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Li J, Li X, Zhou M, Lai X, Li W, Zheng J. Evaluating and predicting the correlations of hepatic concentration and pyrrole-protein adduction with hepatotoxicity induced by retrorsine based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Toxicol Lett 2022; 373:152-159. [PMID: 36464202 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Retrosine (RTS) is a pyrrolozidine alkaloid and a known hepatotoxin that widely exist in nature. The mechanisms involved in toxic action of pyrrolizidine alkaloids need further investigation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the correlation of RTS hepatotoxicity with hepatic RTS concentration and pyrrole-protein adduction. Mice were intragastrically treated with RTS alone or RTS and ketoconazole (KTZ) simultaneously. Sera and liver tissues were collected at various time points after administration, followed by the determination of changes in serum transaminase activity, hepatic RTS concentration and pyrrole-protein adduction. The correlation of RTS hepatotoxicity with hepatic RTS concentration and hepatic pyrrole-protein adduction were examined by use of Sigmoid-Emax PK/PD models. Dose-dependent hepatotoxicity, hepatic RTS concentration and pyrrole-protein adduction were observed in the animals, which could be modulated by co-treatment with KTZ. The fit parameters indicated pyrrole-protein adduction was more closely related with liver injury than hepatic RTS concentration. Similar correlation was observed in mice given low-dose of RTS for 4 consecutive days. RTS hepatotoxicity is correlated with hepatic pyrrole-protein adduction derived from RTS rather than hepatic RTS concentration. The observed protein modification would be a good indicator to predict the hepatoxicity of RTS at low dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Basic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Ximei Li
- School of Basic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Mengyue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; Center for Drug Inspection of Guizhou Medical Products Administration, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiong Lai
- School of Basic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- School of Basic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Jiang Zheng
- School of Basic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, PR China; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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Lu Y, Wong KY, Tan C, Ma J, Feng B, Lin G. Establishment of a novel CYP3A4-transduced human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell model and its application in screening hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2020; 38:169-185. [PMID: 32469285 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2020.1769409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are extensively distributed in plants and are known to damage hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs) via metabolic activation mediated by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), particularly the CYP3A4 isozyme. Different PAs have distinct toxic potencies and their toxic effects on HSECs are difficult to be determined in cultured cells, because HSECs lack the key CYP3A4 isozyme for metabolic activation. This study aims to establish a novel, convenient and reliable CYP3A4-expressing HSEC model using human HSECs transduced with lentivirus carrying CYP3A4-ires-eGFP, for evaluating the hepatotoxicity of different PAs on their target HSECs. The developed CYP3A4-expressing HSEC (HSEC-CYP3A4) model was verified by the expression of GFP and CYP3A4 and by the ability to metabolize nifedipine, a classic CYP3A4 substrate. Treated with retrorsine, a representative toxic PA, HSEC-CYP3A4 cells showed significantly reduced cell viability, depletion of GSH, and increased formation of pyrrole-protein adducts. Furthermore, this newly developed cell model successfully discriminated the cytotoxic potency of different PAs evidenced by their IC40 values. In conclusion, the established HSEC-CYP3A4 cell model can be used as a rapid screening platform for assessing the relative potencies of individual PAs on their target HSECs and for investigating the mechanisms underlying PA-induced hepatic sinusoidal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ka Yan Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chunlai Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jiang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Song Z, He Y, Ma J, Fu PP, Lin G. Pulmonary toxicity is a common phenomenon of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2020; 38:124-140. [PMID: 32500835 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2020.1743608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are metabolically activated in the liver to form reactive dehydro-PAs, which generate pyrrole-protein adducts leading to hepatotoxicity. Monocrotaline, but not other PAs, is also pneumotoxic, supposedly due to the migration of the liver-generated corresponding dehydro-PA into the lung to form pyrrole-protein adducts to induce pneumotoxicity. The present study investigated whether other PAs are also pneumotoxic. Metabolic activation of four representative hepatotoxic PAs, monocrotaline, retrorsine, riddelliine and clivorine, was investigated using rat liver or lung S9 incubation. All PAs produced pyrrole-protein adducts significantly in rat liver S9 but negligible in lung S9 fraction, revealing that liver is the key organ responsible for metabolic activation generating dehydro-PAs. Furthermore, these four PAs and another two PAs present in the alkaloid extract of Gynura segetum, a widely used PA-producing herb responsible for human PA poisonings in China, were orally administered to rats using the same hepatotoxic dose of 0.2 mmol/kg. All six PAs induced pneumotoxicity in rats within 48 h. The results demonstrated that pneumotoxicity could be a common phenomenon of PAs and the liver-derived dehydro-PAs might move to the lung and form pyrrole-protein adducts, leading to pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yisheng He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Lu Y, Ma J, Song Z, Ye Y, Fu