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Allegretto JA, Dostalek J. Metal-Organic Frameworks in Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-Based Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401437. [PMID: 38868917 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are a major class of environmental pollutants hazardous to human health, but also highly relevant in other fields including early disease diagnostics and organoleptic perception of aliments. Therefore, accurate analysis of VOC is essential, and a need for new analytical methods is witnessed for rapid on-site detection without complex sample preparation. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) offers a rapidly developing versatile analytical platform for the portable detection of chemical species. Nonetheless, the need for efficient docking of target analytes at the metallic surface significantly narrows the applicability of SERS. This limitation can be circumvented by interfacing the sensor surface with Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF). These materials featuring chemical and structural versatility can efficiently pre-concentrate low molecular weight species such as VOC through their ordered porous structure. This review presents recent trends in the development of MOF-based SERS substrates with a focus on elucidating respective design rules for maximizing analytical performance. An overview of the status of the detection of harmful VOC is discussed in the context of industrial and environmental monitoring. In addition, a survey of the analysis of VOC biomarkers for medical diagnosis and emerging applications in aroma and flavor profiling is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Allegretto
- Laboratory for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, 3500, Austria
| | - Jakub Dostalek
- Laboratory for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, 3500, Austria
- FZU-Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague, 82021, Czech Republic
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2
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Pervaiz A, Shahzad SA, Assiri MA, Javid T, Irshad H, Khan KO. Extensive optical and DFT studies on novel AIE active fluorescent sensor for Colorimetric and fluorometric detection of nitrobenzene in Solid, solution and vapor phase. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 313:124121. [PMID: 38460231 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
An electron rich isophthalamide based sensor IPA has been synthesized through a simple two-step reaction, containing noteworthy aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties. Considering the significant emission with λmax at 438 nm, sensor IPA has been employed for the sensing of nitrobenzene (NB) in solid, solution and vapor state with high sensitivity and selectivity. Sensor IPA showed noteworthy colorimetric and fluorometric quenching in fluorescence emission when exposed to NB. Small size of NB and involvement of photoinduced electron transfer (PET) lead to detection of NB down to 60 nM. IPA-NB interaction was studied through UV-Vis. spectroscopic studies along with fluorescence spectroscopy. Moreover, 1H and 13C NMR titration experiments provided additional support for determination of interaction type. Furthermore, by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, thermodynamic stability was studied. Additionally, non-covalent interactions (NCI), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), density of states (DOS), were investigated for providing further evidence of nitrobenzene sensing and its interaction with sensor. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was carried out for charge transfer studies. Quantum theory of atom in molecule (QTAIM) and SAPT0 studies provided information about interaction points and binding energy. Additionally, IPA was investigated for NB sensing in real water samples, and its effective participation in solid state on-site detection as well as in solution phase was brought to light along with logic gate construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Pervaiz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61514, P. O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tayyeba Javid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hasher Irshad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Khanzadi Omama Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, University Road, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
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Stępniak J, Karbownik-Lewińska M. Protective Effects of Melatonin against Carcinogen-Induced Oxidative Damage in the Thyroid. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1646. [PMID: 38730600 PMCID: PMC11083294 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, primarily synthesized in the pineal gland, plays a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms and possesses significant antioxidative properties. By neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, melatonin emerges as a promising agent for the prevention and therapy of many different disorders, including cancer. This paper reviews the relationship between the thyroid gland and melatonin, presenting experimental evidence on the protective effects of this indoleamine against oxidative damage to macromolecules in thyroid tissue caused by documented carcinogens (as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC) or caused by potential carcinogens. Furthermore, the possible influence on cancer therapy in humans and the overall well-being of cancer patients are discussed. The article highlights melatonin's essential role in maintaining thyroid health and its contribution to management strategies in patients with thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stępniak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Rzgowska St. 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Rzgowska St. 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, Rzgowska St. 281/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
