase behavior and the mesophase structure is relevant for selecting processing conditions that use supramolecular structures in devices or as fibrillar nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Timme
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, Bayreuther Institut für Makromolekülforschung (BIMF) and Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), University Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Praefcke K, Singer D, Gündogan B, Gutbier K, Langner M. Columnare und nematische Phasen neuer makrodiscotischer Materialien [1]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19930971029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Praefcke K, Singer D, Gündogan B, Gutbier K, Langner M. Columnare und nematische Phasen neuer makrodiscotischer Materialien [1]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19940980117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Laschat S, Baro A, Steinke N, Giesselmann F, Hägele C, Scalia G, Judele R, Kapatsina E, Sauer S, Schreivogel A, Tosoni M. Discotic liquid crystals: from tailor-made synthesis to plastic electronics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4832-87. [PMID: 17568461 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most associate liquid crystals with their everyday use in laptop computers, mobile phones, digital cameras, and other electronic devices. However, in contrast to their rodlike (calamitic) counterparts, first described in 1907 by Vorländer, disklike (discotic, columnar) liquid crystals, which were discovered in 1977 by Chandrasekhar et al., offer further applications as a result of their orientation in the columnar mesophase, making them ideal candidates for molecular wires in various optical and electronic devices such as photocopiers, laser printers, photovoltaic cells, light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and holographic data storage. Beginning with an overview of the various mesophases and characterization methods, this Review will focus on the major classes of columnar mesogens rather than presenting a library of columnar liquid crystals. Emphasis will be given to efficient synthetic procedures, and relevant mesomorphic and physical properties. Finally, some applications and perspectives in materials science and molecular electronics will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Laschat S, Baro A, Steinke N, Giesselmann F, Hägele C, Scalia G, Judele R, Kapatsina E, Sauer S, Schreivogel A, Tosoni M. Diskotische Flüssigkristalle: Von der maßgeschneiderten Synthese zur Kunststoffelektronik. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Suzuki D, Koide N. Synthesis and Characterization of Biphenylethynylbenzene Type Discotic Liquid Crystal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587250108025033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Suzuki
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Science University of Tokyo , 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-8601 , JAPAN
| | - Naoyuki Koide
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Science University of Tokyo , 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , 162-8601 , JAPAN
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Basurto S, García S, Neo AG, Torroba T, Marcos CF, Miguel D, Barberá J, Ros MB, de la Fuente MR. Indene and Pseudoazulene Discotic Liquid Crystals: A Synthetic and Structural Study. Chemistry 2005; 11:5362-76. [PMID: 16003821 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several new liquid-crystalline indene and pseudoazulene systems are reported. These molecules give rise to either columnar hexagonal mesophases and/or columnar plastic phases. The unique nature of these compounds stems from their non-classical discotic structure. Although the molecules have rigid aromatic cores, they lack terminal tails and instead the polarizable atoms (S, halogens) or polar groups (CN, CO) act as unusual soft parts. On the basis of many structurally related materials, we conclude that for this type of compound molecular stacking in the solid state is a prerequisite for the appearance of a columnar mesophase, although other intermolecular interactions within the layers are also important in establishing liquid-crystalline order. The behavior reported for these mesomorphic molecules opens up new possibilities in the search for related molecular interactions that might be useful for the construction of supramolecular architectures with particular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Basurto
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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Ishi-i T, Hirayama T, Murakami KI, Tashiro H, Thiemann T, Kubo K, Mori A, Yamasaki S, Akao T, Tsuboyama A, Mukaide T, Ueno K, Mataka S. Combination of an aromatic core and aromatic side chains which constitutes discotic liquid crystal and organogel supramolecular assemblies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:1261-1268. [PMID: 15697269 DOI: 10.1021/la047874+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports unique and unusual formations of columnar liquid crystals and organogels by self-assembling discotic molecules, which are composed of an aromatic hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) core and six flexible aromatic side chains. In HAT derivatives 3a, with 4'-(N,N-diphenylamino)biphenyl-4-yl chains, 3b, with 4'-[N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl-4-yl chains, and 3c, with 4'-phenoxybiphenyl-4-yl chains, the two-dimensional hexagonal packings can be created by their self-assembling in the liquid crystalline phase, which were characterized by polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction analysis. In certain solvents, HAT molecules 3a-c can form the viscoelastic fluid organogels, in which one-dimensional aggregates composed of the HAT molecules are self-assembled and entangled into three-dimensional network structures. The organogel structures were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy observation, (1)H NMR, UV-vis, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. In contrast to 3a-c, none of the liquid crystalline and organogel phases could be formed from 3d and 3e with short aromatic side chains including a phenylene spacer, and 3f (except a few specific solutions) and 3g without terminal diarylamino and phenoxy groups. In 3a-c, the aromatic side chains with terminal flexible groups make up soft regions that cooperatively stabilize the liquid crystalline and organogel supramolecular structures together with the hard regions of the hexaazatriphenylene core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Ishi-i
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koh-en, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan.
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Lee SJ, Chang JY. Molecular ordering of photoreactive nonmesogenic 1,3,5-triazine compounds into columnar mesophases by charge transfer interaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kouwer PHJ, Jager WF, Mijs WJ, Picken SJ. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Liquid Crystalline Polymer Showing a Nematic Columnar to Nematic Discotic Phase Transition. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma991808a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. J. Kouwer
- Department of Polymer Science, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wolter F. Jager
- Department of Polymer Science, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Mijs
- Department of Polymer Science, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J. Picken
- Akzo Nobel Chemical Research, Physical Chemistry and Mathematics Department, P.O. Box 9300, 6800 SB Arnhem, The Netherlands
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Clarkson GJ, Cook A, McKeown NB, Treacher KE, Ali-Adib Z. Synthesis and Characterization of Mesogenic Phthalocyanines Containing a Single Poly(oxyethylene) Side Chain: An Example of Steric Disturbance of the Hexagonal Columnar Mesophase. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma951195b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy J. Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Anthony Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Neil B. McKeown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Kevin E. Treacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Z. Ali-Adib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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Janietz D. Covalently linked donor–acceptor mesogens based on disc-shaped penta-alkynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 1996. [DOI: 10.1039/cc9960000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Inclusions between large flat organic molecules; the induction of columns and mesophases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01053424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Praefcke K, Bilgin B, Pickardt J, Borowski M. Liquid-crystalline Compounds, 86. The First Disc-Shaped Dinuclear Platinum Mesogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19941270832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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