PP, Lin G. The role of formation of pyrrole-ATP synthase subunit beta adduct in pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3403-3414. [PMID: 30244272 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are one of the most significant groups of hepatotoxic phytotoxins. It is well-studied that metabolic activation of PAs generates reactive pyrrolic metabolites that rapidly bind to cellular proteins to form pyrrole-protein adducts leading to hepatotoxicity. Pyrrole-protein adducts all contain an identical core pyrrole moiety regardless of structures of the different PAs; however, the proteins forming pyrrole-protein adducts are largely unknown. The present study revealed that ATP synthase subunit beta (ATP5B), a critical subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase, was a protein bound to the reactive pyrrolic metabolites forming pyrrole-ATP5B adduct. Using both anti-ATP5B antibody and our prepared anti-pyrrole-protein antibody, pyrrole-ATP5B adduct was identified in the liver of rats, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, and HepaRG hepatocytes treated with retrorsine, a well-studied representative hepatotoxic PA. HepaRG cells were then used to further explore the consequence of pyrrole-ATP5B adduct formation. After treatment with retrorsine, significant amounts of pyrrole-ATP5B adduct were formed in HepaRG cells, resulting in remarkably reduced ATP synthase activity and intracellular ATP level. Subsequently, mitochondrial membrane potential and respiration were reduced, leading to mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death. Moreover, pre-treatment of HepaRG cells with a mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore inhibitor significantly reduced retrorsine-induced toxicity, further revealing that mitochondrial dysfunction caused by pyrrole-ATP5B adduct formation significantly contributed to PA intoxication. Our findings for the first time identified ATP5B as a protein covalently bound to the reactive pyrrolic metabolites of PAs to form pyrrole-ATP5B adduct, which impairs mitochondrial function and significantly contributes to PA-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijing Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, USA
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Ma C, Liu Y, Zhu L, Ji H, Song X, Guo H, Yi T. Determination and regulation of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food: A critical review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ma J, Xia Q, Fu PP, Lin G. Pyrrole-protein adducts - A biomarker of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatotoxicity. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:965-972. [PMID: 29976414 PMCID: PMC9303027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are phytotoxins identified in over 6000 plant species worldwide. Approximately 600 toxic PAs and PA N-oxides have been identified in about 3% flowering plants. PAs can cause toxicities in different organs particularly in the liver. The metabolic activation of PAs is catalyzed by hepatic cytochrome P450 and generates reactive pyrrolic metabolites that bind to cellular proteins to form pyrrole-protein adducts leading to PA-induced hepatotoxicity. The mechanisms that pyrrole-protein adducts induce toxicities have not been fully characterized. Methods for qualitative and quantitative detection of pyrrole-protein adducts have been developed and applied for the clinical diagnosis of PA exposure and PA-induced liver injury. This mini-review addresses the mechanisms of PA-induced hepatotoxicity mediated by pyrrole-protein adducts, the analytical methods for the detection of pyrrole-protein adducts, and the development of pyrrole-protein adducts as the mechanism-based biomarker of PA exposure and PA-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines Between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines Between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China Academy of Sciences, China.
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Li YH, Tai WCS, Khan I, Lu C, Lu Y, Wong WY, Chan WY, Wendy Hsiao WL, Lin G. Toxicoproteomic assessment of liver responses to acute pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication in rats. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2018; 36:65-83. [PMID: 29667502 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2018.1450186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A toxicoproteomic study was performed on liver of rats treated with retrorsine (RTS), a representative hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid at a toxic dose (140 mg/kg) known to cause severe acute hepatotoxicity. By comparing current data with our previous findings in mild liver lesions of rats treated with a lower dose of RTS, seven proteins and three toxicity pathways of vascular endothelial cell death, which was further verified by observed sinusoidal endothelial cell losses, were found uniquely associated with retrorsine-induced hepatotoxicity. This toxicoproteomic study of acute pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication lays a foundation for future investigation to delineate molecular mechanisms of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Li
- a School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
- b School of Medicine , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
| | - William Chi-Shing Tai
- c Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Imran Khan
- d State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines , Macau University of Science and Technology , Macau SAR, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- e Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine , China Academic of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yao Lu
- a School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Yan Wong
- c Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wood-Yee Chan
- a School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen-Luan Wendy Hsiao
- d State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines , Macau University of Science and Technology , Macau SAR, China
| | - Ge Lin
- a School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
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