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Kim D, Jeong J, Choi J. Exploring the potential of ToxCast™ data for mechanism-based prioritization of chemicals in regulatory context: Case study with priority existing chemicals (PECs) under K-REACH. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105439. [PMID: 37392832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the potential of ToxCast™ database to mechanism-based prioritization of chemicals. To explore the applicability of ToxCast data in the context of regulatory inventory chemicals, we screened 510 priority existing chemicals (PECs) regulated under the Act on the Registration and Evaluation of Chemical Substances (K-REACH) using ToxCast bioassays. In our analysis, a hit-call data matrix containing 298984 chemical-gene interactions was computed for 949 bioassays with the intended target genes, which enabled the identification of the putative toxicity mechanisms. Based on the reactivity to the chemicals, we analyzed 412 bioassays whose intended target gene families were cytochrome P450, oxidoreductase, transporter, nuclear receptor, steroid hormone, and DNA-binding. We also identified 141 chemicals based on their reactivity in the bioassays. These chemicals are mainly in consumer products including colorants, preservatives, air fresheners, and detergents. Our analysis revealed that in vitro bioactivities were involved in the relevant mechanisms inducing in vivo toxicity; however, this was not sufficient to predict more hazardous chemicals. Overall, the current results point to a potential and limitation in using ToxCast data for chemical prioritization in regulatory context in the absence of suitable in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyeon Kim
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseong Jeong
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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AIEE Active Stilbene Based Fluorescent Sensor with Red-Shifted Emission for Vapor Phase Detection of Nitrobenzene and Moisture Sensing. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Shaikat AH, Khan SA, Imtiaz MA, Pasha MR, Sultana J, Saif A, Alam MR. Assessing the health hazard originated via pesticide chemicals in human through rabbit model in agricultural production system in Bangladesh. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:28. [PMID: 35484604 PMCID: PMC9047348 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of chemical pesticides in developing countries like Bangladesh and their impacts on human health and food security is a global concern. Bangladesh is an agricultural dependent country for the growing population demand for food security and food safety. We conduct this study to assess public health threats of commonly utilised pesticides including malathion and nitrobenzene in female rabbit model. METHODS Thirty New Zealand White healthy rabbit was divided randomly into three groups; and subjected to distilled water as control, malathion@ 5 mg/kg body weight and nitrobenzene@ 5 mg/kg body i.p daily for the next 15 days. Hematology, serum biochemistry and hormonal assay were performed. RESULTS Red blood cell (RBC) concentrations (TEC, Hb, PCV%) were reduced in rabbits exposed to malathion and nitrobenzene. The neutrophil and eosinophil percentage were increased in the malathion and nitrobenzene exposed juvenile rabbit group. We found that serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine were increased in the nitrobenzene exposed group in infants, whereas malathion exposure increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In contrast, the juvenile group exposed to malathion increased the ALT level. There was no change in AST or creatinine levels in juvenile rabbits exposed to malathion or nitrobenzene. Serum estradiol levels were significantly lower in rabbits exposed to malathion and nitrobenzene. Serum testosterone concentration was increased in juvenile rabbits exposed to malathion and nitrobenzene, but progesterone was decreased in malathion exposed juvenile rabbits. CONCLUSION However, this study highlights the importance of rigorous monitoring and testing of agricultural products. In addition, strengthen research and extension in the fields of agro economy, organic farming, local universities and farmer associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossan Shaikat
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh.
| | - Shahneaz Ali Khan
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ashif Imtiaz
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ridoan Pasha
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Jabin Sultana
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Arfanul Saif
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rashedul Alam
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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The numerical probability of carcinogenicity to humans of some antimicrobials: Nitro-monoaromatics (including 5-nitrofurans and 5-nitroimidazoles), quinoxaline-1,4-dioxides (including carbadox), and chloramphenicol. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 75:105172. [PMID: 33862175 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many substances are already tested in the long-term rodent bioassay (RCB). Nonetheless, statements such as the following are common in the regulatory literature: "the significance of the carcinogenicity findings in rodents relative to the therapeutic use of drugs in humans is unknown." (U.S. FDA prescribing information for nitrofurantoin). In the absence of epidemiological data, chemicals carcinogenic in RCBs are typically classified as either possibly or probably carcinogenic to humans, particularly without the -numerical probability for the carcinogenicity to humans- (PPV) of the classified substance. Through the biostatistics-based and regulatorily pertinent -predictive values approach- (PVA), the present study investigated the PPV of several antimicrobials relevant to human or veterinary medicine. A combination of structure-activity relationship, mutagenicity, and tumor-related histopathology was used to resolve reliable and pertinent PPVs. For 62 specific antimicrobials (e.g., carbadox), a 97.9% (or more) probability of carcinogenicity to humans was estimated. For nitrofurantoin, a 99.9% probability of carcinogenicity to humans was reckoned. Therefore, a risk-benefit evaluation on the in-force authorization of nitrofurantoin for uncomplicated human urinary infections is needed. A discussion was provided on the involved mechanisms of carcinogenic action and some regulatory implications of the findings. Neither this study nor the PVA aimed to encourage indiscriminate animal testing but the contrary, to reduce unnecessary or redundant in vivo testing by powering the predictivity of nonclinical toxicology.
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Wan WX, Chen Y, Zhang J, Shen F, Luo L, Deng SH, Xiao H, Zhou W, Deng OP, Yang H, Xiao YL, Huang CR, Tian D, He JS, Wang YJ. Mechanism-based structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of aromatic amines and nitroaromatics carcinogenicity via statistical analyses based on CPDB. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 58:13-25. [PMID: 30878698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of human mortality around the globe. In this study, mechanism-based SAR (Structure-Activity Relationship) was employed to investigate the carcinogenicity of aromatic amines and nitroaromatics based on CPDB. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to construct the SAR model. Principle component analysis generated three principal components from 12 mechanism-based descriptors. The extracted principal components were later used for cluster analysis, which divided the selected 55 chemicals into six clusters. The three principal components were proposed to describe the "transport", "reactivity" and "electrophilicity" properties of the chemicals. Cluster analysis indicated that the relevant "transport" properties positively correlated with the carcinogenic potential and were contributing factors in determining the carcinogenicity of the studied chemicals. The mechanism-based SAR analysis suggested the electron donating groups, electron withdrawing groups and planarity are significant factors in determining the carcinogenic potency for studied aromatic compounds. The present study may provide insights into the relationship between the three proposed properties and the carcinogenesis of aromatic amines and nitroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xin Wan
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan province, China; Colleges of the Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan province, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Chengdu, Sichuan province, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan province, China; Colleges of the Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan province, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610056, Sichuan province, China.
| | - Fei Shen
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan province, China; Colleges of the Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan province, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Colleges of the Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan province, China
| | - Shi-Huai Deng
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan province, China; Colleges of the Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan province, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Colleges of the Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 610030, Sichuan province, China
| | - Ou-Ping Deng
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 610030, Sichuan province, China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 610030, Sichuan province, China
| | - Yin-Long Xiao
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan province, China
| | - Chu-Rui Huang
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan province, China
| | - Dong Tian
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan province, China; Colleges of the Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan province, China
| | - Jin-Song He
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Science, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan province, China; Colleges of the Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan province, China
| | - Ying-Jun Wang
- Colleges of the Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan province, China
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DNA damage and tissue repair: What we can learn from planaria. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 87:145-159. [PMID: 29727725 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Faithful renewal of aging and damaged tissues is central to organismal lifespan. Stem cells (SCs) generate the cellular progeny that replenish adult tissues across the body but this task becomes increasingly compromised over time. The age related decline in SC-mediated tissue maintenance is a multifactorial event that commonly affects genome integrity. The presence of DNA damage in SCs that are under continuous demand to divide poses a great risk for age-related disorders such as cancer. However, performing analysis of SCs with genomic instability and the DNA damage response during tissue renewal present significant challenges. Here we introduce an alternative experimental system based on the planaria flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea to address at the organismal level studies intersecting SC-mediated tissue renewal in the presence of genomic instability. Planaria have abundant SCs (neoblasts) that maintain high rates of cellular turnover and a variety of molecular tools have been developed to induce DNA damage and dissect how neoblasts respond to this stressor. S. mediterranea displays high evolutionary conservation of DNA repair mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating adult SCs. We describe genetically induced-DNA damage models and highlight body-wide signals affecting cellular decisions such as survival, proliferation, and death in the presence of genomic instability. We also discuss transcriptomic changes in the DNA damage response during injury repair and propose DNA repair as key component of tissue regeneration. Additional studies using planaria will provide insights about mechanisms regulating survival and growth of cells with DNA damage during tissue renewal and regeneration.
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Josephy PD, Dhanoa J, Elzawy G, Heney K, Petrie L, Senis C. Structure-activity investigation of the potentiating effect of cyano substitution on nitroaniline mutagenicity in the ames test. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:114-122. [PMID: 29178210 DOI: 10.1002/em.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
2,6-Dicyano-4-nitroaniline and 2-cyano-4-nitroaniline (CNNA; 2-amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile) are potent mutagens in the Ames test, even though unsubstituted nitroanilines (NAs) are no more than weak mutagens. These compounds are putative reduction products of many commercial azo dyes, including Disperse Blue 165, Disperse Blue 337, Disperse Red 73, Disperse Red 82, Disperse Violet 33, and Disperse Violet 63. We have examined the mutagenicity in strains TA98 and YG1024 of a series of commercially-available isomers of CNNA, and some related compounds, to probe the relationship between structure and genotoxic activity in this class of compounds. The potentiating effect of the cyano substituent is seen in many cases; e.g. 2-amino-4-nitrobenzonitrile is a much more potent mutagen than 3-NA. 2,4-Dinitrobenzonitrile is also highly mutagenic. Possible mechanisms for the "cyano effect" are considered, with respect to the likely structures of cyanonitroaniline-DNA adducts and the roles of the enzymes (nitroreductase and acetyl CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase) believed to be involved in the activation of nitroaromatic compounds. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:114-122, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- P David Josephy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joban Dhanoa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - George Elzawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kayla Heney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurenne Petrie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chantel Senis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Apperley KYP, Roy I, Saucier V, Brunet-Filion N, Piscopo SP, Pardin C, De Francesco É, Hao C, Keillor JW. Development of new scaffolds as reversible tissue transglutaminase inhibitors, with improved potency or resistance to glutathione addition. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 8:338-345. [PMID: 30108749 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00565a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies within our group have yielded a class of cinnamoyl-based competitive reversible inhibitors for tissue transglutaminase (TG2), with Ki values as low as 1.0 μM (compound CP4d). However, due to the electrophilic nature of their alkene moiety, this class of inhibitors is susceptible to nucleophilic attack by glutathione, a key element in cellular metabolism and toxicity response. To address this issue, we made several modifications to the inhibitor scaffold, ultimately showing that a bis(triazole) scaffold increased resistance to nucleophilic attack, with compound 27d being the most potent (Ki = 10 μM). In the process of reducing reactivity, we also prepared a new class of inhibitors, replacing the alkene of CP4d with an alkyne, leading to a significant increase in potency for compound 22b (Ki = 420 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Y P Apperley
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie Pvt , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Isabelle Roy
- Département de chimie , Université de Montréal , C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville , Montréal , Québec H3C 3J7 , Canada
| | - Vincent Saucier
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie Pvt , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Nicholas Brunet-Filion
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie Pvt , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Sara-Pier Piscopo
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie Pvt , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Christophe Pardin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie Pvt , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Élise De Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie Pvt , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Catherine Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie Pvt , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada .
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , 10 Marie-Curie Pvt , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada .
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Guo D, Ma J, Su W, Xie B, Guo C. Contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to genotoxicity of nitrobenzene on V. faba. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:657-664. [PMID: 24676937 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrobenzene is an important organic intermediate widely used in industry that can be hazardous to the environment. In our previous study, nitrobenzene showed genotoxic effect on soybean and tobacco plants at concentrations in the culture medium higher than 10 mg/L. The genotoxicity of nitrobenzene has been hypothesized to be multifactorial and reflective of the generation of free radicals; however, the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the induction of genotoxicity and the production of free radicals in young seedlings of V. faba exposed to nitrobenzene, nitrobenzene + Vitamin C, and the controls (distilled water or Vitamin C). Micronucleus and chromosome aberration assays performed on root and leaf tissue of V. faba seedlings exposed to nitrobenzene (25 mg/L) demonstrated genotoxic effects which were partly reduced by Vitamin C at 25 mg/L. Increases in lipid peroxidase, O2•-, H2O2, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were also observed in these tissues along with an attenuation of their induction by Vitamin C. Concomitant occurrence of genotoxicity and the generation of free radicals that are attenuated in the presence of Vitamin C, a scavenger of cellular free radicals, indicate that reactive oxygen species may contributes to genotoxicity of nitrobenzene in V. faba. These results are valuable for further understanding the genotoxicity mechanism of nitrobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Xing H, Wang H, Sun G, Wu H, Zhang J, Xing M, Xu S. Antioxidant response, CYP450 system, and histopathological changes in the liver of nitrobenzene-treated drakes. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1088-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ma J, Guo D, Su W, Wang D, Guo C. Evaluation of phytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nitrobenzene with a battery of Vicia faba assay system. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1426-1432. [PMID: 23423993 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrobenzene (NB) is an important organic compound intermediate that is used widely in industry. In the present study, to evaluate the phytotoxicity and genotoxicity of NB on plants, Vicia faba was exposed to increasing concentrations of NB (5 mg L(-1) , 10 mg L(-1) , 25 mg L(-1) , 50 mg L(-1) , and 100 mg L(-1) ). The data revealed that germination rate and radicle length of V. faba seedlings were promoted by low NB concentrations and short exposure periods, whereas these parameters were inhibited at greater NB concentrations and longer exposures. When assessed by mitotic index, micronucleus, and chromosomal aberration assays, NB showed dose-dependent genotoxicity at 0 mg L(-1) to 50 mg L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Zasada K, Karbownik-Lewinska M. Comparison of potential protective effects of melatonin and propylthiouracil against lipid peroxidation caused by nitrobenzene in the thyroid gland. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 31:1195-201. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713491799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Nitrobenzene is a carcinogen, which induces—among others—thyroid tumors. Melatonin is an effective antioxidant, whereas some antioxidative effects of propylthiouracil (PTU; an antithyroid medication used for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis) were also found. The aim of the study was to compare protective effects of melatonin and PTU against lipid peroxidation in homogenates of porcine thyroids, incubated in the presence of nitrobenzene. Methods: Homogenates of porcine thyroids were incubated for 30 min in the presence of nitrobenzene (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mM). The level of lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde + 4-hydroxyalkenals) was measured spectrophotometrically. Nitrobenzene (7.5 and 10.0 mM) increased lipid peroxidation in the homogenates of porcine thyroids. Subsequently, homogenates of porcine thyroids were incubated for 30 min in the presence of nitrobenzene (7.5 mM) plus one of the antioxidants: melatonin (0.000001, 0.00001, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mM) or PTU (0.01, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mM). Results: Lipid peroxidation caused by nitrobenzene was effectively prevented by melatonin, with the lowest effective concentration of 0.0001 mM, being only two orders of magnitude higher than physiological blood concentration in humans. At the same time, PTU revealed protective effects only in the highest used concentration (7.5 mM), which is practically never reached during pharmacological treatment in patients with thyrotoxicosis. Conclusions: Melatonin can serve as an effective agent in protection against nitrobenzene-induced lipid peroxidation in porcine thyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Zasada
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Karbownik-Lewinska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
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Vega-Pérez JM, Periñán I, Argandoña M, Vega-Holm M, Palo-Nieto C, Burgos-Morón E, López-Lázaro M, Vargas C, Nieto JJ, Iglesias-Guerra F. Isoprenyl-thiourea and urea derivatives as new farnesyl diphosphate analogues: synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:591-612. [PMID: 23174318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of new isoprenyl-thiourea and urea derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of alkyl or aryl isothiocyanate or isocyanate and primary amines. The structures of the compounds were established by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, MS, HRMS and elemental analysis. The new compounds were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against seven strains representing different types of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. More than a third of the synthesized compounds showed variable inhibition activities against the tested strains. Best antimicrobial activities were found for those thiourea analogues with 3-methyl-2-butenyl, isobutyl or isopentyl groups and aromatic rings possessing electron withdrawing substituents. The new compounds were also subjected to a preliminary screening for antitumoral activity. The presence of a highly lipophilic group and an electron withdrawing group in the aromatic rings enhanced anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds, showing in most cases more activity than that of the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Vega-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41071 Sevilla, Spain.
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Si L, Guo C, Cao Y, Cong W, Yuan Z. The effect of nitrobenzene on antioxidative enzyme activity and DNA damage in tobacco seedling leaf cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:2078-84. [PMID: 22714570 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrobenzene, although widely used in industry, is a highly toxic environmental pollutant. To evaluate the toxicity of nitrobenzene to tobacco seedlings, seedlings were exposed to varying concentrations of nitrobenzene (0-100 mg/L) for 24 h. The contents of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide [H(2)O(2)] and superoxide anion [O2(-)]) and the activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], guaiacol peroxidase [POD], and catalase [CAT]) were measured in leaf cells. Damage to DNA was assessed by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Compared with the control, the contents of H(2) O(2) increased significantly with nitrobenzene concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 mg/L. Activity of SOD was induced by 50 to 100 mg/L of nitrobenzene but not by 10 to 25 mg/L. Activity of POD was stimulated by nitrobenzene at 10 to 50 mg/L but inhibited at 100 mg/L. Activity of CAT was increased significantly only by 100 mg/L. Lipid peroxidation increased with 50 to 100 mg/L, which indicated that nitrobenzene induced oxidative stress in tobacco leaf cells. Comet assay of the leaf cells showed a significant enhancement of the head DNA (H-DNA), tail DNA (T-DNA), and olive tail moment (OTM) with increasing doses of nitrobenzene. The values of H-DNA, T-DNA, and OTM exhibited significant differences from the control when stress concentrations were higher than 10 mg/L. The results indicated that nitrobenzene caused oxidative stress, which may be one of the mechanisms through which nitrobenzene induces DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Si
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Zhou Q, Diao C, Sun Y, Zhou J. Tolerance, uptake and removal of nitrobenzene by a newly-found remediation species Mirabilis jalapa L. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:994-1000. [PMID: 22236591 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The growth, photosynthesis rate, and ultrastructure of Mirabilis jalapa L. as a newly-found remediation species under stress of nitrobenzene (NB) and its uptake and removal of NB by the plants were investigated. The results showed that M. jalapa plants could endure contaminated soils by lower than 10.0 mg NB kg(-1) because there was no decrease in the total length of the plant roots, the maximum length of the hypocotyle, the length of the first seminal root, the height of the shoots and the dry biomass of the seedlings as well as the photosynthesis rate of the plants compared with those in the control. In particular, the growth of the plants could be significantly (P<0.01) enhanced by 0.1 mg NB kg(-1) under unautoclaved and autoclaved soils. Ultrastructural observations on leaf cells of the plants found that these cells had smooth, clean and continuous cell membranes and cell walls, indicating that there was no obvious damage by NB in comparison with those in the control. Although the absorption of NB in shoots and roots of M. jalapa was weak, plant-promoted biodegradation of NB was considerable and the dominant contribution in the removal of NB from contaminated soils, suggesting the feasibility of M. jalapa applied to phytoremediation of NB contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Lee YJ, Choi IK, Sheen YY, Park SN, Kwon HJ. Moesin is a biomarker for the assessment of genotoxic carcinogens in mouse lymphoma. Mol Cells 2012; 33:203-10. [PMID: 22358511 PMCID: PMC3887720 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2-Dibromoethane and glycidol are well known genotoxic carcinogens, which have been widely used in industry. To identify a specific biomarker for these carcinogens in cells, the cellular proteome of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells treated with these compounds was analyzed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). Of 50 protein spots showing a greater than 1.5-fold increase or decrease in intensity compared to control cells on a 2-D gel, we focused on the candidate biomarker moesin. Western analysis using monoclonal rabbit anti-moesin confirmed the identity of the protein and its increased level of expression upon exposure to the carcinogenic compounds. Moesin expression also increased in cells treated with six additional genotoxic carcinogens, verifying that moesin could serve as a biomarker to monitor phenotypic change upon exposure to genotoxic carcinogens in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoen Jung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
| | - In-Kwon Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
| | - Yhun Yhong Sheen
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750,
Korea
| | - Sue Nie Park
- Hazardous Substances Analysis Division at Seoul Regional FDA, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul 158-050,
Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Kwon
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749,
Korea
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Bao Y, Huang Q, Li Y, Li N, He T, Feng C. Prediction of nitrobenzene toxicity to the algae (Scenedesmus obliguus) by quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) models with quantum chemical descriptors. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 33:39-45. [PMID: 22088683 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) models were developed to predict the toxicity of nitrobenzene to the algae (Scenedesmus obliguus). Quantum chemical descriptors computed by PM3 Hamiltonian were used as predictor variables. The cross-validated Q²(cum) value for the optimal QSTR models is 0.867, indicating good predictive capability. The toxicity of nitrobenzenes (pC) was found to be affected by the molecular structure, the heat of formation (ΔH(f)) and dipole moment (μ(z)). Contrary to the μ(z) values of nitrobenzenes, the ΔH(f) values increase with increase in pC values and the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital. Increasing the largest positive atomic charge on a nitrogen atom and the most positive net atomic charge on a hydrogen atom of the nitrobenzene leads to decrease in pC values. Nitrobenzenes with larger absolute hardness tend to be more stable and less toxic to the algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Bao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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Suganya S, Sophia D, Raj CA, Rathi MA, Thirumoorthi L, Meenakshi P, Kumar DG, Gopalakrishnan VK. Amelioration of nitrobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity by the ethanol extract of the herb Euphorbia hirta. Pharmacognosy Res 2011; 3:201-7. [PMID: 22022170 PMCID: PMC3193622 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.85009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Euphorbia hirta (L.) (Euphorbiaceae) is a very popular herb amongst practitioners of traditional medicine and used in the treatment of female disorders, respiratory ailments, tumors, jaundice, digestive problems, wounds, etc. We aimed to evaluate the protective effect of E. hirta against nitrobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The nephroprotective activity of the ethanol extract of E. hirta (400 mg/kg body weight) was studied in nitrobenzene-induced albino rats (1000 mg/kg body weight). The activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), total thiols and vitamin C in the kidney tissues were determined. Histopathologic investigation was performed in the kidney tissue samples. RESULTS Nitrobenzene administration significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced the lipid peroxidation and significantly (P < 0.05) depleted the levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, GSH, total thiols and vitamin C. Treatment with the ethanol extract of E. hirta significantly normalized the antioxidant levels. The nephroprotective activity was also supported by histopathologic studies of kidney tissue. CONCLUSION The results indicate that the ethanol extract of E. hirta ameliorates renal dysfunction and could be used as an effective protector against nitrobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity, primarily through its antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Suganya
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Arts and Science College, Coimbatore - 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India
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The effects of nitrobenzene on the genetic toxicity in tobacco seedling leaf cells by comet assay. Mol Cell Toxicol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-011-0035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Guo D, Ma J, Li R, Guo C. Genotoxicity effect of nitrobenzene on soybean (Glycine max) root tip cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 178:1030-4. [PMID: 20303656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nitrobenzene is a synthetic compound widely used in industry which can lead to environmental pollution. While the toxicity and carcinogenicity of nitrobenzene on humans and animals have been studied, less is known about its genotoxicity to plants. In this study, the genotoxic effects of nitrobenzene were investigated with growing soybean seedlings in solution culture. Compared with the control, the growth of soybean seedlings (taproot length, longest lateral root length and lateral roots number) decreased and showed statistics difference at nitrobenzene test concentration of 50 and 100mg/L. Micronucleus, chromosomal bridge and others chromosomal aberrations were observed in soybean root tip cells exposed to nitrobenzene. Frequency of chromosomal aberrations increased linearly with nitrobenzene test concentration between 5 and 50mg/L and decreased at 100mg/L which showed significant difference between control and 25mg/L or higher test concentration. Results of the present study suggest that nitrobenzene has genotoxicity on soybean root tip cells. The mechanism of genotoxicity of NB needs further study. It is concluded that high environmental levels of nitrobenzene in rivers, lakes and dam waters are hazardous to aquatic species and to irrigated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cytogenetics, Heilongjiang Province, Department of Biology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China.
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